Which Type of Risk Information to Use for Whom? Moderating Role of Outcome-Relevant Involvement in the Effects of Statistical and Exemplified Risk Information on Risk Perceptions

References

• Allen, M., & Preiss, R. W. (1997). Comparing the persuasiveness of narrative and statistical evidence using meta-analysis. Communication Research Reports, 14, 125–131. doi:10.1080/08824099709388654
   Google Scholar
• Allen, M., Preiss, R. W., & Gayle, B. M. (2006). Meta-analytic examination of the base-rate fallacy. Communication Research Reports, 23, 45–51. doi:10.1080/17464090500535863
   Google Scholar
• Baesler, E., & Burgoon, J. (1994). The temporal effects of story and statistical evidence on belief change. Communication Research, 21, 582–602. doi:10.1177/009365094021005002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boster, F. J., Cameron, K. A., Campo, S., Liu, W. Y., Lillie, J. K., Baker, E. M., & Ah Yun, K. (2000). The persuasive effects of statistical evidence in the presence of exemplars. Communication Studies, 51, 296–306. doi:10.1080/10510970009388525
   Google Scholar
• Braverman, J. (2008). Testimonials versus informational persuasive messages: The moderating effect of delivery mode and personal involvement. Communication Research, 35, 666–694. doi:10.1177/0093650208321785
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brosius, H., & Bathelt, A. (1994). The utility of exemplars in persuasive communications. Communication Research, 21, 48–78. doi:10.1177/009365094021001004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brosius, H.-B. (1999). The influence of exemplars on recipients’ judgments: The part played by similarity between exemplar and recipient. European Journal of Communication, 14, 213–224. doi:10.1177/0267323199014002004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., & Morris, K. J. (1983). Effects of need for cognition on message evaluation, recall, and persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 805–818. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.4.805
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, H., & Boster, F. J. (2005). Development and validation of value-, outcome-, and impression-relevant involvement scales. Communication Research, 32, 235–264. doi:10.1177/0093650204273764
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, H., & Salmon, C. T. (2006). Fear appeals for individuals in different stages of change: Intended and unintended effects and implications on public health campaigns. Health Communication, 20, 91–99. doi:10.1207/s15327027hc2001_9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Church, R. T., & Wilbanks, C. (1986). Values and policies in controversy: An introduction to argumentation and debate. Scottsdale, AZ: Gorsuch Scarisbrick.
   Google Scholar
• De Wit, J. B. F., Das, E., & Vet, R. (2008). What works best: Objective statistics or a personal testimonial? An assessment of the persuasive effects of different types of message evidence on risk perception. Health Psychology, 27, 110–115. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.1.110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagly, A., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
   Google Scholar
• Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Greene, K., & Brinn, L. S. (2003). Messages influencing college women’s tanning bed use: Statistical versus narrative evidence format and a self-assessment to increase perceived susceptibility. Journal of Health Communication, 8, 443–461. doi:10.1080/10810730390233271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene, K., Campo, S., & Banerjee, S. C. (2010). Comparing normative, anecdotal, and scientific risk evidence to discourage tanning bed use. Communication Quarterly, 58, 111–132. doi:10.1080/01463371003773366
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderating, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hinyard, L. J., & Kreuter, M. W. (2007). Using narrative communication as a tool for health behavior change: A conceptual, theoretical, and empirical overview. Health Education & Behavior, 34, 777–792. doi:10.1177/1090198106291963
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoeken, H., & Hustinx, L. (2009). When is statistical evidence superior to anecdotal evidence in supporting probability claims? The role of argument type. Human Communication Research, 35, 491–510. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2009.01360.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, B. T., & Eagly, A. H. (1989). Effects of involvement on persuasion: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 290–314. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.106.2.290
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, B. T., & Eagly, A. H. (1990). Involvement and persuasion: Types, traditions, and evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 375–384. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.3.375
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1973). On the psychology of prediction. Psychological Review, 80, 237–251. doi:10.1037/h0034747
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazoleas, D. (1993). A comparison of the persuasive effectiveness of qualitative versus quantitative evidence: A test of explanatory hypotheses. Communication Quarterly, 41, 40–50. doi:10.1080/01463379309369866
   Google Scholar
• Koops Van’t Jagt, R., Hoeks, J. C., Jansen, C. J. M., de Winter, A. F., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2016). Comprehensibility of health-related documents for older adults with different levels of health literacy: A systematic review. Journal of Health Communication, 21, 159–177. doi:10.1080/10810730.2015.1049306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreuter, M., Farrell, D., Olevitch, L., & Brennan, L. (2000). Tailoring health messages: Customizing communication with computer technology. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Lipkus, I. M., Samsa, G., & Rimer, B. K. (2001). General performance on a numeracy scale among highly educated samples. Medical Decision Making, 21, 37–44. doi:10.1177/0272989X0102100105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massi-Lindsay, L. L., & Ah Yun, K. (2005). The relationship between narrative content variation, affective and cognitive reactions and a person’s willingness to sign an organ donor card. Communication Research Reports, 22, 253–263. doi:10.1080/00036810500317441
   Google Scholar
• Mazor, K. M., Baril, J., Dugan, E., Spencer, F., Burgwinkle, P., & Gurwitz, J. H. (2007). Patient education about anticoagulant medication: Is narrative evidence or statistical evidence more effective? Patient Education and Counseling, 69, 145–157. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2007.08.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Keefe, D. J. (2002). Persuasion: Theory and research (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Park, H. S., Levine, T. R., Kingsley Westerman, C. Y., Orfgen, T., & Foregger, S. (2007). The effects of argument quality and involvement type on attitude formation and attitude change: A test of dual-process and social-judgment predictions. Human Communication Research, 33, 81–102. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2007.00290.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1984). The effects of involvement on responses to argument quantity and quality: Central and peripheral routes to persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 69–81. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.46.1.69
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 19, pp. 123–205). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1983). Stages and processes of self-change in smoking: Toward an integrative model of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 390–395. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.51.3.390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinard, J. C. (1988). The empirical study of the persuasive effects of evidence: The status after fifty years of research. Human Communication Research, 15, 3–59. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1988.tb00170.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyna, V. F., Nelson, W. L., Han, P. K., & Dieckmann, N. F. (2009). How numeracy influences risk comprehension and medical decision making. Psychological Bulletin, 135(6), 943–973. doi:10.1037/a0017327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, R. A., & Reynolds, J. L. (2002). Evidence. In J. E. Dillard, & M. Pfau (Eds.), The persuasion handbook: Developments in theory and practice (pp. 513–542). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Rimer, B. K., & Kreuter, M. W. (2006). Advancing tailored health communication: A persuasion and message effects perspective. Journal of Communication, 56, S184–S201. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00289.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherif, C. W., Sherif, M., & Nebergall, R. E. (1965). Attitude and attitude change: The social judgment-involvement approach. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.
   Google Scholar
• Slater, M. D., Buller, D. B., Waters, E., Archibeque, M. D., & LeBlanc, M. (2003). A test of conversational and testimonial messages versus didactic presentations of nutrition information. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 35, 255–259. doi:10.1016/S1499-4046(06)60056-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slater, M. D., & Rouner, D. (1996). Value-affirmative and value-protective processing of alcohol education messages that include statistical evidence or anecdotes. Communication Research, 23, 210–235. doi:10.1177/009365096023002003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973). Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology, 5, 207–232. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(73)90033-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zebregs, S., van den Putte, B., Neijens, P., & de Graaf, A. (2015). The differential impact of statistical and narrative evidence on beliefs, attitude, and intention: A meta-analysis. Health Communication, 30, 282–289. doi:10.1080/10410236.2013.842528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zillmann, D. (1999). Exemplification theory: Judging the whole by some of its parts. Media Psychology, 1, 69–94. doi:10.1207/s1532785xmep0101_5
   Google Scholar
• Zillmann, D. (2006). Exemplification effects in the promotion of safety and health. Journal of Communication, 56, S221–S237. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00291.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar