The Dark Side of Addiction Support Forums: Impacts of Poor Quality and Insufficient Emotional Support on Perceived Support Availability and Health Efficacy

References

• Ahern, J., Stuber, J., & Galea, S. (2007). Stigma, discrimination and the health of illicit drug users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 88, 188–196. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.10.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballantine, P. W., & Stephenson, R. J. (2011). Help me, I’m fat! Social support in online weight loss networks. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 10, 332–337. doi:10.1002/cb.374
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1989). Human agency in social cognitive theory. American Psychologist, 44, 1175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. Media Psychology, 3, 265–299. doi:10.1207/S1532785XMEP0303_03
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (2004). Health promotion by social cognitive means. Health Education & Behavior, 31, 143–164. doi:10.1177/1090198104263660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barak, A., Boniel-Nissim, M., & Suler, J. (2008). Fostering empowerment in online support groups. Computers in Human Behavior, 24, 1867–1883. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2008.02.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batenburg, A., & Das, E. (2014). Emotional approach coping and the effects of online peer-led support group participation among patients with breast cancer: A longitudinal study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 16. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4260065/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benight, C. C., & Bandura, A. (2004). Social cognitive theory of posttraumatic recovery: The role of perceived self-efficacy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 1129–1148. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00137-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benight, C. C., Swift, E., Sanger, J., Smith, A., & Zeppelin, D. (1999). Coping self-efficacy as a mediator of distress following a natural disaster. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 2443–2464. doi:10.1111/jasp.1999.29.issue-12
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkman, L. F., Glass, T., Brissette, I., & Seeman, T. E. (2000). From social integration to health: Durkheim in the new millennium. Social Science & Medicine, 51, 843–857. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00065-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandtzæg, P. B., & Heim, J. (2008). User loyalty and online communities: Why members of online communities are not faithful. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Technologies for Interactive Entertainment, 11. ICST (Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering), Cancun, Mexico.
   Google Scholar
• Brock, R. L., & Lawrence, E. (2009). Too much of a good thing: Under provision versus overprovision of partner support. Journal of Family Psychology, 23, 181. doi:10.1037/a0015402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchanan, H., & Coulson, N. S. (2007). Accessing dental anxiety online support groups: An exploratory qualitative study of motives and experiences. Patient Education and Counseling, 66, 263–269. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2006.12.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burleson, B. R. (1994). Comforting messages: Features, functions, and outcomes. In J. A. Daly, J. A. Daly, & Wiemann (Eds.), Strategic interpersonal communication (pp. 135–161). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Burleson, B. R. (2003). Emotional support skills. In J. O. Greene & B. R. Burleson (Eds.), Handbook of communication and social interaction skills (pp. 551–594). New Jersey, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Burleson, B. R. (2008). What counts as effective emotional support. In M. T. Motley (Ed.), Studies in applied interpersonal communication (pp. 207–227). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, H.-L., McDermott, R. C., & Lopez, F. G. (2015). Mental health, self-stigma, and help-seeking intentions among emerging adults: An attachment perspective. The Counseling Psychologist, 43, 463–487. doi:10.1177/0011000014568203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clement, S., Schauman, O., Graham, T., Maggioni, F., Evans-Lacko, S., Bezborodovs, N., … Thornicroft, G. (2015). What is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help-seeking? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies. Psychological Medicine, 45, 11–27. doi:10.1017/S0033291715001269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, S., Gottlieb, B., & Underwood, L. (2000). Social relationships and health. In S. Cohen, L. Underwood, & B. Gottlieb (Eds.), Social support measurement and intervention: A guide for health and social scientists (Vol. 59, pp. 3–25). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310–357. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan, P. W., Kuwabara, S. A., & O’Shaughnessy, J. (2009). The public stigma of mental illness and drug addiction: Findings from a stratified random sample. Journal of Social Work, 9, 139–147. doi:10.1177/1468017308101818
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coulson, N. S. (2005). Receiving social support online: An analysis of a computer-mediated support group for individuals living with irritable bowel syndrome. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 8, 580–584. doi:10.1089/cpb.2005.8.580
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coulson, N. S., Buchanan, H., & Aubeeluck, A. (2007). Social support in cyberspace: A content analysis of communication within a Huntington’s disease online support group. Patient Education and Counseling, 68, 173–178. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2007.06.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coulson, N. S., & Greenwood, N. (2012). Families affected by childhood cancer: An analysis of the provision of social support within online support groups. Child: Care, Health and Development, 38, 870–877.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutrona, C. E., & Russell, D. W. (1990). Type of social support and specific stress: Toward a theory of optimal matching. In B. R. Sarason, I. G. Sarason, & G. R. Pierce (Eds.), Social support: An interactional view (pp. 319–366). Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• de Graaf, A., Hoeken, H., Sanders, J., & Beentjes, J. W. J. (2012). Identification as a mechanism of narrative persuasion. Communication Research, 39, 802–823. doi:10.1177/0093650211408594
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Ridder, D., Geenen, R., Kuijer, R., & van Middendorp, H. (2008). Psychological adjustment to chronic disease. The Lancet, 372, 246–255. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61078-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeAndrea, D. C. (2015). Testing the proclaimed affordances of online support groups in a nationally representative sample of adults seeking mental health assistance. Journal of Health Communication, 20, 147–156. doi:10.1080/10810730.2014.927034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeFreese, J. D., & Smith, A. L. (2013). Teammate social support, burnout, and self-determined motivation in collegiate athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14, 258–265. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.10.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorsey, S., Klein, K., Forehand, R., & Group, F. H. P. R. (1999). Parenting self-efficacy of HIV-infected mothers: The role of social support. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 295–305. doi:10.2307/353749
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Earnshaw, V., Smith, L., & Copenhaver, M. (2013). Drug addiction stigma in the context of methadone maintenance therapy: An investigation into understudied sources of stigma. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 11, 110–122. doi:10.1007/s11469-012-9402-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, D., Downs, M. F., Golberstein, E., & Zivin, K. (2009). Stigma and help seeking for mental health among college students. Medical Care Research and Review, 66, 522–541. doi:10.1177/1077558709335173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Dunkel-Schetter, C., DeLongis, A., & Gruen, R. J. (1986). Dynamics of a stressful encounter: Cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 992. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.5.992
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox, J., & Bailenson, J. N. (2009). Virtual self-modeling: The effects of vicarious reinforcement and identification on exercise behaviors. Media Psychology, 12, 1–25. doi:10.1080/15213260802669474
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallant, M. P. (2003). The influence of social support on chronic illness self-management: A review and directions for research. Health Education & Behavior, 30, 170–195. doi:10.1177/1090198102251030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gist, M. E., & Mitchell, T. R. (1992). Self-efficacy: A theoretical analysis of its determinants and malleability. Academy of Management Review, 17, 183–211. doi:10.5465/amr.1992.4279530
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, H. (2012). Smoking, stigma and social class. Journal of Social Policy, 41, 83–99. doi:10.1017/S004727941100033X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haber, M. G., Cohen, J. L., Lucas, T., & Baltes, B. B. (2007). The relationship between self-reported received and perceived social support: A meta-analytic review. American Journal of Community Psychology, 39, 133–144. doi:10.1007/s10464-007-9100-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampton, N. Z. (2001). Disability status, perceived health, social support, self-efficacy, and quality of life among people with spinal cord injury in the People’s Republic of China. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 24, 69–71. doi:10.1097/00004356-200103000-00010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmstrom, A. J., Burleson, B. R., & Jones, S. M. (2005). Some consequences for helpers who deliver “cold comfort”: Why it’s worse for women than men to be inept when providing emotional support. Sex Roles, 53, 153–172. doi:10.1007/s11199-005-5676-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, S. M. (2004). Putting the person into person-centered and immediate emotional support emotional change and perceived helper competence as outcomes of comforting in helping situations. Communication Research, 31, 338–360. doi:10.1177/0093650204263436
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, S. M., & Guerrero, L. K. (2001). The effects of nonverbal immediacy and verbal person centeredness in the emotional support process. Human Communication Research, 27, 567–596. doi:10.1111/hcre.2001.27.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kara, M., & Mirici, A. (2004). Loneliness, depression, and social support of Turkish patients with chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and their spouses. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 36, 331–336. doi:10.1111/jnu.2004.36.issue-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keating, D. M., & Rains, S. A. (2015). Health blogging and social support: A 3-year panel study. Journal of Health Communication, 20, 1449–1457. doi:10.1080/10810730.2014.927034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawlor, A., & Kirakowski, J. (2014). Online support groups for mental health: A space for challenging self-stigma or a means of social avoidance? Computers in Human Behavior, 32, 152–161. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.11.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S. (2006). Emotions and interpersonal relationships: Toward a person-centered conceptualization of emotions and coping. Journal of Personality, 74, 9–46. doi:10.1111/jopy.2006.74.issue-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link, B. G., Struening, E. L., Rahav, M., Phelan, J. C., & Nuttbrock, L. (1997). On stigma and its consequences: Evidence from a longitudinal study of men with dual diagnoses of mental illness and substance abuse. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 177–190. doi:10.2307/2955424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacGeorge, E. L., Feng, B., & Burleson, B. R. (2011). Supportive communication. In M. L. Knapp & J. A. Daly (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal communication (pp. 317–354).
   Google Scholar
• Maibach, E. W., & Cotton, D. (1995). Moving people to behavior change: A staged social cognitive approach to message design. In E. Maibach & R. L. Parrott (Eds.), Designing health messages: Approaches from communication theory and public health practice (pp. 41–64). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Major, B., Cozzarelli, C., Sciacchitano, A. M., Cooper, M. L., Testa, M., & Mueller, P. M. (1990). Perceived social support, self-efficacy, and adjustment to abortion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 452. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.3.452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malloch, Y. Z., & Taylor, L. D. (2019). Emotional self-disclosure in online breast cancer support groups: Examining theme, reciprocity, and linguistic style matching. Health Communication, 34, 764–773. Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malloch, Y. Z., & Zhang, J. (2019). Seeing others receive support online: Effects of self-disclosure and similarity on perceived similarity and health behavior intention. Journal of Health Communication, 24, 1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaren, R. M., & High, A. C. (2015). The effect of under-and over-benefited support gaps on hurt feelings, esteem, and relationships. Communication Research, 42, 1–26.
   Google Scholar
• McLellan, A. T., Lewis, D. C., O’brien, C. P., & Kleber, H. D. (2000). Drug dependence, a chronic medical illness: Implications for treatment, insurance, and outcomes evaluation. Jama, 284, 1689–1695. doi:10.1001/jama.284.13.1689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mo, P. K. H., & Coulson, N. S. (2010). Empowering processes in online support groups among people living with HIV/AIDS: A comparative analysis of ‘lurkers’ and ‘posters.’. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 1183–1193. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moussavi, S., Chatterji, S., Verdes, E., Tandon, A., Patel, V., & Ustun, B. (2007). Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: Results from the World Health Surveys. The Lancet, 370, 851–858. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61415-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, S. T., Frank, L. B., Chatterjee, J. S., & Baezconde-Garbanati, L. (2013). Narrative versus nonnarrative: The role of identification, transportation, and emotion in reducing health disparities. Journal of Communication, 63, 116–137. doi:10.1111/jcom.2013.63.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabi, R. L., Prestin, A., & So, J. (2013). Facebook friends with (health) benefits? Exploring social network site use and perceptions of social support, stress, and well-being. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16, 721–727. doi:10.1089/cyber.2012.0521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris, F. H., & Kaniasty, K. (1996). Received and perceived social support in times of stress: A test of the social support deterioration deterrence model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 498. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.3.498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penninx, B. W., Van Tilburg, T., Kriegsman, D. M., Boeke, A. J. P., Deeg, D. J., & van Eijk, J. T. M. (1999). Social network, social support, and loneliness in older persons with different chronic diseases. Journal of Aging and Health, 11, 151–168. doi:10.1177/089826439901100202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preece, J., Nonnecke, B., & Andrews, D. (2004). The top five reasons for lurking: Improving community experiences for everyone. Computers in Human Behavior, 20, 201–223. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2003.10.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Room, R. (2005). Stigma, social inequality and alcohol and drug use. Drug and Alcohol Review, 24, 143–155. doi:10.1080/09595230500102434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarzer, R., Hahn, A., & Schröder, H. (1994). Social integration and social support in a life crisis: Effects of macrosocial change in East Germany. American Journal of Community Psychology, 22, 661–683. doi:10.1007/BF02506899
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarzer, R., & Knoll, N. (2007). Functional roles of social support within the stress and coping process: A theoretical and empirical overview. International Journal of Psychology, 42, 243–252. doi:10.1080/00207590701396641
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeman, T. E., & Berkman, L. F. (1988). Structural characteristics of social networks and their relationship with social support in the elderly: Who provides support. Social Science & Medicine, 26, 737–749. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(88)90065-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Setoyama, Y., Yamazaki, Y., & Namayama, K. (2011). Benefits of peer support in online Japanese breast cancer communities: Differences between lurkers and posters. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 13, e122. doi:10.2196/jmir.1658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherbourne, C. D., & Stewart, A. L. (1991). The MOS social support survey. Social Science & Medicine, 32, 705–714. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(91)90150-B
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siewert, K., Antoniw, K., Kubiak, T., & Weber, H. (2011). The more the better? The relationship between mismatches in social support and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Health Psychology, 16, 621–631. doi:10.1177/1359105310385366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strecher, V. J., McEvoy DeVellis, B., Becker, M. H., & Rosenstock, I. M. (1986). The role of self-efficacy in achieving health behavior change. Health Education Quarterly, 13, 73–92. doi:10.1177/109019818601300108
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Surís, J.-C., Parera, N., & Puig, C. (1996). Chronic illness and emotional distress in adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 19, 153–156. doi:10.1016/1054-139X(95)00231-G
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanis, M. (2008). Health-related on-line forums: What’s the big attraction? Journal of Health Communication, 13, 698–714. doi:10.1080/10810730802415316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tardy, C. H. (1985). Social support measurement. American Journal of Community Psychology, 13, 187–202. doi:10.1007/BF00905728
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoemmes, F., MacKinnon, D. P., & Reiser, M. R. (2010). Power analysis for complex mediational designs using Monte Carlo Methods. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 17, 510–534. doi:10.1080/10705511.2010.489379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoits, P. A. (1995). Stress, coping, and social support processes: Where are we? What next? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 53–79. doi:10.2307/2626957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoits, P. A. (2011). Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 52, 145–161. doi:10.1177/0022146510395592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres, J. B., & Solberg, V. S. (2001). Role of self-efficacy, stress, social integration, and family support in Latino college student persistence and health. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 59, 53–63. doi:10.1006/jvbe.2000.1785
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, R. J., & Turner, J. B. (1999). Social Integration and Support. In C. S. Aneshensel & J. C. Phelan (Eds.), Handbook of the Sociology of Mental Health (pp. 301–319). Boston, MA: Springer US.
   Google Scholar
• Uchino, B. N. (2009). Understanding the links between social support and physical health: A life-span perspective with emphasis on the separability of perceived and received support. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4, 236–255. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01122.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchino, B. N., & Garvey, T. S. (1997). The availability of social support reduces cardiovascular reactivity to acute psychological stress. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 20, 15–27. doi:10.1023/A:1025583012283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Ah, D., Ebert, S., Ngamvitroj, A., Park, N., & Kang, D.-H. (2004). Predictors of health behaviours in college students. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48, 463–474. doi:10.1111/jan.2004.48.issue-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walther, J. B. (1996). Computer-mediated communication impersonal, interpersonal, and hyperpersonal interaction. Communication Research, 23, 3–43. doi:10.1177/009365096023001001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walther, J. B., & Boyd, S. (2002). Attraction to computer-mediated social support. In C. A. Lin & D. J. Atkin (Eds.), Communication technology and society: Audience adoption and uses (pp. 153–188). NJ, USA: Hampton Press: Cresskill.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Y.-C., Kraut, R., & Levine, J. M. (2012). To stay or leave?: The relationship of emotional and informational support to commitment in online health support groups. Proceedings of the ACM 2012 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Seattle, Washington, USA, 833–842. ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Wellman, B., & Wortley, S. (1990). Different strokes from different folks: Community ties and social support. American Journal of Sociology, 96, 558–588. doi:10.1086/229572
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, K. (2002). Social support within an on-line cancer community: An assessment of emotional support, perceptions of advantages and disadvantages, and motives for using the community from a communication perspective. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 30, 195–209. doi:10.1080/00909880216586
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, K., & Bell, S. B. (2003). Health-related support groups on the Internet: Linking empirical findings to social support and computer-mediated communication theory. Journal of Health Psychology, 8, 39–54. doi:10.1177/1359105303008001429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, K., & Rains, S. A. (2013). Weak-tie support network preference, health-related stigma, and health outcomes in computer-mediated support groups. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 41, 309–324. doi:10.1080/00909882.2013.792435
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, B., Chou, C.-P., Spruijt-Metz, D., Liu, C., Xia, J., Gong, J., … Johnson, C. A. (2005). Effects of perceived peer isolation and social support availability on the relationship between body mass index and depressive symptoms. International Journal of Obesity; London, 29, 1137–1143. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Y., & Burleson, B. R. (2001). Effects of sex, culture, and support type on perceptions of spousal social support: An assessment of the “support gap” hypothesis in early marriage. Human Communication Research, 27, 535–566. doi:10.1111/hcre.2001.27.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, M., Stuber, J., Ahern, J., & Galea, S. (2005). Interpersonal discrimination and the health of illicit drug users. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 31, 371–391. doi:10.1081/ADA-200056772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 30–41. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar