Social Cognitive Theory and Willingness to Perform Recommended Health Behavior: The Moderating Role of Misperceptions

References

• Allington, D., Duffy, B., Wessely, S., Dhavan, N., & Rubin, J. (2020). Health- protective behavior, social media usage and conspiracy belief during the COVID-19 public health emergency. Psychological Medicine, 51(10), 1763–1769. doi:10.1017/S003329172000224X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson-Bill, E. S., Winett, R. A., & Wojcik, J. R. (2011). Social cognitive determinants of nutrition and physical activity among web-health users enrolling in an online intervention: The influence of social support, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and self-regulation. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 13(1), e1551. doi:10.2196/jmir.1551
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, E. S., Winett, R. A., & Wojcik, J. R. (2007). Self-regulation, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and social support: Social cognitive theory and nutrition behavior. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 34(3), 304–312. doi:10.1007/BF02874555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avery, E. J., & Lariscy, R. W. (2014). Preventable disease practices among a lower SES, multicultural, Nonurban, U.S. Community: The roles of vaccination efficacy and personal constraints. Health Communication, 29(8), 826–836. doi:10.1080/10410236.2013.804486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayotte, B. J., Margrett, J. A., & Hicks-Patrick, J. (2010). Physical activity in middle-aged and young-old adults: The roles of self-efficacy, barriers, outcome expectancies, self-regulatory behaviors and social support. Journal of Health Psychology, 15(2), 173–185. doi:10.1177/1359105309342283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: W. H. Freeman.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (2004). Health promotion by social cognitive means. Health Education & Behavior, 31(2), 143–164. doi:10.1177/1090198104263660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (2012). On the functional properties of perceived self-efficacy revisited. Journal of Management, 38(1), 9–44. doi:10.1177/0149206311410606
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, T., Noar, S. M., & Shafer, A. (2022). The process of developing and pretesting narrative messages for adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 15(2), 102–111. doi:10.1080/17538068.2021.2018154
   Google Scholar
• Bode, L., & Vraga, E. K. (2018). See something, say something: Correction of global health misinformation on social media. Health Communication, 33(9), 1131–1140. doi:10.1080/10410236.2017.1331312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogg, T., & Milad, E. (2020). Demographic, personality, and social cognition correlates of coronavirus guideline adherence in a U.S. Sample. Health Psychology, 39(12), 1026–1036. doi:10.1037/hea0000891.supp
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borah, P., Austin, E. W., & Lee, D. (2022). COVID-19 vaccine intention and social cognitive theory: The role of individual responsibility and partisan media use in a moderated moderated mediation model. Health Communication, 38(12), 2765–2773. doi:10.1080/10410236.2022.2114766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borah, P., Austin, E., & Su, Y. (2022). Injecting disinfectants to kill the virus: Media literacy, information gathering sources, and the moderating role of political ideology on misperceptions about COVID-19. Mass Communication and Society, 26(4), 566–592. doi:10.1080/15205436.2022.2045324
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borah, P., Edgerly, S., Vraga, E. K., & Shah, D. V. (2013). Hearing and talking to the other side: Antecedents of cross-cutting exposure in adolescents. Mass Communication and Society, 16(3), 391–416. doi:10.1080/15205436.2012.693568
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borah, P., Irom, B., & Hsu, Y. C. (2022). ‘It infuriates me’: Examining young adults’ reactions to and recommendations to fight misinformation about COVID-19. Journal of Youth Studies, 25(10), 1411–1431. doi:10.1080/13676261.2021.1965108
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borah, P., Su, Y., Xiao, X., & Lee, D. K. L. (2022). Incidental news exposure and COVID-19 misperceptions: A moderated-mediation model. Computers in Human Behavior, 129, 107173. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.107173
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennen, J. S., Simon, F., Howard, P. N., & Nielsen, R. K. (2020). Types, sources, and claims of COVID-19 misinformation. Reuters Institute. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/types-sources-and-claims-covid-19-misinformation
   Google Scholar
• Brown, N. R., & Shorter, S. R. (2020). A qualitative investigation of peer advice in the context of diabetes management. Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 13(3), 169–176. doi:10.1080/17538068.2020.1790081
   Google Scholar
• Bussey, K., & Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory of gender development and differentiation. Psychological Review, 106(4), 676–713. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.106.4.676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou, W.-Y. S., Oh, A., & Klein, W. M. (2018). Addressing health-related misinformation on social media. JAMA, 320(23), 2417. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.16865
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christiansen, B. A., Smith, G. T., Roehling, P. V., & Goldman, M. S. (1989). Using alcohol expectancies to predict adolescent drinking behavior after one year. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 57(1), 93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coronavirus world map: Tracking the global outbreak. (2022, November 8). The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/world/covid-cases.html.
   Google Scholar
• Current Priorities of the U.S. Surgeon General (2023). Retrieved from https://www.hhs.gov/surgeongeneral/priorities/health-misinformation/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Dixon, D., Den Daas, C., Hubbard, G., & Johnston, M. (2022). Using behavioural theory to understand adherence to behaviours that reduce transmission of COVID‐19: Evidence from the CHARIS representative national study. British Journal of Health Psychology, 27(1), 116–135. doi:10.1111/bjhp.12533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doménech-Betoret, F., Abellán-Roselló, L., & Gómez-Artiga, A. (2017). Self-efficacy, satisfaction, and academic achievement: The mediator role of students’ expectancy-value beliefs. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1193. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Druckman, J. N., Ognyanova, K., Baum, M. A., Lazer, D., Perlis, R. H., Volpe, J. D. … Simonson, M. (2021). The role of race, religion, and partisanship in misperceptions about COVID-19. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(4), 638–657. doi:10.1177/1368430220985912
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ecker, U. K., Lewandowsky, S., Cook, J., Schmid, P., Fazio, L. K., Brashier, N. … Amazeen, M. A. (2022). The psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correction. Nature Reviews Psychology, 1(1), 13–29. doi:10.1038/s44159-021-00006-y
   Google Scholar
• Ernsting, A., Gellert, P., Schneider, M., & Lippke, S. (2013). A mediator model to predict workplace influenza vaccination behaviour – an application of the health action process approach. Psychology & Health, 28(5), 579–592. doi:10.1080/08870446.2012.753072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freelon, D., & Wells, C. (2020). Disinformation as political communication. Political Communication, 37(2), 145–156. doi:10.1080/10584609.2020.1723755
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, Z., Xiang, P., Lee, A. M., & Harrison, L., Jr. (2008). Self-efficacy and outcome expectancy in beginning weight training class: Their relations to students' behavioral intention and actual behavior. Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport, 79(1), 92–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geoghegan, S., O’Callaghan, K. P., & Offit, P. A. (2020). Vaccine safety: Myths and misinformation. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, 372. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.00372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbons, F. X. (2008). Intention, expectation, and willingness. National Cancer Institute. https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/brp/research/constructs/intent-expect-willingness.html
   Google Scholar
• Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., Ouellette, J. A., & Burzette, R. (1998). Cognitive antecedents to adolescent health risk: Discriminating between behavioral intention and behavioral willingness. Psychology and Health, 13(2), 319–339. doi:10.1080/08870449808406754
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil de Zúñiga, H. G., Borah, P., & Goyanes, M. (2021). How do people learn about politics when inadvertently exposed to news? Incidental news paradoxical direct and indirect effects on political knowledge. Computers in Human Behavior, 121, 106803. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106803
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, J., Edgerton, J., Naftel, D., Shoub, K., & Cranmer, S. J. (2020). Elusive consensus: Polarization in elite communication on the COVID-19 pandemic. Science Advances, 6(28), eabc2717. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abc2717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2018). Partial, conditional, and moderated moderated mediation: Quantification, inference, and interpretation. Communication Monographs, 85(1), 4–40. doi:10.1080/03637751.2017.1352100
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F., & Montoya, A. K. (2017). A tutorial on testing, visualizing, and probing an interaction involving a multicategorical variable in linear regression analysis. Communication Methods and Measures, 11(1), 1–30. doi:10.1080/19312458.2016.1271116
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hildenbrand, G. M., Perrault, E. K., & Keller, P. E. (2020). Evaluating a health literacy communication training for medical students: Using plain language. Journal of Health Communication, 25(8), 624–631. doi:10.1080/10810730.2020.1827098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Himelboim, I., Xiao, X., Lee, D., Wang, Y., & Borah, P. (2020). A social networks approach to understanding vaccine conversations on Twitter: Network clusters, sentiment, and certainty in HPV social networks. Health Communication, 35(5), 607–615. doi:10.1080/10410236.2019.1573446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hlavka, J., & Rose, A. (2023). Opinion: ‘unprecedented by most measures’: Calculating the astonishing economic costs of COVID. Retrieved from https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2023-05-15/covid-pandemic-us-economic-costs-14-trillion
   Google Scholar
• Iannotti, R. J., Schneider, S., Nansel, T. R., Haynie, D. L., Plotnick, L. P. … Simons-Morton, B. (2006). Self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and diabetes self-management in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 27(2), 98–105. doi:10.1097/00004703-200604000-00003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isa, A., Muhamad, N. A., Mustapha, N., Mutalip, M. H. A., Royali, M. S. M., Baharin, M. F., & Zaini, Z. (2018). Association between self-efficacy and health behaviour in disease control: A systematic review. Global Journal of Health Science, 10(1), 1–18. doi:10.5539/gjhs.v10n1p18
   Google Scholar
• Jiang, S. (2019). Talk to your doctors online: An internet-based intervention in China. Health Communication, 36(4), 405–411. doi:10.1080/10410236.2019.1692493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H. K., Ahn, J., Atkinson, L., & Kahlor, L. A. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 misinformation on information seeking, avoidance, and processing: A multicountry comparative study. Science Communication, 42(5), 586–615. doi:10.1177/1075547020959670
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y., Chung, S., & So, J. (2020). Success expectancy: A mediator of the effects of source similarity and self-efficacy on health behavior intention. Health Communication, 35(9), 1063–1072. doi:10.1080/10410236.2019.1613475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, E. G., Roberts, K., Manganello, J., Mcadams, R., & Mckenzie, L. (2020). When social media images and messages don’t match: Attention to text versus imagery to effectively convey safety information on social media. Journal of Health Communication, 25(11), 879–884. doi:10.1080/10810730.2020.1853282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klobucista, C., & Ferragamo, M. (2023). When will COVID-19 become endemic? Retrieved from https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/when-will-covid-19-become-endemic
   Google Scholar
• Krishna, A., & Thompson, T. L. (2019). Misinformation about health: A review of health communication and misinformation scholarship. American Behavioral Scientist, 65(2), 316–332. doi:10.1177/0002764219878223
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaMorte, W. W. (2019, September 20). Behavioral Change Models. The Social Cognitive Theory. Retrieved from https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/mph-modules/sb/behavioralchangetheories/behavioralchangetheories5.html.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, E. S., & Forthofer, R. N. (2006). Analyzing complex survey data. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Liao, Y., Song, J., Robertson, M. C., Cox-Martin, E., & Basen-Engquist, K. (2020). An ecological momentary assessment study investigating self-efficacy and outcome expectancy as mediators of affective and physiological responses and exercise among endometrial cancer survivors. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 54(5), 320–334. doi:10.1093/abm/kaz050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X., & Cao, B. (2018). Media exposure, perceived efficacy, and protective behaviors in a public health emergency. International Journal of Communication, 12(4), 467–483. doi:10.1080/17544750.2019.1608277
   Google Scholar
• Li, X., & Cao, B. (2019). Media variants, situation awareness, and protective public-health behaviors. Chinese Journal of Communication, 12(4), 467–483. doi:10.1080/17544750.2019.1608277
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y., Li, X., Liang, Z., & Wu, X. (2021). Media exposure, perceived efficacy and positive experience as predictors of personal and social risk perceptions of mishandled vaccine in China. Asian Journal of Communication, 31(2), 105–123. doi:10.1080/01292986.2021.1888305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Love, J. S., Blumenberg, A., & Horowitz, Z. (2020). The parallel pandemic: Medical misinformation and COVID-19. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 35(8), 2435–2436. doi:10.1007/s11606-020-05897-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(1), 99–128. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahdizadeh, S.-M., Sany, S. B. T., Sarpooshi, D. R., Jafari, A., & Mahdizadeh, M. (2021). Predictors of preventive behavior of nosocomial infections in nursing staff: A structural equation model based on the social cognitive theory. BMC Health Services Research, 21(1), 1187. doi:10.1186/s12913-021-07205-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meppelink, C. S., Bos, L., Boukes, M., & Möller, J. (2022). A health crisis in the age of misinformation: How social media and mass media influenced misperceptions about COVID-19 and compliance behavior. Journal of Health Communication, 27(10), 1–12. doi:10.1080/10810730.2022.2153288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohamad, E., & Azlan, A. A. (2020). COVID-19 and communication planning for health emergencies. Journal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 36(1).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muralidharan, S., & Kim, E. (2019). Can empathy offset low bystander efficacy? effectiveness of domestic violence prevention narratives in India. Health Communication, 35(10), 1229–1238. doi:10.1080/10410236.2019.1623645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, T., Kagan, N., Critchlow, C., Hillard, A., & Hsu, A. (2020). The danger of misinformation in the COVID-19 crisis. Missouri Medicine, 117(6), 510–512. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2010). When corrections fail: The persistence of political misperceptions. Political Behavior, 32(2), 303–330. doi:10.1007/s11109-010-9112-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Sullivan, D. (2020). How covid-19 misinformation is still going viral. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/08/tech/covid-viral-misinformation/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Pennycook, G., McPhetres, J., Bago, B., & Rand, D. G. (2020). Predictors of attitudes and misperceptions about COVID-19 in Canada, the UK, and the USA. PsyArxiv, 10, 1–25.
   Google Scholar
• Pennycook, G., McPhetres, J., Bago, B., & Rand, D. G. (2022). Beliefs about COVID-19 in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States: A novel test of political polarization and motivated reasoning. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 48(5), 750–765. doi:10.1177/01461672211023652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomery, E. A., Gibbons, F. X., Reis-Bergan, M., & Gerrard, M. (2009). From willingness to intention: Experience moderates the shift from reactive to reasoned behavior. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(7), 894–908. doi:10.1177/0146167209335166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priest, H. M., Knowlden, A. P., & Sharma, M. (2015). Social cognitive theory predictors of human papillomavirus vaccination intentions of college men at a southeastern university. International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 35(4), 371–385. doi:10.1177/0272684X15583289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothgerber, H., Wilson, T., Whaley, D., Rosenfeld, D., & Humphrey, M. (2020). Politicizing the COVID-19 pandemic: Ideological differences in adherence to social distancing. PsyArxiv. doi:10.31234/osf.io/k23cv
   Google Scholar
• Scheier, M. E., & Carver, C. S. (1987). Dispositional optimism and physical well‐being: The influence of generalized outcome expectancies on health. Journal of Personality, 55(2), 169–210. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00434.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahi, G. K., Dirkson, A., & Majchrzak, T. A. (2021). An exploratory study of COVID-19 misinformation on twitter. Online Social Networks and Media, 22, 100104. doi:10.1016/j.osnem.2020.100104
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• She, R., Chen, X., Li, L., Huang, Z., Lau, J. T. F., Stenehjem, E., & Echevarria, K. (2021). Policy statement from the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA): Only medical contraindications should be accepted as a reason for not receiving all routine immunizations as recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 42(1), 1–5. doi:10.1017/ice.2020.342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silver, N. A., Kierstead, E. C., Briggs, J., & Schillo, B. (2022). Charming e-cigarette users with distorted science: A survey examining social media platform use, nicotine-related misinformation and attitudes towards the tobacco industry. British Medical Journal Open, 12(6), e057027. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, S. R., Hagger, M. S., Keech, J. J., Moyers, S. A., & Hamilton, K. (2022). Social cognition approaches to understanding and changing COVID-19 preventive behaviors. In S. Adibi, P. Griffin, M. Sanicas, M. Rashidi, & F. Lanfranchi (Eds.), Frontiers of COVID-19: Scientific and clinical aspects of the novel coronavirus 2019 (pp. 337–349). Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Stroebe, W., vanDellen, M. R., Abakoumkin, G., Lemay, E. P., Jr, Schiavone, W. M. … Bélanger, J. J. (2021). Politicization of COVID-19 health-protective behaviors in the United States: Longitudinal and cross-national evidence. PloS One, 16(10), e0256740. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256740
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stubenvoll, M., Heiss, R., & Matthes, J. (2021). Media trust under threat: Antecedents and consequences of misinformation perceptions on social media. International Journal of Communication, 15, 2765–2786.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su, Z., Chengbo, Z., & Mackert, M. (2019). Understanding the influenza vaccine as a consumer health technology: A structural equation model of motivation, behavioral expectation, and vaccine adoption. Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 12(3–4), 170–179. doi:10.1080/17538068.2019.1680038
   Google Scholar
• Tan, A. S., & Bigman, C. A. (2020). Misinformation about commercial tobacco products on social media—implications and research opportunities for reducing tobacco-related health disparities. American Journal of Public Health, 110(S3), S281–S283. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2020.305910
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Treen, K. M., Williams, H. T., & O’Neill, S. J. (2020). Online misinformation about climate change. WIREs Climate Change, 11(5). doi:10.1002/wcc.665
   Google Scholar
• Udalova, V. (2021, March 8). Pandemic impact on mortality and economy varies across age groups and geographies. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/03/initial-impact-covid-19-on-united-states-economy-more-widespread-than-on-mortality.html
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund. (2021, June 8). Education and COVID-19. UNICEF. Retrieved from https://data.unicef.org/topic/education/covid-19/
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau. (2019, December 30). State Population Totals and Components of Change: 2010-2019. WorldHealthOrganization. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-state-total.html
   Google Scholar
• Webb, T. L., & Sheeran, P. (2006). Does changing behavioral intentions engender behavior change? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 132(2), 249. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.2.249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weil, A. M., & Wolfe, C. R. (2022). Individual differences in risk perception and misperception of COVID‐19 in the context of political ideology. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 36(1), 19–31. doi:10.1002/acp.3894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO (2020). Infodemic. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/health-topics/infodemic#tab=tab_1
   Google Scholar
• Williams, D. M., Anderson, E. S., & Winett, R. A. (2005). A review of the outcome expectancy construct in physical activity research. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 29(1), 70–79. doi:10.1207/s15324796abm2901_10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, D., Gu, H., Gu, S., & You, H. (2021). Individual motivation and social influence: A study of telemedicine adoption in China based on social cognitive theory. Health Policy and Technology, 10(3), 100525. doi:10.1016/j.hlpt.2021.100525
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar