Mental Disorders Stigma in the Media: Review of Studies on Production, Content, and Influences

References

• Andrade , C. , & Rao , N. S. ( 1996 ). Medical students toward electroconvulsive: An Indian perspective . Convulsive Therapy , 12 ( 2 ), 86 – 90 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Angermeyer , M. C. , & Matschinger , H. ( 1996 ). The effect of violent attacks by schizophrenic persons on the attitude of the public towards the mentally Ill . Social Science and Medicine , 43 ( 12 ), 1721 – 1728 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angermeyer , M. C. , & Schulze , B. ( 2001 ). Reinforcing stereotypes: How the focus on forensic cases in news reporting may influence public attitudes towards the mentally ill . International Journal of Law and Psychiatry , 24 ( 4–5 ), 469 – 486 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arboleda-Florez , J. ( 1998 ). Mental illness and violence: An epidemiological appraisal, of the evidence . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 43 , 989 – 996 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arboleda-Florez , J. ( 2002 ). The state of the evidence. Stigmatization and human rights violations . Mental Health: A Call for Action .
   Google Scholar
• Austin , L. S. , & Husted , K. ( 1998 ). Cost-effectiveness of television, radio and print media programs for public mental health education . Psychiatric Services , 49 , 808 – 811 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagley , C. , & King , M. (2005). Exploration of three stigma scales in 83 users of mental health services: Implications for campaigns to reduce stigma. Journal of Mental Health, 2005 , 14(4), 343–355.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. ( 2002 ). Social cognitive theory of mass communication . In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects (pp. 121 – 154 ). Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Battaglia , J. , Coverdale , J. H. , & Bushong , C. P. ( 1990 ). Evaluation of mental illness awareness week program in public schools . American Journal of Psychiatry , 147 , 324 – 329 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beal , B. A. , & Gardner , C. B. ( 2000 ). Gendered advice and mental health practices . Perspectives on Social Problems , 12 , 203 – 216 .
   Google Scholar
• Beautrais , A. L. ( 2000 ). Risk factors for suicide and attempted suicide among young people . Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry , 34 ( 3 ), 420 – 436 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berlin , F. S. ( 1991 ). Media distortion of the public's perception of recidivism and psychiatric rehabilitation . The American Journal of Psychiatry , 148 ( 11 ), 1572 – 1576 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolton , J. ( 2000 ). Mental illness in the media: The 13th royal college Christmas lecture for young people . Psychiatric Bulletin , 24 ( 9 ), 345 – 346 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , K. , & Bradley , L. ( 2002 ). Reducing the stigma of mental illness . Journal of Mental Health Counseling , 24 ( 1 ), 81 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Byrd , E. K. , & Elliot , T. R. ( 1988 ). Disability in full-length feature films: Frequency and quality of films over!! year span . International Journal of Rehabilitation Research , 11 ( 2 ), 143 – 148 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne , P. ( 1998 ). Fall and rise of the movie “Psycho-killer.” Psychiatric Bulletin , 22 ( 3 ), 174 – 176 .
   Google Scholar
• Chaplin , R. ( 2000 ). Psychiatrists can cause stigma too . British Journal of Psychiatry , 177 , 467 – 470 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colon-de-Marti , L. N. , & Marti-Calzamilia , L. F. ( 2000 ). Youth violence: Understanding and prevention . Puerto Rico Health Sciences Journal , 19 ( 4 ), 369 – 374 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Conrad , P. ( 2001 ). Framing genes and mental illness in the news . Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry , 25 ( 2 ), 225 – 247 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan , P. W. , & Penn , D. L. ( 1999 ). Lessons from social psychology on discrediting psychiatric stigma . American Psychologist , 54 ( 9 ), 765 – 776 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crisp , A. H. , Gelder , M. G. , Rix , S. , Meltzer , H. I. , & Rowlands , O. J. ( 2000 ). Stigmatisation of people with mental illnesses . The British Journal of Psychiatry , 177 , 4 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahaf Survey. ( 1997 ). Is disability contagious? Findings of an opinion survey. (In Hebrew). Yafo: Dahaf Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Davidson , J. , & Smith , M. ( 2003 ). Bio-phobias-techno-philias: Virtual reality exposure as treatment for phobias of “Nature” Sociology of Health & Illness , 25 ( 6 ), 644 – 661 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dearing , W. J. , & Rogers , E. M. ( 1996 ). Agenda-setting . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Dickerson , F. B. , Sommerville , J. , Origoni , A. E. , Ringel , N. B. , & Parente , F. ( 2002 ). Experiences of stigma among outpatients with schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 28 ( 1 ), 143 – 156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diefenbach , D. L. ( 1997 ). The portrayal of mental illness on prime-time television . Journal of Community Psychology , 25 ( 3 ), 289 – 302 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doherty , E. , & Young , R. ( 1978 ). Mental health problems in popular magazines over the past fifty years. Society for the Study of Social Problems .
   Google Scholar
• Efern-Fernnando , H. ( 2003 ). The construction of e-mind health.com: A mental health website . Dissertation Abstracts—Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences , 64 ( 5-A ), 1612 .
   Google Scholar
• Elfent-Lafler , N. ( 2003 ). The presentation of handicapped persons . Jerusalem : Strategy & Research, The Second Television & Radio Authority .
   Google Scholar
• Entman , R. M. ( 1993 ). Framing: Towards clarification of a fractured paradigm . Journal of Communication , 43 ( 4 ), 54 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esters , L. G. , Cooker , P. G. , & Ittenbach , R. F. ( 1998 ). Effects of a unit of instruction in mental health on rural adolescents' conceptions of mental illness and attitudes about seeking help . Adolescence , 33 , 469 – 476 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabbard , G. O. , & Gabbard , K. (1992). Cinematic stereotypes contributing to the stigmatization of psychiatrist. In P. J. Fink & A. Tasman (Eds.), Stigma and mental illness . Washington , DC : American Psychiatric Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gerbner , G. , Gross , L. , Morgan , M. , Signorieli , N. , & Shanahan , J. ( 2002 ). Growing up with television: Cultivation processes . In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects (pp. 43 – 68 ). Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Gilman , S. ( 1988 ). Disease and representation . Ithaca & London : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gilman , S. ( 1995 ). Picturing health and illness . Baltimore & London : John Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Glasgow University Media Group . ( 1976 ). More bad news . London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Glasson , J. ( 1996 ). The public image of the mentally ill and community care . British Journal of Nursing , 5 ( 10 ), 615 – 617 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goffman , E. ( 1986 ). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience . Boston : Northeastern University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Greirson , D. , & Scot , R. ( 1995 ). Comparison of attitudes of editors and public toward mental illness . Newspaper Research Journal , 16 ( 1 ), 95 – 102 .
   Google Scholar
• Grow , J. M. , Park , J. S. , & Han , X. ( 2006 ). “Your life is waiting!” Symbolic meanings in direct-to-consumer antidepressant advertising . Journal of Communication Inquiry , 30 ( 2 ), 163 – 188 .
   Google Scholar
• Gureje , O. , & Alem , A. ( 2000 ). Mental health policy development in Africa . Bulletin of the WHO , 78 ( 4 ), 475 – 482 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hafferty , F. W. , & Foster , S. ( 1994 ). Decontextualizing disability in the crime mystery genre: The case of the invisible handicap . Disability & Society , 9 ( 2 ), 185 – 206 .
   Google Scholar
• Haghighat , R. ( 2000 ). A unitary theory of stigmatization . British Journal of Psychiatry , 177 , 207 – 215 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayward , P. , & Bright , J. A. ( 1997 ). Stigma and mental illness: A review and critique . Journal of Mental Health , 6 , 345 – 354 .
   Google Scholar
• Henderson , L. ( 1996 ). Selling suffering: Mental illness and media values . In G. Philo (Ed.), Media and mental distress (pp. 18 – 36 ). Harlow : Addison Wesley and Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Hickling , F. W. ( 1992 ). Radio psychiatry and community mental health . Hospital and Community Psychiatry , 43 , 739 – 741 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hillert , A. , Sandmann , J. , et al. . ( 1999 ). The general public's cognitive and emotional perception of mental illnesses: An alternative to attitude-research . In J. Guimon , W. Fischer & N. Sartorius (Eds.), The image of madness: The public facing mental illness and psychiatric treatment (pp. 56 – 71 ). Basel : Karger .
   Google Scholar
• Hyler , S. F. , Gabbard , G. O. , & Schnieder , I. ( 1991 ). Homicidal maniacs and narcissistic parasites: Stigmatization of mentally ill persons in the movies . Hospital and Community Psychiatry , 42 ( 10 ), 1044 – 1048 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jorm , A. F. ( 2000 ). Mental health literacy . British Medical Journal , 177 , 396 – 401 .
   Google Scholar
• Kerson , T. S. , Kerson , J. F. , & Kerson , L. A. ( 2000 ). She can have a seizure maybe; then we can watch: The portrayal of epilepsy in film . Social Work in Health Care , 30 ( 3 ), 95 – 110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klin , A. ( 2001 ). Crime and punishment? The AIDS narrative in the daily press in Israel, 1981–1995 as a cultural construction of a disease. Ph.D. dissertation. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. .
   Google Scholar
• Lawson , A. , & Fouts , G. ( 2004 ). Mental illness in disney animated films . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 49 ( 5 ), 310 – 314 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link , B. G. , Phelan , J. C. , Bresnahan , M. , et al. ( 1999 ). Public conceptions of mental illness: Labels, causes, dangerousness and social distance . American Journal of Public Health , 89 , 1328 – 1333 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipczynska , S. ( 2005 ). Stigma web review . Journal of Mental Health , 14 ( 4 ), 423 – 425 .
   Google Scholar
• Martinez , R. , Johnston-Robledo , I. , Ulsh , H. M. , & Chrisler , J. C. (2000). Singing “The baby blues”: A concept analysis of popular press about post-partum affective disturbances, Women Health , 31(2–3), 37–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May , C. , Gask , L. , Atkinson , T. , Ellis , N. , Mair , F. & Esmail , A. ( 2001 ). Resisting and promoting new technologies in clinical practice: The case of tele-psychiatry . Social Science & Medicine , 52 , 1889 – 1901 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCombs , M. ( 1997 ). Building consensus: The news media's agenda-setting roles . Political Communication , 14 , 422 – 443 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCombs , M. ( 1994 ). News influence on our pictures of the world . In Bryant , Jennings , Zillmann , Dolf (Eds.). Media effects (pp. 1 – 16) . Mahwah , NJ : Lawernce Erlbaum Associates Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• McKay , D. ( 2000 ). Stigmatising pharmaceutical advertisements , British Journal of Psychiatry , 177 , 467 – 468 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQuail , D. ( 2006 ). McQuail's mass communication theory ( , 5th ed. ), London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Metzl , J. M. ( 2004 ). The pharmaceutical gaze. Psychiatry, scopophilia and psychotropic medication advertising , 1964–1984 . In L. D. Friedman (Ed.), Cultural sutures. Medicine and media (pp. 15 – 35 ). Durkheim , NC : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , C. T. & Major , B. ( 2000 ). Coping with stigma and prejudice . In T. F. Heatherton , R. E. Kleck , M. R. Hebl , & J. G. Hull , The social psychology of stigma , New York : The Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Monaham , J. ( 1997 ). Clinical and atuarial predictions of violence , In D. Faugman , D. Kaye , M. Saks , & H. Sanders (Eds.), Modern scientific evidence: The law and science of expert testimony , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Monnier , J. , Knapp , R. G. , & Frueh , B. C. ( 2003 ). Recent advances in telepsychiatry: An updated review . Psychiatric Services , 54 ( 12 ), 1604 – 1609 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montagne , M. ( 2001 ). Mass media representations as drug information for patients: The Prozac phenomenon . Substance Use & Misuse , 36 ( 9–10 ), 1261 – 1274 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neriya , I. , Solomon , I. , Ginzburg , K. , Dekel , R. , Anoch , D. , & Uri , A. ( 1998 ). Wars and their mental cost: Different aspects of mental trauma among soldiers and civilians in Israeli society. Society & Welfare, 18(1), 125–139. (In Hebrew). .
   Google Scholar
• Penn , D. , Chamberline , C. , & Mueser , K. ( 2003 ). Effects of documentary film about schizophrenia on psychiatric stigma . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 29 ( 2 ), 383 – 391 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phelan , J. C. , Link , B. G. , Stueve , A. , & Pescosolido , B. A. ( 2000 ). Public conceptions of mental illness in 1950 and 1996: What is mental illness and is it to be feared? Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 41 , 188 – 207 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philo , G. (Ed.). ( 1996 ). Media and mental distress . London & New York : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Philo , G. (Ed.). ( 1997 ). Changing media representations of mental health . Psychiatric Bulletin , 21 , 171 – 172 .
   Google Scholar
• Philo , G. (Ed.). ( 1999 ). Media and mental illness . In G. Philo (Ed.), Message received: Glasgow media group research 1993–1998 (pp. 54 – 61) . Harlo : Addison Wesley Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Philo , G. , & Secker , J. ( 1999 ). Media and mental health . In B. Franklin , (Ed.), Social policy, the media and misrepresentation (pp. 135 – 145 ). London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Priest , R. G. , Vize , C. , Roberts , A. , et al. ( 1996 ). Lay people's attitudes to treatment of depression: Results of opinion poll for defeat depression Campaign just before its launch . British Medical Journal , 313 , 858 – 859 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Repper , J. , Sayce , L. , Strong , S. , Willmot , J. , & Haines , M. ( 1997 ). Tall Stories from back yard. A survey of Nimby opposition to community mental health facilities experienced by key service providers in England and Wales . London : Mind .
   Google Scholar
• Rose , D. ( 1998 ). Television, madness and community care . Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology , 8 ( 3 ), 213 – 228 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe , R. , Tilbury , F. , Rapley , M. , & O'Ferrall , I. ( 2003 ). “About a year before the breakdown I was having symptoms”: Sadness, pathology and the Australian newspaper media . Sociology of Health & Illness , 25 ( 6 ), 680 – 696 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salter , M. , & Byrne , P. (2000). The stigma of mental illness: How you can use the media to reduce it. Psychiatric Bulletin , 24, 281–283.
   Google Scholar
• Sartorius , N. ( 1999 ). One of the last obstacles to better mental health care: The stigma of mental illness . In J. Guimon , N. Fischer , & N. Sartorious (Eds.), The image of madness . Basel : Karger .
   Google Scholar
• Sartorius , N. ( 2002 ). Iatrogenic stigma of mental illness begins with behavior and attitudes of medical professionals, especially psychiatrists . British Medical Journal , 324 , 1470 – 1471 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayce , L. ( 2000 ). From psychiatric patient to citizen . London : Macmillan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schudson , M. ( 1989 ). The sociology of news production . Media, Culture and Society , 11 ( 3 ), 263 – 282 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seale , C. ( 2004 ). Villains and freaks . In C. Seale (Ed.), Media & health (pp. 102 – 109 ). London : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Shakespeare , T. ( 1994 ). Cultural representations of disabled people: Dustbins for disavowal . Disability and Society , 9 ( 3 ), 2813 – 2831 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sieff , E. M. ( 2003 ). Media frames of mental illnesses: The potential impact of negative frames . Journal of Mental Health , 12 ( 3 ), 259 – 269 .
   Google Scholar
• Signorielli , N. ( 1989 ). The stigma of mental illness on television . Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media , 3 , 325 – 331 .
   Google Scholar
• Slavich , S. ( 2004 ). The status of online mental health services . Dissertation Abstracts—International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering , 64 ( 7-B ), 3542 .
   Google Scholar
• Stangor , C. , & Crandall , C. S. ( 2000 ). Threat and the social construction of stigma . In T. F. Heatherton , R. E. Kleck , R. Michelle , & J. G. Hull (Eds.), The social psychology of stigma (pp. 62 – 87 ). New York : The Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stuart , H. ( 2003 ). Stigma and the daily news: Evaluation of a newspaper intervention . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 48 ( 10 ), 651 – 656 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Dept of Health & Human Services . ( 2002 ). The Surgeon General Report on mental health . (chap. 5) . Washington , DC .
   Google Scholar
• Vaughan , G. H. , & Hansen , C. ( 2004 ). ‘Like minds, like mine’: A New Zealand project to counter the stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness . Australian Psychiatry , 12 ( 2 ), 113 – 117 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Von Sydow , K. , & Reimer , C. ( 1998 ). Attitudes toward psychotherapists, psychologists, psychiatrists and psychoanalysts: A meta-content analysis of 60 studies published between 1948 and 1995 . American Journal of Psychotherapy , 52 ( 4 ), 463 – 488 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahl , O. F. ( 1995 ). Media madness. Public images of mental illness . NJ : Rutgers University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wahl , O. F. ( 1999 ). Mental health consumers' experience of stigma . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 25 ( 3 ), 467 – 478 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahl , O. F. ( 2003a ). News media portrayal of mental illness . American Behaviorist , 46 ( 12 ), 1594 – 1600 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahl , O. F. ( 2003b ). Depictions of mental illnesses in children's media . Journal of Mental Health , 12 ( 3 ), 249 – 258 .
   Google Scholar
• Wahl , O. F. ( 2004 ). Stop the presses. Journalistic treatment of mental illness . In L. D. Friedman (Ed.), Cultural sutures. Medicine and media (pp. 55 – 69 ). Durkheim , NC : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wahl , O. F. , & Lefkowits , J. ( 1989 ). Impact of a television film on attitudes towards mental illness . American Journal of Community Psychology , 17 ( 4 ), 521 – 528 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter , G. ( 1989 ). The stereotype of the mad psychiatrist . The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry , 23 ( 4 ), 547 – 554 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wedding , D. , & Boyd , M. A. ( 1999 ). Movies and mental illness using films to understand psychopathology . Boston: McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson , G. ( 1994 ). Can suicide be prevented? British Medical Journal , 309 , 860 – 869 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , C. , Nairn , R. , Coverdale , J. , et al. (1999). Mental illness depictions in prime-time drama: Identifying the discursive resources. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry , 33, 232–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , C. , Nairn , R. , Coverdale , J. , & Panapa , A. ( 2000 ). How mental illness is portrayed in children's television: A prospective study . British Journal of Psychiatry , 176 , 440 – 443 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff , G. , Pathare , S. , Craig , T. , et al. ( 1999 ). Public education for community care: A new approach . In J. Guimon , W. Fischer , & N. Sartorius (Eds.), The image of madness: The public facing mental illness and psychiatric treatment (pp. 56 – 71 ). Basel : Karger .
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO) . ( 2001 ). Outline of the World Health Report (chap. 2) . Geneva , Switzerland : Author .
   Google Scholar