‘Missing girls’ in historical Europe: reopening the debate

References

• A’Hearn, B., Amendola, N., & Vecchi, G. (2016). On historical household budgets. Rivista di storia economica, 32(2), 137–176. https://doi.org/10.1410/84061
   Google Scholar
• Alesina, A., Giuliano, P., & Nunn, N. (2013). On the origins of gender roles: Women and the plough. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 128(2), 469–530. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjt005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alter, G., Derosas, R., & Nystedt, P. (2004). Gender differences in mortality. In T. Bengtsson, C. Campbell, & J. Z. Lee (Eds.), Life under pressure: Mortality and living standards in Europe and Asia, 1700-1900 (pp. 327–358). MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Alter, G., & Oris, M. (2000). Mortality and economic stress: Individual and household responses in a nineteenth-century Belgian village. In T. Bengtsson & O. Saito (Eds.), Population and economy: From hunger to modern economic growth (pp. 335–370). OUP.
   Google Scholar
• Amussen, S. D. (1988). An ordered society. Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, S., & Ray, D. (2010). Missing women: Age and disease. Review of Economic Studies, 77(4), 1262–1300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-937X.2010.00609.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arokiasamy, P., & Goli, S. (2012). Explaining the skewed child sex ratio in rural India: Revisiting the landholding-patriarchy hypothesis. Economic and Political Weekly, 47(42), 85–94.
   Google Scholar
• Attane, I., & Guilmoto, C. Z. (Eds). (2007). Watering the neighbor’s garden: The growing demographic female deficit in Asia. CICRED.
   Google Scholar
• Barbiera, I. (2008). Il mistero delle donne scomparse. Sex ratio e società nel medioevo italiano. Archeologia Medievale, 35, 241–250. http://digital.casalini.it/10.1400/155415
   Google Scholar
• Barbiera, I., Castiglione, M., & Dalla Zuanna, G. (2017). Missing women in the Italian middle ages? Data and interpretation. In S. R. Huebner & G. Nathan (Eds.), Mediterranean families in antiquity: Households, extended families, and domestic space. Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Baten, J., & De Pleijt, J. E. (2018). Female autonomy generates superstars in long-term development: Evidence from 15th to 19th century Europe. CEPR Discussion Paper 13348.
   Google Scholar
• Baten, J., & Murray, J. E. (2000). Heights of men and women in 19th-century Bavaria: Economic, nutritional and disease influences. Explorations in Economic History, 37(4), 351–369. https://doi.org/10.1006/exeh.2000.0743
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxhaku, F., & Kaser, K. (1996). Die Stammesgesellschaften Nordalbaniens. Berichte und Forschungen österreichischer Konsuln und Gelehrter (1861–1917). Vienna: Böhlau Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Bechtold, B. H. (2002). Infanticide in 19th century France: A quantitative interpretation. Review of Radical Political Economics, 33(2), 165–187.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, A. (2019). On the economic origins of restrictions on women’s sexuality. CESifo Working Paper, 7770.
   Google Scholar
• Beltrán Tapia, F. J. 2019. Sex ratios and missing girls in late-19th-century Europe. EHES Working Paper, 160.
   Google Scholar
• Beltrán Tapia, F. J., & Capelli, G. (2022). Missing girls in liberal Italy, 1861–1921, CEPR. Discussion Paper Series 17416.
   Google Scholar
• Beltrán Tapia, F. J., & Gallego-Martínez, D. (2017). Where are the missing girls? Gender discrimination in 19th-century Spain. Explorations in Economic History, 66, 117–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2017.08.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beltrán Tapia, F. J., & Gallego-Martínez, D. (2020). What explains the missing girls in 19th-century Spain? Economic History Review, 73(1), 59–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/ehr.12772
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beltrán Tapia, F. J., & Marco-Gracia, F. (2022a). Death, sex and fertility: Female infanticide in rural Spain, 1750-1950. European Review of Economic History, 26(2), 234–254. https://doi.org/10.1093/ereh/heab023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beltrán Tapia, F. J., & Marco-Gracia, F. (2022b). Life and death under son preference. Effect of economic shocks on fertility and mortality in rural Spain from a gender perspective, 1750–1950 [Paper presentation]. The XIX World Economic History Congress.
   Google Scholar
• Beltrán Tapia, F. J., & Raftakis, M. (2022). Sex ratios and gender discrimination in Modern Greece. Population Studies, 76(2), 329–346. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2021.1923787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beneito, P., & García-Gómez, J. J. (2021). Gender gaps in wages and mortality rates during industrialization: The case of Alcoy, Spain, 1860-1914. Feminist Economics, 28(1), 114–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2021.1983190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhalotra, S., Chakravarty, A., & Gulesci, S. (2020). The price of gold: Dowry and death in India. Journal of Development Economics, 143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhaskar, V., & Gupta, B. (2007). India’s missing girls: Biology, customs, and economic development. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 23(2), 221–238. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grm016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaffer Hrdy, S. (1999). Mother nature: A history of mothers, infants and natural selection. Pantheon.
   Google Scholar
• Borderías, C., & López, C. (2003). A gendered view of family budgets in mid-nineteenth century Barcelona. Histoire & Mesure, 18, 113–146. https://doi.org/10.4000/histoiremesure.872
   Google Scholar
• Borderías, C., Pérez-Fuentes, P., & Sarasúa, C. (2010). Gender inequalities in family consumption: Spain 1850–1930. In T. Addabbo, M.-P. Arrizabalaga, & A. Owens (Eds.), Gender inequalities, households and the production of well-being in modern Europe (pp. 179–196). Farnham, Md.
   Google Scholar
• Boucher, M.-P. B., Alvarez, J.-A., Kashnitsky, I., & Zarulli, V. (2022). Probability of males to outlive females: An international comparison from 1751 to 2020. BMJ Open, 12(8), e059964. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruckner, T., Catalano, R., & Ahern, J. (2010). Male fetal loss in the U.S. following the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001. BMC Public Health, 10(1), 273. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-273
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carmichael, S., Dilli, S., & van Zanden, J. L. (2016). Introduction: Family systems and economic development. Economic History of Developing Regions, 31(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/20780389.2015.1132625
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catalano, R., Bruckner, T., Anderson, E., & Gould, J. B. (2005). Fetal death sex ratios: A test of the economic stress hypothesis. International Journal of Epidemiology, 34(4), 944–948. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyi081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catalano, R., Bruckner, T., & Smith, K. R. (2008). Ambient temperature predicts sex ratios and male longevity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the USA, 105(6), 2244–2247. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0710711104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chahnazarian, A. (1990). Historical trends in the sex ratio at birth. Hopkins Population Center Working Paper, 90, 1. http://jhir.library.jhu.edu/handle/1774.2/934
   Google Scholar
• Chao, F., Gerland, P., Cook, A. R., & Alkema, L. (2019). Systematic assessment of the sex ratio at birth for all countries and estimation of national imbalances and regional reference levels. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(19), 9303–9311. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1812593116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman, C. G. (1971). Milocca, a Sicilian village. Schenkman.
   Google Scholar
• Coale, A. (1991). Excess female mortality and the balance of the sexes. Population and Development Review, 17(3), 517–523. https://doi.org/10.2307/1971953
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman, E. (1976). Infanticide in the early middle ages. In S. M. Stuard (Ed.), Women in medieval society (pp. 47–70). University of Pennsylvania Press.
   Google Scholar
• Corsini, C. (1991). Breastfeeding, fertility and infant mortality. In S. M. Grieco & C. Corsini (Eds.), Historical perspectives on breastfeeding. International Child Development Centre (UNICEF).
   Google Scholar
• Corsini, C. A., & Viazzo, P. P. (eds.). (1997). The decline of infant and child mortality: The European experience, 1750–1990. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Costa, J. C., da Silva, I. C. M., & Victora, C. G. (2017). Gender bias in under-five mortality in low/middle-income countries. BMJ Global Health, 2(2), e000350. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis, D. R., & Han, Q. (2021). The female mortality advantage in the seventeenth-century rural low countries. Gender & History, 33(1), 50–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0424.12495
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daly, M., Wilson, M., & Wilson, M. (1988). Homicide. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Das Gupta, M. (2017). Return of the missing daughters. Scientific American, 317(3), 80–85. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0917-80
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das Gupta, M. (2022). What hypotheses can research on son preference in Asia offer for European historical demographic research? The History of the Family, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2022.2129417
   Google Scholar
• Das Gupta, M., Zhenghua, J., Bohua, L., Zhenming, Z., Chung, X., & Hwa-Ok, B. (2003). Why is son preference so persistent in East and South Asia? A cross-country study of China, India and the Republic of Korea. Journal of Development Studies, 40(2), 153–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380412331293807
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Moor, T., & Van Zanden, J. L. (2010). Girl power: The European marriage pattern and labour markets in the North Sea region in the late medieval and early modern period. The Economic History Review, 63(1), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00483.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennison, T. K., & Ogilvie, S. (2014). Does the European marriage pattern explain economic Growth? The Journal of Economic History, 74(3), 651–693. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050714000564
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennison, T. K., & Ogilvie, S. (2016). Institutions, demography, and economic growth. The Journal of Economic History, 76(1), 205–217. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050716000486
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Pleijt, A. M., & Van Zanden, J. L. (2018). Two worlds of female labour: Gender wage inequality in Western Europe, 1300–1800. EHES Working Papers in Economic History, 138.
   Google Scholar
• Derosas, R. (2012). Suspicious deaths: Household composition, infant neglect, and child care in nineteenth-century Venice. Annales de démographie historique, 123(1), 95–126. https://doi.org/10.3917/adh.123.0095
   Google Scholar
• Derosas, R., & Tsuya, N. O. (2010). Child control as a reproductive strategy. In N. O. Tsuya et al. (Eds.), Prudence and pressure: Reproduction and human agency in Europe and Asia, 1700–1900 (pp. 129–155). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Diebolt, C., & Perrin, F. (2013). From stagnation to sustained growth: The role of female empowerment. American Economic Review. Papers & Proceedings, 103(3), 545–549. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.545
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diebolt, C., & Perrin, F. (2019). A cliometric model of unified growth: Family organization and economic growth in the long run of history. In C. Diebolt, S. Carmichael, S. Dilli, A. Rijpma, & C. Stormer (Eds.), Cliometrics of the family: Global patterns and their impact on diverging development (pp. 545–549). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Dilli, S., Rijpma, A., & Carmichael, S. (2015). Achieving gender equality: Development versus historical legacies. CESifo Economic Studies, 61(1), 301–334. https://doi.org/10.1093/cesifo/ifu027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dilli, S., Rijpma, A., & Carmichael, S. (2019). Introducing the historical gender equality index. Feminist Economics, 25(1), 31–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2018.1442582
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dipietro, J. A., & Voegtline, K. M. (2017). The gestational foundation of sex differences in development and vulnerability. Neuroscience, 342, 4–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Renzo, G. C., Rosati, A., Donati Sarti, R., Cruciani, L., & Cutuli, M. (2007). Does fetal sex affect pregnancy outcome? Gender Medicine, 4(1), 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1550-8579(07)80004-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Domínguez, M. (2021). Opiniones de mujeres. Pregunta Ediciones.
   Google Scholar
• Dong, H., & Kurosu, S. (2017). Postmarital residence and child sex selection: Evidence from northeastern Japan, 1716–1870. Demographic Research, 37(1), 1383–1412. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2017.37.43
   Google Scholar
• Drelichman, M., & González Agudo, A. D. (2020). The Gender Wage Gap in Early Modern Toledo, 1550–1650. The Journal of Economic History, 80(2), 351–385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drevebstedt, G. L., Crimmins, E. M., Vasunilashorn, S., & Finch, C. E. (2008). The rise and fall of excess female infant mortality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(13), 5016–5021. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0800221105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drixler, F. (2012). Mabiki: Infanticide and population growth in Eastern Japan. University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dyson, T. (2011). The role of the demographic transition in the process or urbanization. Population and Development Review, 37, 34–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2011.00377.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Echavarri, R. (2022). Neonatal discrimination and excess female mortality in childhood in Spain in the first half of the twentieth century. Cliometrica, 16(1), 79–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11698-021-00225-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Echavarri, R., & Beltrán Tapia, F. J. (2022). Economic development, female wages and missing female births in Spain, 1900-1930. CEPR Discussion Paper Series 16890.
   Google Scholar
• Eggerickx, T., & Tabutin, D. (1994). La surmortalité des filles en Belgique vers 1890. Une approche régionale. Population, 49(3), 657–683. https://doi.org/10.2307/1533962
   Google Scholar
• Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1989). Human Ethology. 194-96.
   Google Scholar
• Erlich, V. (1966). Family in transition. A study of 300 Yugoslav villages. PUP.
   Google Scholar
• Fellman, J., & Eriksson, A. (2011). Temporal trends in the secondary sex ratio in Nordic countries. Biodemography and Social Biology, 57(2), 143–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/19485565.2011.614193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenske, J., Gupta, B., & Neumann, C. (2022), Missing women in Colonial India, CAGE Working Paper 613.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer, J., Jung, N., Robinson, N., & Lehmann, C. (2015). Sex differences in immune responses to infectious diseases. Infection, 43(4), 399–403. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-015-0791-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floud, R., Fogel, R. W., Harris, B., & Hong, S. C. (2009). The changing body: Health, nutrition and human development in the Western world since 1700. CUP.
   Google Scholar
• Foreman-Peck, J. (2011). The Western European marriage pattern and economic development. Explorations in Economic History, 48(2), 292–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2011.01.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francus, M. (1997). Monstrous mothers, mon-strous societies: Infanticide and the rule of law in restoration and eighteenth–century England. Eighteenth–Century Life, 133–156.
   Google Scholar
• Fuchs, R. G. (1984). Abandoned children: Foundlings and child welfare in nineteenth-century France. State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fuchs, R. G. (2005). Gender and poverty in nineteenth-century Europe. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fukuda, M., Fukuda, K., Shimizu, T., & Møller, H. (1998). Decline in sex ratio at birth after Kobe earthquake. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England), 13(8), 2321–2322. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/13.8.2321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallant, T. W. (1991). Agency, structure, and explanation in social history: The case of the foundling home on Kephallenia, Greece, during the 1830s. Social Science History, 15(4), 479–508. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0145553200021258
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galofré-Vilà, G., & Harris, B. (2021). Growth before birth: The relationship between placental weights and infant and maternal health in early 20th-century Barcelona. The Economic History Review.
   Google Scholar
• Gavalas, V. S., & Baltas, P. (2022). Gender inequalities and sex-differential mortality in pre-war Greece: A regional perspective. Genealogy, 6(5), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy6010005
   Google Scholar
• Giuliano, P. (2017). Gender: An historical perspective. In S. L. Averett, L. M. Argys, & S. D. Hoffman (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of women and the economy. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goldin, C., & Lleras-Muney, A. (2019). XX>XY? The changing female advantage in life expectancy. The Journal of Health Economics, 67, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2019.102224
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golli, S., Mavisakalyan, A., Rammohan, A., & Vu, L. (2022). Conflicts and son preference: Micro-level evidence from 58 countries. Economics and Human Biology, 46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2022.101146
   Google Scholar
• González, L., & Rodríguez-Planas, N. (2020). Gender norms and intimate partner violence. Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organization, 178(1), 223–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2020.07.024
   Google Scholar
• Gowing, L. (1997). Secret births and infanticide in seventeenth–century England. Past & Present, 156(1), 87–115. https://doi.org/10.1093/past/156.1.87
   Google Scholar
• Gruber, S., & Szołtysek, M. (2016). The patriarchy index: A comparative study of power relations across historical Europe. The History of the Family, 21(2), 133–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2014.1001769
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guilmoto, C. Z. (2009). The sex ratio transition in Asia. Population and Development Review, 35(3), 519–549. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2009.00295.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guilmoto, C. (2015). The masculinization of births. Overview and Current Knowledge. Population, 70, 185–243. https://doi.org/10.3917/popu.1502.0201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guilmoto, C. (2022). What can Europe’s history of gender bias tell us about Asia’s contemporary experience. The History of the Family, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2022.2124302
   Google Scholar
• Gupta, B. (2014). Where have all the brides gone? Son preference and marriage in India over the twentieth century. Economic History Review, 67(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0289.12011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanlon, G. (2016). Routine infanticide in the West, 1500-1800. History Compass, 14(11), 535–548. https://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12361
   Google Scholar
• Hanlon, G. (2022). Death control in the west 1500–1800. Sex ratios at baptism in Italy, France and England. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, B. (2008). Gender, health and welfare in England and Wages since industrialization. Research in Economic History, 26, 157–204.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, M., & Ross, E. B. (1987). Death, sex, and fertility: Population regulation in preindustrial and developing societies. Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hartman, M. (2004). The household and the making of history: A subversive view of the Western Past. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Helle, S., Helama, S., & Lertola, K. (2009). Evolutionary ecology of human birth sex ratio under the compound influence of climate change, famine, economic crises and wars. Journal of Animal Ecology, 78(6), 1226–1233. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01598.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henrich, J. (2020). The WEIRDest people in the world: How the west became psychologically peculiar and particularly prosperous. Straus and Giroux.
   Google Scholar
• Henry, L. (1967). Manuel de démographie historique. Librairie Droz.
   Google Scholar
• Hesketh, T., & Xing, Z. W. (2006). Abnormal sex ratios in human populations: Causes and consequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(36), 13271–13275. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0602203103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinde, A. (2015). Sex differentials in phthisis mortality in England and Wales, 1861-1870. The History of the Family, 20(3), 366–390. https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2015.1051077
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horrell, S., & Oxley, D. (2016). Gender bias in 19th century England: Evidence from factory children. Economics and Human Biology, 133, 47–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2016.03.006
   Google Scholar
• House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., & Gupta, V. (Eds). (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Hufton, O. (1974). The poor of eighteenth-century France, 1750–1789. Clarendon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hufton, O. (1998). The prospect before her. A history of women in Western Europe, 1500-1800. Vintage Books.
   Google Scholar
• Human Mortality Database. 2018. University of California, Berkeley (USA), and Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (Germany). Retrieved September 8, 2018, from www.mortality.org
   Google Scholar
• Humphries, J., & Sarasúa, C. (2012). Off the record: Reconstructing women’s labour force participation in the European past. Feminist Economics, 18(4), 39–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2012.746465
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunecke, V. (1991). Intensità e fluttuazioni degli abbandoni dal XV al XIX secolo. In Enfance abandonnée et société en Europe, XIVe-XXe siècle. Actes du colloque international de Rome (30 et 31 janvier 1987) (pp. 27–72). École Française de Rome.
   Google Scholar
• Hynes, L. (2011). Routine infanticide by married couples? An assessment of baptismal records from seventeenth century Parma. Journal of Early Modern History, 15(6), 507–530. https://doi.org/10.1163/157006511X600828
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iqbal, N., Gkiouleka, A., Milner, A., Montag, D., & Gallo, V. (2018). Girls’ hidden penalty: Analysis of gender inequality in child mortality with data from 195 countries. BMJ Global Health, 3(5), e001028. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssens, A., & Pelzer, B. (2014). Lovely little angels in heaven? The influence of religiously determined cultural life scripts on infant survival in the Netherlands, 1880–1920. Historical Social Research/Historische Sozialforschung, 39(1), 19–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayachandran, S. (2015). The roots of gender inequality in developing countries. Annual Review of Economics, 7(1), 63–88. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-080614-115404
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson, S. R. (1984). Deferred infanticide: Excess female mortality during childhood. In G. Hausfater & S. Blaffer (Eds.), Infanticide: Comparative and evolutionary perspectives (pp. 463–485). Aldine.
   Google Scholar
• Kağitçibaşi, Ç. (1996) Family and human development across cultures.
   Google Scholar
• Kalaitzidou, E. (2022). Child abandonment in early-20th century Greece [Paper presentation]. The XIX World Economic History Congress.
   Google Scholar
• Karlsson, T., Kok, J., & Perrin, F. (2021). The historical gender gap index: A longitudinal and spatial assessment of Sweden, 1870-1990. Lund Papers in Economic History 217.
   Google Scholar
• Kaser, K. (2000). Macht und Erbe. Männerschft, Besitz und Familie im östlichen Europa (1500-1900). Böhlau.
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy, R. E. (1975). The Irish: Migration, marriage, and fertility. University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kertzer, D. I. (1991). Household history and sociological theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 17(1), 155–179. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.17.080191.001103
   Google Scholar
• Kertzer, D. I. (1993). Sacrificed for honor. Italian infant abandonment and the politics of reproductive control. Beacon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Klasen, S., & Wink, C. (2003). “Missing women” revisiting the debate. Feminist Economics, 9(2–3), 263–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/1354570022000077999
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klüsener, S., Devos, I., Ekamper, P., Gregory, I. N., Gruber, S., Martí-Henneberg, J., van Poppel, F., Espinha da Silveira, L., & Solli, A. (2014). Spatial inequalities in infant survival at an early stage of the longevity revolution: A pan-European view across 5000+ regions and localities in 1910. Demographic Research, 30(68), 1849–1864. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2014.30.68
   Google Scholar
• Kok, J., et al. (2017). Women’s agency in historical family systems. In J. L. Van Zanden (Eds.), Agency, gender, and economic development in the world economy. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kovacevic, M. (2022). Sex ratios in population censuses and vital statistics in 19th-century Norway [Paper presentation]. The XIX World Economic History Congress.
   Google Scholar
• Laslett, P. (1988). Family, kinship and collectivity as systems of support in preindustrial Europe: A consideration of the »nuclear-hardship« hypothesis. Continuity and Change, 3(2), 152–175. https://doi.org/10.1017/S026841600000093X
   Google Scholar
• Latifi, T. (2019). Generational and intergenerational care and mobility. Südosteuropa, 67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leboutte, R. (1991). Offence against Family order: Infanticide in Belgium from the 15th through the Early twentieth Centuries. Journal of the History of Sexuality, 2, 171–172.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, J., & Campbell, C. (1997). Fate and fortune in rural China: Social organization and population behaviour in Liaoning 1774–1873. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, J. Z., Campbell, C., & Bengtsson, T. (2004). Agency and demography: Eurasian comparisons of life under pressure. In T. Bengtsson, C. Campbell, & J. Z. Lee (Eds.), Life under pressure: Mortality and living standards in Europe and Asia, 1700–1900 (pp. 431–440). MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Llopis, E., Quiroga, G., Sánchez Salazar, F., Velasco, A. L., De la Fuente, A., García Calvo, R., Ramos, L., & Sierra, V. (2022). ¿Sobremortalidad femenina en la temprana infancia? Las niñas invisibles en Ciudad Real y Guadalajara, 1840-1899. AEHE Documentos de Trabajo 2201.
   Google Scholar
• Loukos, C. (1994). Ta ektheta vrefe tes Ermoupoles: Ta prota thymata tes pathologias mias koinonias; [Foundling infants of Hermoupolis: First victims of a society’s pathology?]. In Afieroma ston Kathegete Vasileio Vl. Sfyroera [A Tribute to the Professor Vasileios Vl. Sfyroeras] (pp. 247–264). Lychnos Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Lynch, K. A. (2000). Infant mortality, child neglect, and child abandonment in European history: A comparative analysis. In T. Bengtsson & O. Saito (Eds.), Population and economy: From hunger to modern economic growth (pp. 133–164). OUP.
   Google Scholar
• Lynch, K. A. (2011). Why weren’t (many) European women “missing”? History of the Family, 16(3), 250–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hisfam.2011.02.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malein, V., & Beltrán Tapia, F. J. (2021). Gender discrimination in infancy and childhood during the 1891/92 Russian famine [Paper presentation]. Seminar Sex ratios and missing girls in history, Trondheim.
   Google Scholar
• Malein, V., & Beltrán Tapia, F. J. (2022). Infant and child sex ratios in late Imperial Russia. The History of the Family, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2022.2098509
   Google Scholar
• Mancini, G. (2020). Breadwinner, bread maker. Gender division of labor and intrahousehold inequality in 1930s rural Italy. MPRA Paper No 102142.
   Google Scholar
• Manfredini, M., Breschi, M., & Fornasin, A. (2016). Son preference in a sharecropping society. Gender composition of children and reproduction in a pre-transitional Italian community. Population, 71(4), 641–658. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26383269
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manfredini, M., Breschi, M., & Fornasin, A. (2017). Mortality differentials by gender in the first years of life: The effect of household structure in Casalguidi, 1819-1859. Essays in Economic and Business History, 35(1), 291–314. https://www.ebhsoc.org/journal/index.php/ebhs/article/view/45
   Google Scholar
• Maravall, L., & Baten, J. (2019). Valkyries: Was gender equality high in the Scandinavian periphery since Viking times? Evidence from enamel hypoplasia and height ratios. Economics and Human Biology, 34, 181–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2019.05.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marco-Gracia, F. J., & Beltrán Tapia, F. J. (2021). Son preference, gender discrimination and missing girls in rural Spain, 1750–1950. Population and Development Review, 47(3), 665–687. https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12406
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marco-Gracia, F. J., & Beltrán Tapia, F. J. (2022). Assessing gender discrimination during infancy and childhood using twins: The case of rural Spain, 1750–1950. The History of the Family, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2022.2039878
   Google Scholar
• Mavisakalyan, A., & Minasyan, A. (2022). The role of conflict in sex discrimination: The case of missing girls. Economic development and cultural change.
   Google Scholar
• McNay, K., Humphries, J., & Klasen, S. (2005). Excess female mortality in Nineteenth-century England and Wales. Social Science History, 29(4), 649–681. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0145553200013341
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medick, H. (1976). The pro to-industrial family economy: The structural function of household and family during the transition from peasant society to industrial capitalism 1. Social History, 1(3), 291–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/03071027608567380
   Google Scholar
• Merouani, Y., & Perrin, F. (2022). Gender and the long-run development process. A survey of the literature. European Review of Economic History. https://doi.org/10.1093/ereh/heac008
   Google Scholar
• Minello, A., Dalla-Zuanna, G., & Alfani, G. (2017). First signs of transition: The parallel decline of early baptism and early mortality in the province of Padua (northeast Italy), 1816‒1870. Demographic Research, 36(27), 759–802. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2017.36.27
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, B. (2013). International historical statistics. Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Mitterauer, M. (1981). Komplexe Familienformen in sozialhistorischer Sicht. Ethnologia Europaea, 12(1), 47–86. https://doi.org/10.16995/ee.1861
   Google Scholar
• Moghadam, V. M. (2020). Gender regimes in the Middle East and North Africa: The power of feminist movements. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 27(3), 467–485. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxaa019
   Google Scholar
• Morse, A., & Luke, N. (2021). Foetal loss and feminine sex ratios at birth in sub-Saharan Africa. Population Studies, 75(2), 239–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2021.1877793
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mungello, D. E. (2008). Drowning girls in China: Female infanticide since 1650. Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Öberg, S. (2017). Too many is not enough: Studying how children are affected by their number of siblings and resource dilution in families. The History of the Family, 22(2–3), 157–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2017.1302890
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogórek, B., & Szołtysek, M. (2022). ‘Missing girls’ in interwar Poland: Child sex ratios and their correlates across multiple borderlands. The History of the Family, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2022.2055611
   Google Scholar
• Oris, M., Derosas, R., & Breschi, M. (2004). Infant and child mortality. In T. Bengtsson, C. Campbell, & J. Z. Lee (Eds.), Life under pressure: Mortality and living standards in Europe and Asia, 1700-1900 (pp. 359–398). MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Palma, N., Reis, J., & Rodrigues, L. (2022). Historical gender discrimination does not explain comparative Western European development: Evidence from Portugal, 1300–1900. CAGE Working Paper no 551.
   Google Scholar
• Papathanassiou, M. (2004). Aspects of childhood in rural Greece: Children in a mountain village (ca. 1900–1940). The History of the Family, 9(3), 325–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hisfam.2004.01.013
   Google Scholar
• Peacock, J. L., Marston, L., Marlow, N., Calvert, S. A., & Greenough, A. (2012). Neonatal and infant outcome in boys and girls born prematurely. Pediatric Research, 71(3), 305–310. https://doi.org/10.1038/pr.2011.50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peelen, M., Kazemier, B., Ravelli, A. J., De Groot, C. J. M., Van der Post, J. A. M., Mol, B. W. J., Hajenius, P. J., & Kok, M. (2017). Impact of fetal gender on the risk of preterm birth, a national cohort study. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 95(9), 1034–1041. https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.12929
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez Moreda, V. (2005). La infancia abandonada en España: Siglos XVI-XX. RAH.
   Google Scholar
• Peristiany, J. G. (1965). Honour and shame: The values of mediterranean society. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
   Google Scholar
• Perner, M. L., Mortensen, A. K., Castenbrandt, H., Løkke, A., & Revuelta-Eugercios, B. A. (2022). Gendered mortality of children and adolescents in nineteenth-century Denmark. Exploring patterns of sex ratios and mortality rates. The History of the Family, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2022.2083001
   Google Scholar
• Perrin, F. (2014). On the construction of a historical gender gap index. An implementation on French data. AFC Working Paper 2014–2015.
   Google Scholar
• Perrin, F. (2021). Can the historical gender gap index deepen our understanding of economic development. Journal of Demographic Economics. https://doi.org/10.1017/dem.2020.32
   Google Scholar
• Pinnelli, A., & Mancini, P. (1997). Gender mortality differences from birth to puberty in Italy 1887-1940. In C. A. Corsini & P. P. Viazzo (Eds.), The decline of infant and child mortality. The European experience: 1750–1990 (pp. 73–93). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Poska, A. M., et al. (2013). Upending patriarchy: Rethinking marriage and family. In A. M. Poska (Eds.), The Ashgate research companion to women and gender. Ashgate Press.
   Google Scholar
• Poulain, M., & Tabutin, D. (1981). La surmortalité des petites-files en Belgique.
   Google Scholar
• Ransel, D. L. (1988). Mothers of misery. Child abandonment in Russia. PUP.
   Google Scholar
• Reher, D. S. (2001). In search of the ‘Urban penalty’: Exploring urban and rural mortality patterns in Spain during the Demographic Transition. International Journal of Population Geography, 7(2), 105–127. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijpg.212
   Google Scholar
• Rettaroli, R., & Scalone, F. (2021). The human sex ratio at birth and late fetal mortality: The Italian case. Biodemography and Social Biology, 66(2), 172–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/19485565.2021.1879627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riswick, T. (2018). Testing the conditional resource-dilution hypothesis: The impact of sibship size and composition on infant and child mortality in the Netherlands, 1863-1910. The History of the Family, 23(4), 623–655. https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2018.1532310
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiu, G., Pozzi, L., Raftakis, M., & Breschi, M. (2022). Investigation of gender differences in stillbirths in Italian regions at the turn of the nineteenth century. Genus, 78(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41118-022-00173-7
   Google Scholar
• Saaritsa, S. (2016). “Data to die for”? Finnish historical household budgets. HHB Working Papers Series 3.
   Google Scholar
• Saaritsa, S. (2017). Forever gender equal and child friendly? Intrahousehold allocations to health in Finland before the Nordic welfare state. European Review of Economic History, 21(1), 1361–4916. https://doi.org/10.1093/ereh/hew021
   Google Scholar
• Saaritsa, S., & Kaihovaara, A. (2016). Good for girls or bad for boys? Schooling, social inequality and intrahousehold allocation in early twentieth century Finland. Cliometrica, 10(1), 55–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11698-014-0123-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sala-Vives, P., & Pujadas-Mora, J. M. (2021). Bottom-up nation-building: National censuses and local administration in nineteenth-century Spain. Journal of Historical Sociology, 34(2), 287–304. https://doi.org/10.1111/johs.12323
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawyer, C. C. (2012). Child mortality estimation: Estimating sex differences in childhood mortality since the 1970s. PLOS Medicine, 9(8), e1001287. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scalone, F., & Rettaroli, R. (2015). Exploring the variations of the sex ratio at birth from an historical perspective. Statistica, 75, 213–226.
   Google Scholar
• Schacht, R., Tharp, D., & Smith, K. R. (2019). Sex ratios at birth vary with environmental harshness but not maternal condition. Nature Scientific Reports, 9(1), 9066. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45316-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schneider, E. (2017). Fetal health stagnation: Have health conditions in utero improved in the United States and Western and Northern Europe over the past 150 years?. Social Science & Medicine, 179(2017), 18–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.02.018
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schneider, E. (2022). Worldwide child stunting since the nineteenth century [Paper presentation]. The XIX World Economic History Congress.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, E., Ogasawara, K., & Cole, T. J. (2021). Health shocks, recovery, and the first thousand days: The effect of the Second World War on height growth in Japanese children. Population and Development Review, 47(4), 1075–1105. https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12444
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sen, A. (1990), More than 100 million women are missing. New York Rev. Books 37, December. 20: 61–66.
   Google Scholar
• Šiaučiūnaitė-Verbickienė, J. (ed.). (2015). The census of Lithuanian Jewry in 1764-65 and historical family demography. Structures, categories and contexts (pp. 32–46). Austeria.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, A., Chokhandre, P., Singh, A., Barker, K., Kumar, K., McDougal, L., James, K. S., & Raj, A. (2021). Development of India patriarchy index: Validation and testing of temporal and spatial patterning. Social Indicators Research, 159(1), 351–377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-021-02752-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner, G. W. (1997). Family systems and demographic processes. In D. I. Kertzer & T. Fricke (Eds.), Anthropological demography: Toward a new synthesis (pp. 53–95). University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sng, T., & Zhong, S. (2018). Historical violence and China’s missing women. Retrieved February 21, 2021, from https://economics.smu.edu.sg/sites/economics.smu.edu.sg/files/economics/pdf/Seminar/2018/20181109.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Snowden, F. M. (2002). Violence and the Great Estates in the South of Italy. CUP.
   Google Scholar
• Stark, R. (1995). Reconstructing the rise of christianity: The role of women. Sociology of Religion, 56(3), 229–244. https://doi.org/10.2307/3711820
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stark, R. (1996). The rise of christianity: How the obscure, marginal Jesus movement became the dominant religious force in the western world in a few centuries. Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Szołtysek, M. (2005). Science without laws? Model building, micro histories and the fate of the theory of fertility decline. Historical Social Research, 32(2), 10–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szołtysek, M. (2015). Rethinking East-central Europe: Family systems and co-residence in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (2 vols). Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Szołtysek, M., Ogórek, B., & Gruber, S. & Beltrán Tapia, F. J. (2022b). Family patriarchy and child sex ratios in historical Europe. The History of the Family, 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2022.2051581
   Google Scholar
• Szołtysek, M., Beltrán Tapia, F. J., Ogórek, B., & Gruber, S. (2022a). Inferring ‘missing girls’ from child sex ratios in historical census data. Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History, 55(2), 98–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/01615440.2021.2014377
   Google Scholar
• Szołtysek, M., & Gruber, S. (2014). Living arrangements of the elderly in two Eastern European joint-family societies: Poland-Lithuania around 1800 and Albania in 1918. The Hungarian Historical Review, 3, 101–140.
   Google Scholar
• Szołtysek, M., Kluesener, S., Poniat, R., & Gruber, S. (2017). The patriarchy index: A new measure of gender and generational inequalities in the past. Cross-Cultural Research, 5(3), 228–262. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397117697666
   Google Scholar
• Szołtysek, M., & Ogórek, B. (2020). How Many Household Formation Systems Were There in Historic Europe? A View Across 256 Regions Using Partitioning Clustering Methods, Historical Methods. A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History, 53(1), 53–76.
   Google Scholar
• Szołtysek, M., & Poniat, R. (2018). Historical family systems and contemporary developmental outcomes: What is to be gained from the historical census microdata revolution? The History of the Family, 23(3), 466–492. https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2018.1477686
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabutin, D. (1978). La surmortalité féminine en Europe avant 1940. Population, 33(1), 121–147. https://doi.org/10.2307/1531720
   Google Scholar
• Tabutin, D., & Willems, M. (1998). Differential mortality by sex from birth to adolescence: The historical experience of the West (1750-1930). In I. Waldron (Ed.), Too young to die: Genes or gender (pp. 17–52). United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• Therborn, G. (2004). Between Sex and Power. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, W. I., & Znaniecki, F. (1918). The polish peasant in Europe and America; monograph of an immigrant group. Vol. 1. The primary group organization. Gorham Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thornton, A. (2005). Reading history sideways: The fallacy and enduring inpact of the developmental paradigm on family life. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Todorova, M. (1997). Imagining the Balkans. OUP.
   Google Scholar
• Tur-Prats, A. (2019). Family types and intimate partner violence: A historical perspective. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 101(5), 878–891. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00784
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulbricht, O. (1990). Kindsmord und Audlärung in Deutschland. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. (1955) . Methods of appraisal of quality of basic data for population estimates.
   Google Scholar
• Van de Walle, E. (1974). The female population of France in the 19^th century: A reconstruction of 82 departments. PUP.
   Google Scholar
• Van Dülmen, R. (1991). Frauen vor Gericht. Kindsmord in der Frühen Neuzeit. Frankfurt am Main.
   Google Scholar
• Van Zanden, J. L., Moor, T., & Carmichael, S. (2019). Capital women: The European marriage pattern, female empowerment, and economic development in Western Europe, 1300–1800. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Van Zanden, J. L., Rijpma, A., & Kok, J. (Eds). (2017). Agency, gender, and economic development in the world economy 1850–2000: Testing the sen hypothesis. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Verdon, M. (1998). Rethinking households: An atomistic perspective on European living arrangements. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Vernier, B. (1984). Putting kin and kinship to good use: The circulation of goods, labour, and names on Karpathos (Greece). In H. Medick & D. W. Sabean (Eds.), Interest and emotion. Essays on the study of family and kinship (pp. 28–76). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Viazzo, P. P. (2001). Mortality, fertility, and family. In D. I. Kertzer & M. Barbagli (Eds.), Family life in early modern times, 1500–1789 (pp. 157–187). Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Visaria, P. M. (1967). Sex ratio at birth in territories with a relatively complete registration. Eugenics Quarterly, 14(2), 132–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/19485565.1967.9987713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walby, S. (1994). Methodological and theoretical issues in the comparative analysis of gender relations in Western Europe. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 26(9), 1339–1354. https://doi.org/10.1068/a261339
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldron, I. (1998). Too young to die: Genes or gender? United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• Watt, J. R. (2001). The impact of the reformation and counter-reformation. In D. I. Kertzer & M. Barbagli (Eds.), Family life in early modern times, 1500–1789 (pp. 125–156). Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weber, E. (1986). Peasants into frenchmen: The modernization of rural France, 1870-1914. Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, K., & Hardy, I. C. W. (2002). Statistical analysis of sex ratios: An introduction. In I. C. W. Hardy (Ed.), Sex ratios: Concepts and research methods (pp. 48–92). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Woods, R. (2009). Death before birth: Fetal health and mortality in historical perspective. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2011). World development report 2012: Gender equality and development.
   Google Scholar
• Zarulli, V., Barthold Jones, J. A., Oksuzyan, A., Lindahl-Jacobsen, R., Christensen, K., & Vaupel, J. W. (2018). Women live longer than men even during severe famines and epidemics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(4), E832–E840. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701535115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar