A novel process for the production of high-purity galactooligosaccharides (GOS) using consortium of microbes

References

• Champ, M.; Langkilde, A.M.; Brouns, F.; Kettlitz, B.; Collet, Y.L.B. Advances in Dietary Fibre Characterisation. 1. Definition of Dietary Fibre, Physiological Relevance, Health Benefits and Analytical Aspects. Nutr. Res. Rev. 2003, 16, 71–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouhnik, Y.; Flourie, B.; DAgay-Abensour, L.; Pochart, P.; Gramet, G.; Durand, M.; Rambaud, J.C. Administration of Transgalacto-oligosaccharides Increases Fecal Bifidobacteria and Modifies Colonic Fermentation Metabolism in Healthy Humans. J. Nutr. 1997, 127, 444–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fooks, L.J.; Fuller, R.; Gibson, G.R. Prebiotics, Probiotics and Human Gut Microbiology. Int. Dairy J. 1999, 9, 53–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oku, T. Oligosaccharides with Beneficial Health Effects: A Japanese Perspective. Nutr. Rev. 1996, 54, S59–S66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohtsuka, K.; Tsuji, K.; Nakagawa, Y.; Ueda, H.; Ozawa, O.; Uchida, T. Availability of 4′-Galactosyllactose (O-β-D-Galactopyranosyl (1–4)-D-glucopyranose) in Rat. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 1990, 36, 265–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prenosil, J.E.; Stuker, E.; Bourne, J.R. Formation of Oligosaccharides During Enzymatic Lactose: Part I: State of Art. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1987, 30, 1019–1025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burvall, A.; Asp, N.G.; Dahlqvist, A. Oligosaccharide Formation During Hydrolysis of Lactose with Saccharomyces lactis Lactase (Maxilact R): Part 1 – Quantitative Aspects. Food Chem. 1979, 4, 243–250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toba, T.; Arihara, K.; Adachi, S. Quantitative Changes in Oligosaccharides During Fermentation and Storage of Yogurt Inoculated Simultaneously with Starter Culture and β-Galactosidase Preparation. J. Dairy Sci. 1986, 69, 1241–1245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akiyama, K.; Takase, M.; Horikoshi, K.; Okonogi, S. Production of Galactooligosaccharides from Lactose Using a β-Glucosidase from Thermus sp. Z-1. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2001, 65, 438–441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallenfels, K.; Weil, R. β-Galactosidase. In The enzymes, Vol. 7. Academic Press, New York, NY 1972; pp. 617–663.
   Google Scholar
• Park, H.Y.; Kim, H.J.; Lee, J.K.; Kim, D.; Oh, D.K. Galactooligosaccharide Production by a Thermostable β-Galactosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus. World. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2008, 24, 1553–1558.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurado, E.; Camacho, F.; Luzon, G.; Vicaria, J.M. Kinetic Models of Activity for β-Galactosidases: Influence of pH, Ionic Concentration and Temperature. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 2004, 34, 33–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aehle, W. Enzymes in Industry; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2004; 144 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Cho, Y.J.; Shin, H.J.; Bucke, C. Purification and Biochemical Properties of a Galactooligosaccharide-producing β-Galactosidase from Bullera singularis. Biotechnol. Lett. 2003, 25, 2107–2111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishikawa, E.; Sakai, T.; Ikemura, H.; Matsumoto, K.; Abe, H. Identification, Cloning, and Characterization of a Sporobolomyces singularis β-Galactosidase-like Enzyme Involved in Galacto-oligosaccharide Production. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 2005, 99, 331–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manera, A.P.; Costa, F.A.D.A.; Rodrigues, M.I.; Kalil, S.J.; Maugeri Filho, F. Galacto-oligosaccharides Production Using Permeabilized Cells of Kluyveromyces marxianus. Int. J. Food Eng. 2010, 6(6).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrova, V.Y.; Kujumdzieva, A.V. Thermotolerant Yeast Strains Producers of Galacto-oligosaccharides. Biotechnol. Biotec. Eq. 2010, 24, 1612–1619.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onishi, N.; Yamashiro, A.; Yokozeki, K. Production of Galacto-oligosaccharide from Lactose by Sterigmatomyces elviae CBS8119. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1995, 61, 4022–4025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorin, P.A.J.; Spencer, J.F.T.; Phaff, H.J. The Structures of Galactosyl-lactose and Galactobiosyl-lactose Produced from Lactose by Sporobolomyces singularis. Can. J. Chem. 1964, 42, 1341–1344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin, H.J.; Park, J.M.; Yang, J.W. Continuous Production of Galacto-oligosaccharides from Lactose by Bullera singularis β-Galactosidase Immobilized in Chitosan Beads. Process Biochem. 1998, 33, 787–792.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabiu, B.A.; Jay, A.J.; Gibson, G.R.; Rastall, R.A. Synthesis and Fermentation Properties of Novel Galacto-oligosaccharides by β-Galactosidases from Bifidobacterium sp. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2001, 67, 2526–2530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Axelsson, A.; Nilsson, M.; Zacchi, G.; Hahn-Hfigerdal, B. Performance of Batch and Continuous Reactors with Coimmobilized Yeast and β-Galactosidase. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 1991, 52, 227–241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosling, A.; Stevens, G.W.; Barber, A.R.; Kentish, S.E.; Gras, S.L. Recent Advances Refining Galactooligosaccharide Production from Lactose. Food Chem. 2010, 121, 307–318.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatzinikolaou, D.G.; Katsifas, E.; Mamma, D.; Karagouni, A.D.; Christakopoulos, P.; Kekos, D. Modeling of the Simultaneous Hydrolysis–Ultrafiltration of Whey Permeate by a Thermostable β-Galactosidase from Aspergillus niger. Biochem. Eng. J. 2005, 24, 161–172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boon, M.A.; Janssen, A.E.M.; Van‘t Riet, K. Effect of Temperature and Enzyme Origin on the Enzymatic Synthesis of Oligosaccharides. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 2000, 26, 271–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demirhan, E.; Apar, D.K.; Özbek, B. Product Inhibition of Whey Lactose Hydrolysis. Chem. Eng. Commun. 2008, 195, 293–304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez, O.; Ruiz-Matute, A.I.; Olano, A.; Moreno, F.J.; Sanz, M.L. Comparison of Fractionation Techniques to Obtain Prebiotic Galactooligosaccharides. Int. Dairy J. 2009, 19, 531–536.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Z.; Xiao, M.; Lu, L.; Li, Y. Production of Non-monosaccharide and High-purity Galactooligosaccharides by Immobilized Enzyme Catalysis and Fermentation with Immobilized Yeast Cells. Process Biochem. 2008, 43, 896–899.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres, D.P.; Gonçalves, M.D.P.F.; Teixeira, J.A.; Rodrigues, L.R. Galacto‐oligosaccharides: Production, Properties, Applications, and Significance as Prebiotics. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. 2010, 9, 438–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, C.C.; Yu, M.C.; Cheng, T.C.; Sheu, D.C.; Duan, K.J.; Tai, W.L. Production of High-content Galacto-oligosaccharide by Enzyme Catalysis and Fermentation with Kluyveromyces marxianus. Biotechnol. Lett. 2006, 28, 793–797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanneste, J.; De Ron, S.; Vandecruys, S.; Soare, S.A.; Darvishmanesh, S.; Van der Bruggen, B. Techno-economic Evaluation of Membrane Cascades Relative to Simulated Moving Bed Chromatography for the Purification of Mono- and Oligosaccharides. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2011, 80, 600–609.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matella, N.J.; Dolan, K.D.; Lee, Y.S. Comparison of Galactooligosaccharide Production in Free‐enzyme Ultrafiltration and in Immobilized‐enzyme Systems. J. Food Sci. 2006, 7, C363–C368.
   Google Scholar
• Foda, M.I.; Kholif, S.M.; Kholif, A.M. Evaluation of Goat Milk Containing Galactooligosaccharides after Supplementing the Ration with Amino Acids. Int. J. Dairy Sci. 2009, 4, 27–33.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, J.H. Assay of β-Galactosidase. In Experiments in Molecular Genetics; Miller, J.H. Ed.; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory: New York, 1998; pp. 352–355.
   Google Scholar
• Tsuyoshi, N.; Fudou, R.; Yamanaka, S.; Kozaki, M.; Tamang, N.; Thapa, S.; Tamang, J.P. Identification of Yeast Strains Isolated from Marcha in Sikkim, A Microbial Starter for Amylolytic Fermentation. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2005, 99, 135–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakai, T.; Tsuji, H.; Shibata, S.; Hayakawa, K; Matsumoto, K. Repeated-batch Production of Galactooligosaccharides from Lactose at High Concentration by Using Alginate-immobilized Cells of Sporobolomyces singularis YIT 10047. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 2008, 54, 285–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albayrak, N.; Yang, S.T. Production of Galacto‐oligosaccharides from Lactose by Aspergillus oryzae β‐Galactosidase Immobilized on Cotton Cloth. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2002, 77, 8–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chockchaisawasdee, S.; Athanasopoulos, V.I.; Niranjan, K.; Rastall, R.A. Synthesis of Galacto‐oligosaccharide from Lactose Using β‐Galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis: Studies on Batch and Continuous UF Membrane‐fitted Bioreactors. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2005, 89, 434–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerrero, C.; Vera, C.; Novoa, C.; Dumont, J.; Acevedo, F.; Illanes, A. Purification of Highly Concentrated Galacto-oligosaccharide Preparations by Selective Fermentation with Yeasts. Int. Dairy J. 2014, 39, 78–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crittenden, R.G.; Playne, M. Production, Properties and Applications of Food-grade Oligosaccharides. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 1996, 7, 353–361.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rastall, R.A. Functional Oligosaccharides: Application and Manufacture. Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol. 2010, 1, 305–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez-Hernandez, O.; Marin-Manzano, M.C.; Rubio, L.A.; Moreno, F.J.; Sanz, M.L.; Clemente, A. Monomer and Linkage Type of Galacto-oligosaccharides Affect Their Resistance to Ileal Digestion and Prebiotic Properties in Rats. J. Nutr. 2012, 142, 1232–1239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemmaratchirakul, J.; Jaturapiree, P.; Prueksasri, S.; Wichienchot, S. Production of Galactooligosaccharide by β-Galactosidase from Lactobacillus pentosus var. plantarum BFP32. Int. Food Res. J. 2015, 22, 2550–2557.
   Google Scholar
• Yoon, S.H.; Mukerjea, R.; Robyt, J.F. Specificity of Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in Removing Carbohydrates by Fermentation. Carbohydr. Res. 2003, 338, 1127–1132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klass, D.L. Natural Biochemical Liquefaction. In Biomass for Renewable Energy, Fuels and Chemicals. Academic Press, New York, 1998; pp. 333–382.
   Google Scholar
• Fai, A.E.C.; da Silva, J.B.; de Andrade, C.J.; Bution, M.L.; Pastore, G.M. Production of Prebiotic Galactooligosaccharides from Lactose by Pseudozyma tsukubaensis and Pichia kluyveri. Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol. 2014, 3, 343–350.
   Google Scholar
• Goulas, A.; Tzortzis, G.; Gibson, G.R. Development of a Process for the Production and Purification of α -and β-Galactooligosaccharides from Bifidobacterium bifidum NCIMB 41171. Int. J. Dairy 2007, 17, 648–656.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy, D.; Daoudi, L.; Azaola, A. Optimization of Galacto-oligosaccharide Production by Bifidobacterium infantis RW-8120 Using Response Surface Methodology. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2002, 29, 281–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar