250
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

MDMB-CHMICA: Availability, Patterns of Use, and Toxicity Associated With This Novel Psychoactive Substance

, , &

References

  • Adamowicz, P. (2016). Fatal intoxication with synthetic cannabinoid MDMB-CHMICA. Forensic Science International, 261, e5–e10. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.02.024
  • Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD). (2011). Consideration of the novel psychoactive substances (“legal highs”). Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/119139/acmdnps2011.pdf
  • Angerer, V., Franz, F., Schwarze, B., Moosmann, B., & Auwärter, V. (2016). Reply to “sudden cardiac death following use of synthetic cannabinoid MDMB-CHMICA.” Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 40, 240–242. doi:10.1093/jat/bkw004
  • Angerer, V., Moosmann, B., Franz, F., & Auwärter, V. (2015, August–September). 5F-Cumyl-PINACA in “e-liquids for electronic cigarettes—A new type of synthetic cannabinoid in a trendy product. Presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting of the International Association of Forensic Toxicologists (TIAFT), Florence, Italy. Retrieved from https://www.uniklinikfreiburg.de/fileadmin/mediapool/08_institute/rechtsmedizin/pdf/Poster_2015/Angerer_V_-_5F-cumyl-PINACA_in_e-liquids_for_electronic_cigarettes_-_2015.pdf
  • Behonick, G., Shanks, K. G., Firchau, D. J., Mathur, G., Lynch, C. F., Nashelsky, M., … Meroueh, C. (2014). Four postmortem case reports with quantitative detection of the synthetic cannabinoid, 5F-PB-22. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 38, 559–562.
  • Bersani, F. S., Corazza, O., Albano, G., Valeriani, G., Santacroce, R., Posocco, F., … Schifano, F. (2014). 25C-NBOMe: Preliminary data on pharmacology, psychoactive effects, and toxicity of a new potent and dangerous hallucinogenic drug. BioMed Research International, 2014, 734749. doi:10.1155/2014/734749
  • Breivogel, C. S., & Childers, S. R. (1998). The functional neuroanatomy of brain cannabinoid receptors. Neurobiology of Disease, 5, 417–431.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013). Acute kidney injury associated with synthetic cannabinoid use—Multiple states. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 62, 93–98.
  • Dargan, P. I., Hudson, S., Ramsey, J., & Wood, D. M. (2011). The impact of changes in UK classification of the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists in “Spice.” International Journal of Drug Policy, 22(4), 274–277.
  • Dresen, S., Ferreirós, N., Pütz, M., Westphal, F., Zimmermann, R., & Auwärter, V. (2010). Monitoring of herbal mixtures potentially containing synthetic synthetic cannabinoids as psychoactive compounds. Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 45(10), 1186–1194.
  • EAPCCT. (2013). XXXIII International Congress of the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists (EAPCCT) May 28–31, 2013, Copenhagen, Denmark. Clinical Toxicology, 51(4), 252–378. doi:10.3109/15563650.2013.785188
  • EAPCCT. (2014). XXXIV International Congress of the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists (EAPCCT) May 27–30, 2014, Brussels, Belgium. Clinical Toxicology, 52(4), 295–443. doi:10.3109/15563650.2014.906213
  • EAPCCT. (2015). XXXV International Congress of the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists (EAPCCT) May 26–29, 2015, St Julian's, Malta. Clinical Toxicology, 53(4), 233–403. doi:10.3109/15563650.2015.1024953
  • EMCDDA. (2011, Nov 15). Online sales of new psychoactive substances/“legal highs”: Summary of results from the 2011 multilingual snapshots. Retrieved from http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/scientific-studies/2011/snapshot
  • EMCDDA. (2015a). European drug report. Retrieved from http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/edr2015
  • EMCDDA. (2015b). New psychoactive substances in Europe, an update from the EU early warning system, March 2015. Retrieved from http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publi-cations/2015/new-psychoactive-substances
  • EMCDDA. (2016, February 8). Early warning system alert. Serious adverse events associated with MDMB-CHMICA in Europe. EMCDDA report RCS ID: EU-EWS-RCS-AL-2016-0002
  • EMCDDA. (2014). Annual report on the implementation of council decision 2005/387/JHA. Retrieved from http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/implementation-reports/2014
  • European Union. (2005). European Union Council decision 2005/387/JHA of 10 May 2005 on the information exchange, risk-assessment and control of new psychoactive substances. Retrieved from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32005D0387
  • Freeman, M. J., Rose, D. Z., Myers, M. A., Gooch, C. L., Bozeman, A. C., & Burgin, W. S. (2013). Ischemic stroke after use of the synthetic marijuana “spice”. Neurology, 81(24), 2090–2093.
  • Gallagher, C. T., Sulaf, A., Stair, J. L., Fergus, S., Corazza, O., Corkery, J. M., & Schifano, F. (2012). 5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane: From laboratory curiosity to “legal high.” Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 27, 106–112.
  • Glanville, J., Dargan, P. I., & Wood, D. M. (2015). 4-methyl-5-(4-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydrooxazol-2-amine (4,4′-DMAR, 4,4′-dimethylaminorex): availability, prevalence of use, desired effects and acute toxicity. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 30(3), 193–198. doi:10.1002/hup.2472
  • Green, B., Kavanagh, D., & Young, R. (2003). Being stoned: A review of self-reported cannabis effects. Drug and Alcohol Review, 22, 453–460.
  • Hermanns-Clausen, M., Kneisel, S., Szabo, B., & Auwarter, V. (2012). Acute toxicity due to the confirmed consumption of synthetic cannabinoids: clinical and laboratory findings. Addiction, 108, 534–544.
  • Ho, J. H., Bailey, G. P., Archer, J. R. H., Dargan, P. I., & Wood, D. M. (2015). Ethylphenidate: Availability, patterns of use, and acute effects of this novel psychoactive substance. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 71, 1185–1196. doi 10.1007/s00228-015-1906-z
  • King, L. A. (2013). Legal controls on cannabimimetics: An international dilemma? Drug Testing and Analysis, 6, 80–87. doi 10.1002/dta.1510
  • Monitoring the Future Survey. (2015). Overview of findings. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/monitoring-future/monitoring-future-survey-overview-findings-2015
  • NACCT. (2013). 2013 annual meeting of the North American Congress of Clinical Toxicology (NACCT). Clinical Toxicology, 51(7), 575–724. doi:10.3109/15563650.2013.817658
  • NACCT. (2014). 2014 annual meeting of the North American Congress of Clinical Toxicology (NACCT). Clinical Toxicology, 52(7), 682–818. doi:10.3109/15563650.2014.940163
  • NACCT. (2015). 2015 annual meeting of the North American Congress of Clinical Toxicology (NACCT). Clinical Toxicology, 53(7), 639–777. doi:10.3109/15563650.2015.1071025
  • Polish Information Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2015). Note on outbreak of intoxications suspected to be caused by legal high product name “Mocarz” in Poland. Retrieved from https://legal-high-inhaltsstoffe.de/sites/default/files/uploads/information_mocarz.pdf
  • Research Ethics Committee, King's College London. (2016, February 17). Novel psychoactive substances toxicity review. Research Ethics Office, King's College London, London report LRS-15/16-2097.
  • Uchiyama, N., Kikura-Hanajiri, R., Ogata, J., & Goda, Y. (2010). Chemical analysis of synthetic cannabinoids as designer drugs in herbal products. Forensic Science International, 198, 31–38.
  • UK Government. (1971). Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. Retrieved from http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/38/contents
  • UK Government. (2016). Psychoactive Substances Act 2016. Retrieved from http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/pdfs/ukpga_20160002_en.pdf
  • WEDINOS. (2015). Alert, hospitalisation from synthetic cannabinoid MMB-CHMINACA. Retrieved from http://asfacarduf.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/MMB-CHMINACA-MDMB-CHMICA-alert.pdf
  • Westin, A. A., Frost, J., Brede, W. R., Gundersen, P. O., Einvik, S., Aarset, H., & Slørdal, L. (2016). Sudden cardiac death following use of synthetic cannabinoid MDMB-CHMICA. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 40, 86–87. doi:10.1093/jat/bkv110
  • Winstock, A., Lynskey, M., Borschmann, R., & Waldron, J. (2015). Risk of emergency medical treatment following consumption of cannabis or synthetic cannabinoids in a large global sample. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 29(6), 698–703. doi:10.1177/0269881115574493
  • Wood, D. M., & Dargan, P. I. (2012a). Novel psychoactive substances: How to understand the acute toxicity associated with the use of these substances. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 34(4), 363–367.
  • Wood, D. M., & Dargan, P. I. (2012b). Understanding how data triangulation identifies acute toxicity of novel psychoactive drugs. Journal of Medical Toxicology, 8, 300–303.
  • Wood, D. M., & Dargan, P. I. (2012c). Use and acute toxicity associated with the novel psychoactive substances diphenylprolinol (D2PM) and desoxypipradrol (2-DPMP). Clinical Toxicology, 50(8), 727–732.
  • Wood, D. M., Davies, S., Puchnarewicz, M., Button, J., Archer, R., Ovaska, H., & Dargan, P. I. (2010). Recreational use of mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone, 4-MMC) with associated sympathomimetic toxicity. Journal of Medical Toxicology, 6, 327–330.
  • Wood, D. M., Sedefov, R., Cunningham, A., & Dargan, P.I. (2015). Prevalence of use and acute toxicity associated with the use of NBOMe drugs. Clinical Toxicology, 53(2), 85–92. doi:10.3109/15563650.2015.1004179

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.