Qualitative and Semiquantitative Analysis of Doping Products Seized at the Swiss Border

References

• American Society of Bariatric Physicians. (2009). Position statement: Use of HCG in the treatment of obesity. Retrieved from http://www.clinicalnutritioncenter.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/hcg-weight-loss.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Brennan, B. P., Kanayama, G., & Pope, H. G., Jr. (2013). Performance-enhancing drugs on the web: A growing public-health issue. The American Journal on Addictions, 22(2), 158–161. doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.00311.x
   Google Scholar
• Brooker, L., Cawley, A., Drury, J., Edey, C., Hasick, N., & Goebel, C. (2014). Stable carbon isotope ratio profiling of illicit testosterone preparations - Domestic and international seizures. Drug Testing and Analysis, 6(10), 996–1001. doi:10.1002/dta.1533
   Google Scholar
• Coomber, R., Pavlidis, A., Santos, G. H., Wilde, M., Schmidt, W., & Redshaw, C. (2014). The supply of steroids and other performance and image enhancing drugs (PIEDs) in one English city: Fakes, counterfeits, supplier trust, common beliefs and access. Performance Enhancement & Health, 3(3–4), 135–144. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2015.10.004
   Google Scholar
• Coopman, V., & Cordonnier, J. (2012). Counterfeit drugs and pharmaceutical preparations seized from the black market among bodybuilders. Annual Toxicology Analysis, 24(2), 73–80.
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham, E. (2010). Where can I find information on the use of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) for weight loss? Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 110(12), 1960. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2010.10.032
   Google Scholar
• da Justa Neves, D. B., Marcheti, R. G., & Caldas, E. D. (2013). Incidence of anabolic steroid counterfeiting in Brazil. Forensic Science International, 228(1–3), e81–e83. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.02.035
   Google Scholar
• Delbeke, F. T., Van Eenoo, P., Van Thuyne, W., & Desmet, N. (2002). Prohormones and sport. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 83(1–5), 245–251.
   Google Scholar
• Fotiou, F., Aravind, S., Wang, P. P., & Nerapusee, O. (2009). Impact of illegal trade on the quality of epoetinalfa in Thailand. Clinical Therapeutics, 31(2), 336–346. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.02.014
   Google Scholar
• Geldof, L., Pozo, O. J., Lootens, L., Morthier, W., Van Eenoo, P., & Deventer, K. (2016). In vitro metabolism study of a black market product containing SARM LGD-4033. Drug Testing and Analysis. Advance online publication. doi:10.1002/dta.1930
   Google Scholar
• Geyer, H., Schanzer, W., & Thevis, M. (2014). Anabolic agents: Recent strategies for their detection and protection from inadvertent doping. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(10), 820–826. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-093526
   Google Scholar
• Graham, M. R., Evans, P., Davies, B., & Baker, J. S. (2008). AAS, growth hormone, and insulin abuse: Psychological and neuroendocrine effects. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management, 4(3), 587–597.
   Google Scholar
• Graham, M. R., Ryan, P., Baker, J. S., Davies, B., Thomas, N. E., Cooper, S. M., & Kicman, A. T. (2009). Counterfeiting in performance- and image-enhancing drugs. Drug Testing and Analysis, 1(3), 135–142. doi:10.1002/dta.30
   Google Scholar
• Hartgens, F., & Kuipers, H. (2004). Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes. Sports Medicine, 34(8), 513–554.
   Google Scholar
• Henninge, J., Pepaj, M., Hullstein, I., & Hemmersbach, P. (2010). Identification of CJC-1295, a growth-hormone-releasing peptide, in an unknown pharmaceutical preparation. Drug Testing and Analysis, 2(11–12), 647–650. doi:10.1002/dta.233
   Google Scholar
• Hullstein, I. R., Malerod-Fjeld, H., Dehnes, Y., & Hemmersbach, P. (2015). Black market products confiscated in Norway 2011–2014 compared to analytical findings in urine samples. Drug Testing and Analysis, 7(11–12), 1025–1029. doi:10.1002/dta.1900
   Google Scholar
• Hullstein, I., Sagredo, C., & Hemmersbach, P. (2014). Carbon isotope ratios of nandrolone, boldenone, and testosterone preparations seized in Norway compared to those of endogenously produced steroids in a Nordic reference population. Drug Testing and Analysis, 6(11–12), 1163–1169. doi:10.1002/dta.1745
   Google Scholar
• International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. (2000). ICH harmonised tripartite guideline. Good manufacturing practice guide for active pharmaceutical ingredients. Q7. Retrieved from http://www.ich.org/fileadmin/Public_Web_Site/ICH_Products/Guidelines/Quality/Q7/Step_4/Q7_Guideline.pdf
   Google Scholar
• International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. (2006). ICH harmonised tripartite guideline - Impurities in new drug products - Q3B(R2). Retrieved from http://www.ich.org/fileadmin/Public_Web_Site/ICH_Products/Guidelines/Quality/Q3B_R2/Step_4/Q3B_R2__Guideline.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kanayama, G., Hudson, J. I., & Pope, H. G., Jr. (2010). Illicit anabolic-androgenic steroid use. Hormones and Behavior, 58(1), 111–121. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.09.006
   Google Scholar
• Kanayama, G., & Pope, H. G., Jr. (2012). Illicit use of androgens and other hormones: Recent advances. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity, 19(3), 211–219. doi:10.1097/MED.0b013e3283524008
   Google Scholar
• Kicman, A. T. (2008). Pharmacology of anabolic steroids. British Journal of Pharmacology, 154(3), 502–521. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.165
   Google Scholar
• Knoop, A., Thomas, A., Fichant, E., Delahaut, P., Schanzer, W., & Thevis, M. (2016). Qualitative identification of growth hormone-releasing hormones in human plasma by means of immunoaffinity purification and LC-HRMS/MS. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 12, 3145–3153. doi: 10.1007/s00216-016-9377-3
   Google Scholar
• Krug, O., Thomas, A., Walpurgis, K., Piper, T., Sigmund, G., Schanzer, W., & Thevis, M. (2014). Identification of black market products and potential doping agents in Germany 2010–2013. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 70, 1303–1311. doi:10.1007/s00228-014-1743-5
   Google Scholar
• Ling, N., Baird, A., Wehrenberg, W. B., Ueno, N., Munegumi, T., & Brazeau, P. (1984). Synthesis and in vitro bioactivity of C-terminal deleted analogs of human growth hormone-releasing factor. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 123(2), 854–861.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, H., Bravata, D. M., Olkin, I., Nayak, S., Roberts, B., Garber, A. M., & Hoffman, A. R. (2007). Systematic review: The safety and efficacy of growth hormone in the healthy elderly. Annals of Internal Medicine, 146(2), 104–115.
   Google Scholar
• Mareck, U., Geyer, H., Guddat, S., Haenelt, N., Koch, A., Kohler, M., & Schanzer, W. (2006). Identification of the aromatase inhibitors anastrozole and exemestane in human urine using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 20(12), 1954–1962. doi:10.1002/rcm.2545
   Google Scholar
• Paoli, L., & Donati, A. (2014). The sports doping market: Understanding supply and demand, and the challenges of their control. New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Parr, M. K., Opfermann, G., Geyer, H., Westphal, F., Sonnichsen, F. D., Zapp, J., & Schanzer, W. (2011). Seized designer supplement named “1-Androsterone”: Identification as 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androst-1-en-17-one and its urinary elimination. Steroids, 76(6), 540–547. doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2011.02.001
   Google Scholar
• Pope, H. G., Jr., Wood, R. I., Rogol, A., Nyberg, F., Bowers, L., & Bhasin, S. (2014). Adverse health consequences of performance-enhancing drugs: An Endocrine Society scientific statement. Endocrine Reviews, 35(3), 341–375. doi:10.1210/er.2013-1058
   Google Scholar
• Rich, J. D., Dickinson, B. P., Feller, A., Pugatch, D., & Mylonakis, E. (1999). The infectious complications of anabolic-androgenic steroid injection. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 20(8), 563–566. doi:10.1055/s-1999-8841
   Google Scholar
• Ritsch, M., & Musshoff, F. (2000). Dangers and risks of black market anabolic steroid abuse in sports - Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. Sportverletz Sportschaden, 14(1), 1–11. doi:10.1055/s-2000-7396
   Google Scholar
• Sagoe, D., Molde, H., Andreassen, C. S., Torsheim, T., & Pallesen, S. (2014). The global epidemiology of anabolic-androgenic steroid use: A meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. Annals of Epidemiology, 24(5), 383–398. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.01.009
   Google Scholar
• Samaras, N., Papadopoulou, M. A., Samaras, D., & Ongaro, F. (2014). Off-label use of hormones as an antiaging strategy: A review. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 9, 1175–1186. doi:10.2147/cia.s48918
   Google Scholar
• Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft. (2012). Bundesgesetzüber die Förderung von Sport und Bewegung (Sportförderungsgesetz, SpoFöG). SR 415.0. Retrieved from http://www.baspo.admin.ch/internet/baspo/de/home/aktuell/dossiers/revision_sportfoerderungsgesetz/gesetz.html
   Google Scholar
• Sinner, D. (2009). Anabole Steroide. Das Schwarze Buch 2010. Gronau, Germany: BMS Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Sjoqvist, F., Garle, M., & Rane, A. (2008). Use of doping agents, particularly anabolic steroids, in sports and society. Lancet, 371(9627), 1872–1882. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60801-6
   Google Scholar
• Swissmedic. (2009). Performance-enhancing substances in amateur sport are a massive risk to health. Retrieved from https://www.swissmedic.ch/aktuell/00673/00688/01593/index.html?lang=en
   Google Scholar
• Thevis, M., Lagojda, A., Kuehne, D., Thomas, A., Dib, J., Hansson, A., & Schanzer, W. (2015). Characterization of a non-approved selective androgen receptor modulator drug candidate sold via the Internet and identification of in vitro generated phase-I metabolites for human sports drug testing. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 29(11), 991–999. doi:10.1002/rcm.7189
   Google Scholar
• Thevis, M., Schrader, Y., Thomas, A., Sigmund, G., Geyer, H., & Schanzer, W. (2008). Analysis of confiscated black market drugs using chromatographic and mass spectrometric approaches. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 32(3), 232–240.
   Google Scholar
• Thevis, M., Thomas, A., & Schanzer, W. (2014). Detecting peptidic drugs, drug candidates and analogs in sports doping: Current status and future directions. Expert Review of Proteomics, 11(6), 663–673. doi:10.1586/14789450.2014.965159
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, A., Delahaut, P., Krug, O., Schanzer, W., & Thevis, M. (2012). Metabolism of growth hormone releasing peptides. Analytical Chemistry, 84(23), 10252–10259. doi:10.1021/ac302034w
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. (2005). International convention against doping in sport. Retrieved from http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/anti-doping/international-convention-against-doping-in-sport/
   Google Scholar
• Weber, C., Kamber, M., Lentillon-Kaestner, V., Krug, O., & Thevis, M. (2015). Seizures of doping substances at the Swiss border—A descriptive investigation. Forensic Science International, 257, 359–368. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.10.001
   Google Scholar
• World Anti-Doping Agency. (2014). WADA encouraged by Swiss sanctions. Retrieved from https://www.wada-ama.org/en/media/news/2012-09/wada-encouraged-by-swiss-sanctions
   Google Scholar
• World Anti-Doping Agency. (2015). 2014 anti-doping testing figures report. Retrieved from https://wada-main-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/wada_2014_anti-doping-testing-figures_full-report_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• World Anti-Doping Agency. (2016). The World Anti-Doping Code. International standard. The prohibited list. Retrieved from https://wada-main-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/resources/files/wada-2016-prohibited-list-en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• World Anti-Doping Agency & World Customs Organization. (2011). Memorandum of understanding between the World Customs Organziation (WCO) and the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Retrieved from http://www.wcoomd.org/en/about-us/partners/∼/media/BC4F6D14761043D8932E072D44A05F79.ashx
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2014). General information on counterfeit medicines. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/medicines/services/counterfeit/overview/en/
   Google Scholar