Reductions in Hard Drug Use Among Homeless Youth Receiving a Strength-Based Outreach Intervention: Comparing the Long-Term Effects of Shelter Linkage Versus Drop-in Center Linkage

References

• Altena, A. M., Beijersbergen, M. D., & Wolf, J. R. L. M. (2014). Homeless youth's experiences with shelter and community care services: Differences between service types and the relationship to overall service quality. Children and Youth Services Review, 46, 195--202. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.08.019
   Google Scholar
• Andersen, M., Booth, R., Smereck, G., Tinsley, J., Ross, D., Haith, D., & Matzger, H. (1998). Community outreach with active drug users: The Detroit experience. AIDS and Behavior, 2, 23--29.
   Google Scholar
• Baer, J. S., Petersen, P. L., & Wells, E. A. (2004). Rationale and design of a brief substance use intervention for homeless adolescents. Addiction Research and Theory, 12, 317–334. doi:10.1080/1606635042000236475
   Google Scholar
• Cauce, A. M., Morgan, C. J., Wagner, V., Moore, E., Sy, J., Wurzbacher, K, … Blanchard, T. (1994). Effectiveness of intensive case-management for homeless adolescents—Results of a 3-month follow-up. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 2(4), 219–227.
   Google Scholar
• Chew Ng, R. A., Muth, S. Q., & Auerswald, C. L. (2013). Impact of social network characteristics on shelter use among street youth in San Francisco. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(3), 381–386. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.04.018
   Google Scholar
• Connolly, J. A., & Joly, L. E. (2012). Outreach with street-involved youth: A quantitative and qualitative review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 524–534. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.05.006
   Google Scholar
• Coren, E., Hossain, R., Pardo, J. P., & Bakker, B. (2016). Interventions for promoting reintegration and reducing harmful behavior and lifestyles in street-connected children and young people. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009823.pub3
   Google Scholar
• Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2014). The 2014 Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress. Retrieved from https://www.hudexchange.info/resources/documents/2014-AHAR-Part1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• De Rosa, C. J., Montgomery, S. B., Kipke, M. D., Iverson, E., Ma, J. L., & Unger, J. B. (1999). Service utilization among homeless and runaway youth in Los Angeles, California: Rates and reasons. Journal of Adolescent Health, 24(6), 449–458. doi:10.1016/s1054-139x(99)00040-3
   Google Scholar
• Drake, R. E., McHugo, G. J., & Biesanz, J. C. (1995). The test-retest reliability of standardized instruments among homeless persons with substance use disorders. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 56(2), 161–167.
   Google Scholar
• Dworsky, A. L., & Piliavin, I. (2000). Homeless spell exits and returns: Substantive and methodological elaborations on recent studies. Social Service Review, 74(2), 193–213. doi:10.1086/514476
   Google Scholar
• Edidin, J. P., Ganim, Z., Hunter, S. J., & Karnik, N. S. (2012). The mental and physical health of homeless youth: A literature review. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 43(3), 354–375. doi:10.1007/s10578-011-0270-1
   Google Scholar
• Embleton, L., Mwangi, A., Vreeman, R., Ayuku, D., & Braitstein, P. (2013). The epidemiology of substance use among street children in resource-constrained settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction, 108, 1722–1733. doi:10.1111/add.12252
   Google Scholar
• Ennett, S. T., Bailey, S. L., & Federman, E. B. (1999). Social network characteristics associated with risky behaviors among runaway and homeless youth. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 40, 63–78. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-12-00091R1
   Google Scholar
• Ensign, J., & Gittelsohn, J. (1998). Health and access to care: Perspectives of homeless youth in Baltimore City, USA. Social Science & Medicine, 47, 2087–2099. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00273-1
   Google Scholar
• Feng, C., DeBeck, K., Kerr, T., Mathias, S., Montaner, J., & Wood, E. (2013). Homelessness independently predicts injection drug use initiation among street-involved youth in a Canadian setting. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(4), 499–501. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.07.011
   Google Scholar
• Friedman, M. S., Marshal, M. P., Stall, R., Kidder, D. P., Henny, K. D., Courtenay-Quirk, C., … Holtgrave, D. R. (2009). Associations between substance use, sexual risk taking and HIV treatment adherence among homeless people living with HIV. AIDS Care, 21(6), 692–700. doi:10.1080/09540120802513709
   Google Scholar
• Ginzler, J. A., Garrett, S. B., Baer, J. S., & Peterson, P. L. (2007). Measurement of negative consequences of substance use in street youth: An expanded use of the Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index. Addictive Behaviors, 32(7), 1519–1525. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.11.004
   Google Scholar
• Hadland, S. E., Marshall, B. D. L., Kerr, T., Zhang, R., Montaner, J. S., & Wood, E. (2011). A comparison of drug use and risk behavior profiles among younger and older street youth. Substance Use & Misuse, 46(12), 1486–1494. doi:10.3109/10826084.2011.561516
   Google Scholar
• Holger-Ambrose, B., Langmade, C., Edinburgh, L. D., & Saewyc, E. (2013). The illusions and juxtapositions of commercial sexual exploitation among youth: Identifying effective street-outreach strategies. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 22, 326--340. doi:10.1080/10538712.2013.737443
   Google Scholar
• Kidd, S. A., Miner, S., Walker, D., & Davidson, L. (2007). Stories of working with homeless youth: On being “mind-boggling.” Children and Youth Services Review, 29, 16–34. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2006.03.008
   Google Scholar
• Krusi, A., Fast, D., Small, W., Wood, E., & Kerr, T. (2010). Social and structural barriers to housing among street-involved youth who use illicit drugs. Health and Social Care in the Community, 18, 282–288. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2524.2009.00901.x
   Google Scholar
• McLellan, A. T., Kushner, H., Metzger, D., Peters, R., Smith, I., Grissom, G., … Argeriou, M. (1992). The 5th edition of the addiction severity index. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 9(3), 199–213. doi:10.1016/0740-5472(92)90062-s
   Google Scholar
• Meyers, R., & Smith, J. (1995). Clinical guide to alcohol treatment: The community reinforcement approach. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Milburn, N. G., Iribarren, F. J., Rice, E., Lightfoot, M., Solorio, R., Rotheram-Borus, M. J., … Duan, N. H. (2012). A family intervention to reduce sexual risk behavior, substance use, and delinquency among newly homeless youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50(4), 358–364. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.08.009
   Google Scholar
• Nagi, S. S. (2007). Analyzing Hong Kong outreach worker identity: Associated discourses and power mechanisms. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 13, 311–326. doi:10.1080/02673843.2007.9747982
   Google Scholar
• National Alliance to End Homelessness Youth. (2015). Youth. Retrieved from http://www.endhom-elessness.org/pages/youth
   Google Scholar
• Nyamathi, A., Hudson, A., Greengold, B., & Leake, B. (2012). Characteristics of homeless youth who use cocaine and methamphetamine. American Journal on Addictions, 21(3), 243–249. doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2012.00233.x
   Google Scholar
• Pable, J. (2005). Design response to homelessness. Implications, 4(7), 1–6. Retrieved from http://www.informedesign.org/_news/jul_v04r-p.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Patrick, M. E., O'Malley, P. M., Johnston, L. D., Terry-McElrath, Y. M., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2012). HIV/AIDS risk behaviors and substance use by young adults in the United States. Prevention Science, 13(5), 532–538. doi:10.1007/s11121-012-0279-0
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, P. L., Baer, J. S., Wells, E. A., Ginzler, J. A., & Garrett, S. B. (2006). Short-term effects of a brief motivational intervention to reduce alcohol and drug risk among homeless adolescents. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20(3), 254–264. doi:10.1037/0893-164x.20.3.254
   Google Scholar
• Pollio, D. E., Thompson, S. J., Tobias, L., Reid, D., & Spitznagel, E. (2006). Longitudinal outcomes for youth receiving runaway/homeless shelter services. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(5), 859–866. doi:10.1007/s10964-006-9098-6
   Google Scholar
• Raleigh-DuRoff, C. (2004). Factors that influence adolescents to leave or stay living on the street. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 21, 561–572.
   Google Scholar
• Raudenbush, S. W., Bryk, A. S., Cheong, Y. F., Congdon, R. T., & du Toit, M. (2011). HLM 7: Hierarchical linear and nonlinear modeling. Chicago, IL: Scientific Software International.
   Google Scholar
• Raudenbush, S. W., Bryk, A. S., & Congdon, R. (2011). HLM 7.00 for Windows [Computer software]. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International.
   Google Scholar
• Slesnick, N., Feng, X., Guo, X. M., Brankenhoff, B., Carmona, J., Murnan, A., … McRee, A.-L. (2016). A test of outreach and drop-in linkage versus shelter linkage for connecting homeless youth to services. Prevention Science, 17, 450--460. doi:10.1007/s11121-015-0630-3
   Google Scholar
• Slesnick, N., Guo, X., Brakenhoff, B., &Bantchevska, D. (2015). A comparison of three interventions for homeless youth evidencing substance use disorders: Results of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 54, 1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Slesnick, N., Kang, M. J., Bonomi, A. E., &Prestopnik, J. L. (2008). Six- and twelve-month outcomes among homeless youth accessing therapy and case management services through an urban drop-in center. Health Services Research, 43(1), 211–229. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2007.00755.x
   Google Scholar
• Slesnick, N., Prestopnik, J. L., Meyers, R. J., & Glassman, M. (2007). Treatment outcome for street-living, homeless youth. Addictive Behaviors, 32(6), 1237–1251. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.08.010
   Google Scholar
• Tevendale, H. D., Comulada, W. S., & Lightfoot, M. A. (2011). Finding shelter: Two-source housing trajectories among homeless youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 49(6), 615–620. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.04.021
   Google Scholar
• Tucker, J. S., Ryan, G. W., Golinelli, D., Ewing, B., Wenzel, S. L., Kennedy, D. P., … Zhou, A. (2012). Substance use and other risk factors for unprotected sex: Results from an event-based study of homeless youth. Aids and Behavior, 16(6), 1699–1707. doi:10.1007/s10461-011-0017-9
   Google Scholar
• Tyler, K. A., & Johnson, K. A. (2006). Pathways in and out of substance use among homeless-emerging adults. Journal of Adolescent Research, 21(2), 133–157. doi:10.1177/0743558405285494
   Google Scholar
• Tyler, K. A., Kort-Butler, L. A., & Swendener, A. (2014). The effect of victimization, mental health, and protective factors on crime and illicit drug use among homeless young adults. Violence and Victims, 29, 348–362. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-12-00091R1
   Google Scholar
• White, H. R., Jarrett, N., Valencia, E. Y., Loeber, R., & Wei, E. (2007). Stages and sequences of initiation and regular substance use in a longitudinal cohort of black and white male adolescents. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 68(2), 173–181.
   Google Scholar
• Wiebel, W. W. (1993). The indigenous leader outreach model: Intervention manual. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
   Google Scholar
• Xiang, X. (2013). A review of intervention for substance use among homeless youth. Research on Social Work Practice, 23, 34–45. doi:10.1177/1049731512463441
   Google Scholar
• Zanis, D. A., McLellan, A. T., Cnaan, R. A., & Randall, M. (1994). Reliability and validity of the Addiction Severity Index with a homeless sample. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 11(6), 541–548. doi:10.1016/0740-5472(94)90005-1
   Google Scholar
• Zlotnick, C., Tam, T., & Robertson, M. J. (2003). Disaffiliation, substance use, and exiting homelessness. Substance Use & Misuse, 38(3–6), 577–599. doi:10.1081/ja-120017386
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar