Synthetic and Other Drug Use among High School Students: The Role of Perceived Prevalence, Access, and Harms

References

• American Association for Public Opinion Research. (2016). Standard definitions: final dispositions of case codes and outcome rates for surveys. 9th ed. Retrieved from http://www.aapor.org/AAPOR_Main/media/publications/Standard-Definitions20169theditionfinal.pdf
   Google Scholar
• American Association of Poison Control Centers. (2016). Bath salts. Retrieved from http://www.aapcc.org/alerts/bath-salts/
   Google Scholar
• American Association of Poison Control Centers. (2017). Synthetic marijuana. Retrieved from http://www.aapcc.org/alerts/synthetic-marijuana/
   Google Scholar
• Arthur, M. W., Hawkins, J. D., Pollard, J. A., Catalano, R. F., & Baglioni, Jr, A. J. (2002). Measuring risk and protective factors for use, delinquency, and other adolescent problem behaviors: The Communities That Care Youth Survey. Evaluation Review, 26(6), 575–601. doi:10.1177/0193841X0202600601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banks, M. L., Worst, T. J., & Sprague, J. E. (2014). Synthetic cathinones and amphetamine analogues: What's the rave about?. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 46(5), 632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battaglia, M. P., Izrael, D., Hoaglin, D. C., & Frankel, M. R. (2004). Tips and tricks for raking survey data (aka sample balancing). ABT Associates, 1, 4740–4744.
   Google Scholar
• Bradshaw, C. P., Debnam, K. J., Lindstrom Johnson, S., Pas, E. T., Hershfeldt, P., Alexander, A., … Leaf, P. (2014). Maryland's evolving system of social, emotional, and behavioral interventions in public schools: The Maryland Safe and Supportive Schools Project. Adolescent Psychiatry, 4(3), 194–206. doi:10.2174/221067660403140912163120
   Google Scholar
• Bradshaw, C. P., Waasdorp, T. E., Debnam, K. J., & Johnson, S. L. (2014). Measuring school climate in high schools: A focus on safety, engagement, and the environment. Journal of School Health, 84(9), 593–604. doi:10.1111/josh.12186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer, T. L., & Collins, M. (2014). A review of clinical manifestations in adolescent and young adults after use of synthetic cannabinoids. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 19(2), 119–126. doi:10.1111/jspn.12057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter, C. J. (2010). A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of health belief model variables in predicting behavior. Health Communication, 25(8), 661–669. doi:10.1080/10410236.2010.521906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castaneto, M. S., Gorelick, D. A., Desrosiers, N. A., Hartman, R. L., Pirard, S., & Huestis, M. A. (2014). Synthetic cannabinoids: Epidemiology, pharmacodynamics, and clinical implications. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 144, 12–41. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.08.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Available at: Www.cdc.gov/yrbs Accessed May 3, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Clayton, H. B., Lowry, R., Ashley, C., Wolkin, A., & Grant, A. M. (2017). Health risk behaviors with synthetic cannabinoids versus marijuana. Pediatrics, 139(4), e20162675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, K., Kapitány-Fövény, M., Mama, Y., Arieli, M., Rosca, P., Demetrovics, Z., … Weinstein, A. (2017). The effects of synthetic cannabinoids on executive function. Psychopharmacology, 234(7), 1121–1134. doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4546-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellefsen, K. N., Concheiro, M., & Huestis, M. A. (2016). Synthetic cathinone pharmacokinetics, analytical methods, and toxicological findings from human performance and postmortem cases. Drug Metabolism Reviews, 48(2), 1–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsohly, M. A., Gul, W., Wanas, A. S., & Radwan, M. M. (2014). Synthetic cannabinoids: Analysis and metabolites. Life Sciences, 97(1), 78–90. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2013.12.212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freisthler, B., Needell, B., & Gruenewald, P. J. (2005). Is the physical availability of alcohol and illicit drugs related to neighborhood rates of child maltreatment?. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29(9), 1049–1060. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.12.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbons, F. X., Kingsbury, J. H., & Gerrard, M. (2012). Social‐psychological theories and adolescent health risk behavior. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6(2), 170–183. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00412.x
   Google Scholar
• Godin, G., & Kok, G. (1996). The theory of planned behavior: A review of its applications to health-related behaviors. American Journal of Health Promotion, 11(2), 87–98. doi:10.4278/0890-1171-11.2.87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson, T. L., & Kim, J. O. (2007). Measuring resilience and youth development: The psychometric properties of the healthy kids survey. Issues & answers. REL 2007-No. 34. Regional Educational Laboratory West.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, D., & Mrug, S. (2015). School-level correlates of adolescent tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use. Substance Use & Misuse, 50(12), 1518–1528. doi:10.3109/10826084.2015.1023449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., Miech, R. A., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2014). Monitoring the future: National results on drug use: 1975–2013: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. Institute for Social Research. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan.
   Google Scholar
• Miech, R. A., Johnston, L. D., O'malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2016). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2015: Volume I, Secondary school students. Available at http://monitoringthefuture.org/pubs.html#monographs
   Google Scholar
• Miotto, K., Striebel, J., Cho, A. K., & Wang, C. (2013). Clinical and pharmacological aspects of bath salt use: A review of the literature and case reports. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 132(1), 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.06.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, H. S., Klein, K. A., Smith, S., & Martell, D. (2009). Separating subjective norms, university descriptive and injunctive norms, and US descriptive and injunctive norms for drinking behavior intentions. Health Communication, 24(8), 746–751. doi:10.1080/10410230903265912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins, H. W. (2007). Misperceptions of peer drinking norms in Canada: Another look at the “reign of error” and its consequences among college students. Addictive Behaviors, 32(11), 2645–2656. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.07.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrone, D., Helgesen, R. D., & Fischer, R. G. (2013). United States drug prohibition and legal highs: How drug testing may lead cannabis users to Spice. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 20(3), 216–224. doi:10.3109/09687637.2012.749392
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stata Corp, L. P. (2011). Stata statistical software: Release 12. Stata Press Publication: College Station, Texas.
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2013). The NSDUH Report: Trends in adolescent substance use and perception of risk from substance use. Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality.
   Google Scholar
• Tomas‐Roig, J., Benito, E., Agis‐Balboa, R. C., Piscitelli, F., Hoyer‐Fender, S., Di Marzo, V., … Havemann‐Reinecke, U. (2017). Chronic exposure to cannabinoids during adolescence causes long‐lasting behavioral deficits in adult mice. Addiction Biology, 22(6), 1778–1789. doi:10.1111/adb.12446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dorn, R. A. (2004). Correlates of violent and nonviolent victimization in a sample of public high school students. Violence and Victims, 19(3), 303. doi:10.1891/vivi.19.3.303.65768
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang, Y. C., Lee, C. M., Lew-Ting, C. Y., Hsiao, C. K., Chen, D. R., & Chen, W. J. (2005). Survey of substance use among high school students in Taipei: Web-based questionnaire versus paper-and-pencil questionnaire. Journal of Adolescent Health, 37(4), 289–295. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.03.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstein, A. M., Rosca, P., Fattore, L., & London, E. D. (2017). Synthetic cathinone and cannabinoid designer drugs pose a major risk for public health. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 8, 156. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winters, K. C., Fawkes, T., Fahnhorst, T., Botzet, A., & August, G. (2007). A synthesis review of exemplary drug abuse prevention programs in the United States. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 32(4), 371–380. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2006.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar