272
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Too (Psychologically) Close for Comfort? Comparing Verbal Immediacy among Adult Children of Alcoholics (ACOAs) and Non-ACOAs

&

References

  • Ayduk, Ö., & Kross, E. (2010). From a distance: Implications of spontaneous self-distancing for adaptive self-reflection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(5), 809–829. doi: 10.1037/a0019205
  • Baker, D. E., & Stephenson, L. A. (1995). Personality characteristics of adult children of alcoholics. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 694–702.
  • Berlin, R., Davis, R. B., & Orenstein, A. (1988). Adaptive and reactive distancing among adolescents from alcoholic families. Adolescence, 23, 577–584.
  • Black, C., Bucky, S. F., & Wilder-Padilla, S. (1986). The interpersonal and emotional consequences of being an adult child of an alcoholic. International Journal of the Addictions, 21(2), 213–231. doi: 10.3109/10826088609063451
  • Blagov, P. S., & Singer, J. A. (2004). Four dimensions of self‐defining memories (specificity, meaning, content, and affect) and their relationships to self‐restraint, distress, and repressive defensiveness. Journal of Personality, 72(3), 481–511. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00270.x
  • Borelli, J. L., David, D. H., Rifkin‐Graboi, A., Sbarra, D. A., Mehl, M. R., & Mayes, L. C. (2013). Language use in the adult attachment interview: Evidence for attachment‐specific emotion regulation. Personal Relationships, 20(1), 23–37. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6811.2012.01394.x
  • Braitman, A. L., Kelley, M. L., Ladage, J., Schroeder, V., Gumienny, L. A., Morrow, J. A., & Klostermann, K. (2009). Alcohol and drug use among college student adult children of alcoholics. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 53, 69–88.
  • Bruehlman-Senecal, E., Ayduk, Ö., & John, O. P. (2016). Taking the long view: Implications of individual differences in temporal distancing for affect, stress reactivity, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 111(4), 610–635. doi: 10.1037/pspp0000103
  • Chassin, L., Pitts, S. C., DeLucia, C., & Todd, M. (1999). A longitudinal study of children of alcoholics: predicting young adult substance use disorders, anxiety, and depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108(1), 106–119. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.108.1.106
  • Chung, C., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2007). The psychological functions of function words. In K.Fiedler (Ed.), Social communication (pp.343–359). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
  • Cohn, M. A., Mehl, M. R., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2004). Linguistic markers of psychological change surrounding September 11, 2001. Psychological Science, 15(10), 687–693. doi: 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00741.x
  • Devins, G. M., Wong, J. C., Payne, A. Y., Lebel, S., Lee, R. N., Mah, K., … Rodin, G. (2015). Distancing, self‐esteem, and subjective well‐being in head and neck cancer. Psycho‐Oncology, 24(11), 1506–1513. doi: 10.1002/pon.3760
  • Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
  • Dube, S. R., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Croft, J. B., Edwards, V. J., & Giles, W. H. (2001). Growing up with parental alcohol abuse: Exposure to childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25, 1627–1640. doi: 10.1016/S0145-2134(01)00293-9
  • Dunlop, W. L., & Tracy, J. L. (2013). Sobering stories: Narratives of self-redemption predict behavioral change and improved health among recovering alcoholics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(3), 576–590. doi: 10.1037/a0031185
  • Erdfelder, E., Faul, F., & Buchner, A. (1996). GPOWER: A general power analysis program. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 28, 1–11.
  • Ferguson, S. J., & Goodwin, A. D. (2010). Optimism and well-being in older adults: The mediating role of social support and perceived control. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 71(1), 43–68. doi: 10.2190/AG.71.1.c
  • Frauendorfer, D., & Mehl, M. (unpublished). Spontaneous word use in the job interview: How different language styles shape recruiters’ impressions.
  • Gilbert, R. M. (2006). The eight concepts of Bowen theory: A new way of thinking about the individual and the group. Falls Church, VA: Leading Systems Press.
  • Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41–54. doi: 10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94
  • Hall, C. W., & Webster, R. E. (2002). Traumatic symptomatology characteristics of adult children of alcoholics. Journal of Drug Education, 32(3), 195–211. doi: 10.2190/U29W-LF3W-748L-A48M
  • Hall, J. C. (2007). An exploratory study of differences in self-esteem, kinship social support, and coping responses among African American ACOAs and non-ACOAs. Journal of American College Health, 56(1), 49–54. doi: 10.3200/JACH.56.1.49-54
  • Haverfield, M. C., & Theiss, J. A. (2017). Parental communication of responsiveness and control as predictors of adolescents' emotional and behavioral resilience in families with alcoholic versus nonalcoholic parents. Human Communication Research, 43, 214–236.
  • Hodgins, D. C., Maticka-Tyndale, E., El-Guebaly, N., & West, M. (1993). The CAST-6: Development of a short-form of the Children of Alcoholics Screening Test. Addictive Behaviors, 18(3), 337–345. doi: 10.1016/0306-4603(93)90035-8
  • Hodgins, D. C., & Shimp, L. (1995). Identifying adult children of alcoholics: Methodological review and a comparison of the CAST‐6 with other methods. Addiction, 90, 255–267.
  • Howell, D. (2007). Statistical methods for psychology (6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.
  • Hoyt, T., & Yeater, E. A. (2009). Factors affecting women’s verbal immediacy to sexually risky situations. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 28(3), 312–319. doi: 10.1177/0261927X09335256
  • Jackson, B. R., & Bergeman, C. S. (2011). How does religiosity enhance well-being? The role of perceived control. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 3(2), 149–161. doi: 10.1037/a0021597
  • Jones, A. L., Perera‐Diltz, D. M., Salyers, K. M., Laux, J. M., & Cochrane, W. S. (2007). Testing hypothesized differences between Adult Children of Alcoholics (ACOAs) and non‐ACOAs in a college student sample. Journal of College Counseling, 10(1), 19–26. doi: 10.1002/j.2161-1882.2007.tb00003.x
  • Karan, A., Wright, R. C., & Robbins, M. L. (2017). Everyday emotion word and personal pronoun use reflects dyadic adjustment among couples coping with breast cancer. Personal Relationships, 24(1), 36–48. doi: 10.1111/pere.12165
  • Kelley, M. L., Braitman, A., Henson, J. M., Schroeder, V., Ladage, J., & Gumienny, L. (2010). Relationships among depressive mood symptoms and parent and peer relations in collegiate children of alcoholics. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80(2), 204–212. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01024.x
  • Kelly, J. F., & Saitz, R., & Wakeman, S. (2016). Language, substance use disorders, and policy: The need to reach consensus on an “addiction-ary”. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 34(1), 116–123. doi: 10.1080/07347324.2016.1113103
  • Klostermann, K., Chen, R., Kelley, M. L., Schroeder, V. M., Braitman, A. L., & Mignone, T. (2011). Coping behavior and depressive symptoms in adult children of alcoholics. Substance Use & Misuse, 46, 1162–1168. doi: 10.3109/10826080903452546
  • Lee, L. A., Sbarra, D. A., Mason, A. E., & Law, R. W. (2011). Attachment anxiety, verbal immediacy, and blood pressure: Results from a laboratory analog study following marital separation. Personal Relationships, 18(2), 285–301. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6811.2011.01360.x
  • McAdams, D. P. (2008). The life story interview. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University.
  • McCoy, T. P., & Dunlop, W. L. (2017). Down on the upside: Redemption, contamination, and agency in the lives of adult children of alcoholics. Memory, 25(5), 586–594. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2016.1197947
  • McIsaac, H. K., & Eich, E. (2004). Vantage point in traumatic memory. Psychological Science, 15, 248–253.
  • Mehl, M. R., Robbins, M. L., & Holleran, S. E. (2013). How taking a word for a word can be problematic: Context-dependent linguistic markers of extraversion and neuroticism. Journal of Methods and Measurement in the Social Sciences, 3(2), 30–50. doi: 10.2458/jmm.v3i2.16477
  • Mehrabian, A. (1966). Immediacy: An indicator of attitudes in linguistic communication. Journal of Personality, 34(1), 26–34.
  • Orbach, I., Stein, D., Shani‐Sela, M., & Har‐Even, D. (2001). Body attitudes and body experiences in suicidal adolescents. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 31(3), 237–249. doi: 10.1521/suli.31.3.237.24250
  • Park, S., & Schepp, K. G. (2015). A systematic review of research on children of alcoholics: Their inherent resilience and vulnerability. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 1222–1231.
  • Pennebaker, J. W., Booth, R. J., & Francis, M. E. (2007). Linguistic inquiry and word count: LIWC [Computer software]. Austin, TX: liwc.net.
  • Pennebaker, J. W., & King, L. A. (1999). Linguistic styles: Language use as an individual difference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1296–1312. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1296
  • Pennebaker, J. W., Mayne, T. J., & Francis, M. E. (1997). Linguistic predictors of adaptive bereavement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(4), 863–871. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.72.4.863
  • Pennebaker, J. W., Mehl, M. R., & Niederhoffer, K. G. (2003). Psychological aspects of natural language use: Our words, our selves. Annual Review of Psychology, 54(1), 547–577. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145041
  • Pennebaker, J. W., & Stone, L. D. (2003). Words of wisdom: Language use over the life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 291–301. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.291
  • Pennebaker, J. W., & Francis, M. E. (1996). Cognitive, emotional, and language processes in disclosure. Cognition & Emotion, 10, 601–626.
  • Plax, T. G., Kearney, P., McCroskey, J. C., & Richmond, V. P. (1986). Power in the classroom VI: Verbal control strategies, nonverbal immediacy and affective learning. Communication Education, 35(1), 43–55. doi: 10.1080/03634528609388318
  • Post, P., & Robinson, B. E. (1998). School-age children of alcoholics and non-alcoholics: Their anxiety, self-esteem, and locus of control. Professional School Counseling, 1, 36–40.
  • Pulverman, C. S., Lorenz, T. A., & Meston, C. M. (2015). Linguistic changes in expressive writing predict psychological outcomes in women with history of childhood sexual abuse and adult sexual dysfunction. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 7(1), 50–57. doi: 10.1037/a0036462
  • Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. doi: 10.1177/014662167700100306
  • Robbins, M. L., Mehl, M. R., Smith, H. L., & Weihs, K. L. (2013). Linguistic indicators of patient, couple, and family adjustment following breast cancer. Psycho‐Oncology, 22(7), 1501–1508. doi: 10.1002/pon.3161
  • Robbins, M. L., Focella, E. S., Kasle, S., López, A. M., Weihs, K. L., & Mehl, M. R. (2011). Naturalistically observed swearing, emotional support, and depressive symptoms in women coping with illness. Health Psychology, 309, 789–792.
  • Rude, S., Gortner, E. M., & Pennebaker, J. (2004). Language use of depressed and depression-vulnerable college students. Cognition & Emotion, 18, 1121–1133. doi: 10.1080/02699930441000030
  • Santor, D. A., Zuroff, D. C., Ramsay, J. O., Cervantes, P., & Palacios, J. (1995). Examining scale discriminability in the BDI and CES-D as a function of depressive severity. Psychological Assessment, 7, 131–139. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.7.2.131
  • Schroeder, V. M., & Kelley, M. L. (2008). The influence of family factors on the executive functioning of adult children of alcoholics in college. Family Relations, 57(3), 404–414. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3729.2008.00509.x
  • Seefeldt, R. W., & Lyon, M. A. (1992). Personality characteristics of adult children of alcoholics. Journal of Counseling & Development, 70, 588–593. doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6676.1992.tb01666.x
  • Shepherd, K. A., Coifman, K. G., Matt, L. M., & Fresco, D. M. (2016). Development of a self-distancing task and initial validation of responses. Psychological Assessment, 28(7), 841–855. doi: 10.1037/pas0000297
  • Stirman, S. W., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2001). Word use in the poetry of suicidal and nonsuicidal poets. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63(4), 517–522.
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) (2012). Data spotlight: More than 7 million children live with a parent with alcohol problems. Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality
  • Tackman, A. M., Sbarra, D. A., Carey, A. L., Donnellan, M. B., Horn, A. B., Holtzman, N. S., … Mehl, M. R. (2018). Depression, negative emotionality, and self-referential language: A multi-lab, multi-measure, and multi-language-task research synthesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Advance online publication. doi: 10.1037/pspp0000187
  • Tov, W., Ng, K. L., Lin, H., & Qiu, L. (2013). Detecting well-being via computerized content analysis of brief diary entries. Psychological Assessment, 25(4), 1069–1078. doi: 10.1037/a0033007
  • Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
  • Werner, E. E., & Johnson, J. L. (2004). The role of caring adults in the lives of children of alcoholics. Substance Use & Misuse, 39, 699–720. doi: 10.1081/JA-120034012
  • Wiener, M., & Mehrabian, A. (1968). Language within language: Immediacy, a channel in verbal communication. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
  • Woititz, J. G. (1983). Adult children of alcoholics. Deerfield Beach, FL: Health Communications.
  • Wolf, M., Sedway, J., Bulik, C. M., & Kordy, H. (2007). Linguistic analyses of natural written language: Unobtrusive assessment of cognitive style in eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 40(8), 711–717. doi: 10.1002/eat.20445

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.