“A Blessing and a Curse:” Opioid Users' Perspectives on Naloxone and the Epidemic of Opioid Overdose

References

• Bell, A., Bennett, A. S., Jones, T. S., Doe-Simkins, M., & Williams, L. D. (2019). Amount of naloxone used to reverse opioid overdoses outside of medical practice in a city with increasing illicitly manufactured fentanyl in illicit drug supply. Substance Abuse, 40(1), 52–55. doi:10.1080/08897077.2018.1449053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bledsoe, B. (2018). The weaponization of narcan. Journal of Emergency Medical Services, Retrieved from https://www.jems.com/articles/2018/12/the-weaponization-of-narcan.html
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bowles, J. M., & Lankenau, S. E. (2019). I Gotta Go With Modern Technology, So I’m Gonna Give’em the Narcan”: The diffusion of innovations and an opioid overdose prevention program. Qualitative Health Research, 29(3), 345–356. doi:10.1177/1049732318800289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyer, E. W. (2012). Management of analgesic overdose. New England Journal of Medicine, 367(2), 146–155. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1202561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDC, C. f. D. C. a. P. (2018). Drug Overdose Deaths Opioid Overdose. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/epidemic/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Cicero, T. J., & Ellis, M. E. (2017). The prescription opioid epidemic: A review of qualitative studies on the progression from initial use to abuse. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 19(3), 259–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clemency, B. M., Eggleston, W., Shaw, E. W., Cheung, M., Pokoj, N. S., Manka, M. A., … Hostler, D. (2018). Hospital Observation Upon Reversal (HOUR) with naloxone: A prospective clinical prediction rule validation study. Academic Emergency Medicine, 26(1), 1–15. doi:10.1111/acem.13567
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doe-Simkins, M., Quinn, E., Xuan, Z., Sorensen-Alawad, A., Hackman, H., Ozonoff, A., & Walley, A. Y. (2014). Overdose rescues by trained and untrained participants and change in opioid use among substance-using participants in overdose education and naloxone distribution programs: A retrospective cohort study. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 297. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enteen, L., Bauer, J., McLean, R., Wheeler, E., Huriaux, E., Kral, A. H., & Bamberger, J. D. (2010). Overdose prevention and naloxone prescription for opioid users in San Francisco. Journal of Urban Health, 87(6), 931–941. doi:10.1007/s11524-010-9495-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heavey, S. C., Chang, Y., Vest, B. M., Collins, L., Wieczorek, W., & Homish, G. G. (2018). I have it just in case’ - Naloxone access and changes in opioid use behaviours. International Journal of Drug Policy, 51, 27–35. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.09.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedegaard, H., Miniño, A. M., & Warner, M. (2018). Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 1999-2017. NCHS Data Brief, no 329. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Hilton, M. T. (2018). Mixed feelings about naloxone: It saves lives, but at what cost? Medscape Emergency Medicine. Retrieved from https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/905891.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, J. D., Campbell, A., Metz, V. E., & Comer, S. D. (2017). No evidence of compensatory drug use risk behavior among heroin users after receiving take-home Naloxone. Addictive Behaviors, 71, 104–106. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.03.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerensky, T., & Walley, A. Y. (2017). Opioid overdose prevention and naloxone rescue kits: What we know and what we don’t know. Addiction Science & Clinical Practice, 12(4), 1–7. doi:10.1186/s13722-016-0068-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirane, H., Ketteringham, M., Bereket, S., Dima, R., Basta, A., Mendoza, S., & Hansen, H. (2016). Awareness and attitudes toward intranasal naloxone rescue for opioid overdose prevention. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 69, 44–49. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2016.07.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynn, R. R., & Galinkin, J. (2018). Naloxone dosage for opioid reversal: Current evidence and clinical implications. Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety, 9(1), 63–88. doi:10.1177/2042098617744161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marco, C. A., Jesus, J. E., Geiderman, J. M., & Baker, E. F. (2016). Naloxone distribution to patients in emergency department raises controversy. American College of Emergency Physicians. Retrieved from https://www.acepnow.com/article/naloxone-distribution-patients-emergency-department-raises-controversy/.
   Google Scholar
• Marco, C. A., Trautman, W., Cook, A., Mann, D., Rasp, J., Perkins, O., & Ballester, M. (2018). Naloxone use among emergency department patients with opioid overdose. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 55(1), 64–70. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.04.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxwell, S., Bigg, D., Stanczykiewicz, K., & Carlberg-Racich, S. (2006). Prescribing naloxone to actively injecting heroin users: A program to reduce heroin overdose deaths. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 25(3), 89–96. doi:10.1300/J069v25n03
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, R., & Strang, J. (2016). Are take-home naloxone programmes effective? Systematic review utlizing application of the Bradford Hill criteria. Addiction, 111(7), 1177–1187. doi:10.1111/add.13326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, J., & Jones, A. L. (2018). The role of naloxone in the opioid crisis. Toxicology Communications, 2(1), 15–18. doi:10.1080/24734306.2018.1458464
   Google Scholar
• Neale, J., & Strang, J. (2015). Naloxone - does over-antagonism matter? Evidence of iatrogenic harm after emergency treatment of heroin/opioid overdose. Addiction, 110(10), 1644–1652. doi:10.1111/add.13027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overdose Prevention Act. (2013). N.J.S.A. 2C:35-30 and 2C:35-31. Retrieved from http://www.njdcj.org/agguide/overdose-prevention-act.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Seelye, K. Q. (2018). 1 Son, 4 Overdoses, 6 Hours. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/21/us/opioid-addiction-treatment-families.html.
   Google Scholar
• Walley, A. Y., Xuan, Z., Hackman, H. H., Quinn, E., Doe-Simkins, M., Sorensen-Alawad, A., … Ozonoff, A. (2013). Opioid overdose rates and implementation of overdose education and nasal naloxone distribution in Massachusetts: Interrupted time series analysis. BMJ, 346(f174), 1–18. doi:10.1136/bmj.f174
   Google Scholar
• Wheeler, E., Jones, S., Gilbert, M. K., & Davidson, P. J. (2015). Opioid overdose prevention programs providing naloxone to laypersons - United States. (2014). Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 64(23), 631–635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, K., Lang, E. S., Panchal, A. R., Gasper, J. J., Taillac, P., Gouda, J., … Hedges, M. (2019). Evidence-based guidelines for EMS administration of naloxone. Prehospital Emergency Care, 23, 1–15. doi:10.1080/10903127.2019.1597955
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winstanley, E., Wilder, C., & Clark, A. K. (2014). A systematic review of community opioid overdose prevention and naloxone distribution programs. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 8(3), 153–163. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar