Crystal Methamphetamine Use and Initiation among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men Living with HIV in a Treatment as Prevention Environment

References

• BCCfE. (2017a). B.C. launches province-wide expansion of STOP HIV/AIDS program. http://www.cfenet.ubc.ca/news/releases/bc-launches-province-wide-expansion-stop-hivaids-program
   Google Scholar
• BCCfE. (2017b). STOP HIV/AIDS. http://www.cfenet.ubc.ca/stop-hiv-aids/about
   Google Scholar
• Bourne, A., & Weatherburn, P. (2017). Substance use among men who have sex with men: Patterns, motivations, impacts and intervention development need. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 93(5), 342–346. https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2016-052674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourne, A., Reid, D., Hickson, F., Torres-Rueda, S., Steinberg, P., & Weatherburn, P. (2015). “Chemsex” and harm reduction need among gay men in South London. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 26(12), 1171–1176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.07.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bousman, C. A., Cherner, M., Ake, C., Letendre, S., Atkinson, J. H., Patterson, T. L., Grant, I., & Everall, I. P. (2009). Negative mood and sexual behavior among non-monogamous men who have sex with men in the context of methamphetamine and HIV. Journal of Affective Disorders, 119(1-3), 84–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.04.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennan, D. J., Welles, S. L., Miner, M. H., Ross, M. W., & Rosser, B. R. (2010). HIV treatment optimism and unsafe anal intercourse among HIV-positive men who have sex with men: Findings from the positive connections study. AIDS Education and Prevention : Official Publication of the International Society for AIDS Education, 22(2), 126–137. https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2010.22.2.126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrico, A. W. (2011). Substance use and HIV disease progression in the HAART era: Implications for the primary prevention of HIV. Life Sciences, 88(21–22), 940–947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2010.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrico, A. W., Johnson, M. O., Moskowitz, J. T., Neilands, T. B., Morin, S. F., Charlebois, E. D., Steward, W. T., Remien, R. H., Wong, F. L., Rotheram-Borus, M. J., Lightfoot, M. A., & Chesney, M. A. (2007). Affect regulation, stimulant use, and viral load among HIV-positive persons on anti-retroviral therapy. Psychosomatic Medicine, 69(8), 785–792. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e318157b142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Y. (2013). Treatment-related optimistic beliefs and risk of HIV transmission: A review of recent findings (2009-2012) in an era of treatment as prevention. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 10(1), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-012-0144-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colfax, G. N., Vittinghoff, E., Grant, R., Lum, P., Spotts, G., & Hecht, F. M. (2007). Frequent methamphetamine use is associated with primary non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance. AIDS (London, England), 21(2), 239–241. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e3280114a29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colyer, S. P., Lachowsky, N. J., Cui, Z., Zhu, J., Armstrong, H. L., Taylor, M., Edward, J., Olarewaju, G., Hogg, R. S., Roth, E. A., & Moore, D. M. (2018). HIV treatment optimism and crystal methamphetamine use and initiation among HIV-negative men who have sex with men in Vancouver, Canada: A longitudinal analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 185, 67–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairbairn, N., Kerr, T., Milloy, M. J., Zhang, R., Montaner, J., & Wood, E. (2011). Crystal methamphetamine injection predicts slower HIV RNA suppression among injection drug users. Addictive Behaviors, 36(7), 762–763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman, M. B., Thomas, J. A., Alexy, E. R., & Irvine, M. K. (2015). Crystal methamphetamine use and HIV medical outcomes among HIV-infected men who have sex with men accessing support services in New York. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 147, 266–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorbach, P. M., Drumright, L. N., Javanbakht, M., Pond, S. L., Woelk, C. H., Daar, E. S., & Little, S. J. (2008). Antiretroviral drug resistance and risk behavior among recently HIV-infected men who have sex with men. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999), 47(5), 639–643. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181684c3d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halkitis, P. N., Levy, M. D., & Solomon, T. M. (2016). Temporal relations between methamphetamine use and HIV seroconversion in gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men. Journal of Health Psychology, 21(1), 93–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314522675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halkitis, P. N., Moeller, R. W., Siconolfi, D. E., Jerome, R. C., Rogers, M., & Schillinger, J. (2008). Methamphetamine and poly-substance use among gym-attending men who have sex with men in New York City. Annals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, 35(1), 41–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-007-9005-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath, K., Samji, H., Nosyk, B., Colley, G., Gilbert, M., Hogg, R. S., & Montaner, J. S. (2014). Cohort profile: Seek and treat for the optimal prevention of HIV/AIDS in British Columbia (STOP HIV/AIDS BC). International Journal of Epidemiology, 43(4), 1073–1081. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyu070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegazi, A., Lee, M. J., Whittaker, W., Green, S., Simms, R., Cutts, R., Nagington, M., Nathan, B., & Pakianathan, M. R. (2017). Chemsex and the city: Sexualised substance use in gay bisexual and other men who have sex with men attending sexual health clinics. International Journal of STD & Aids, 28(4), 362–366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462416651229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herek, G. M., & Glunt, E. K. (1995). AIDS, identity, and community: The HIV epidemic and lesbians and gay men. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Hinkin, C. H., Barclay, T. R., Castellon, S. A., Levine, A. J., Durvasula, R. S., Marion, S. D., Myers, H. F., & Longshore, D. (2007). Drug use and medication adherence among HIV-1 infected individuals. AIDS and Behavior, 11(2), 185–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-006-9152-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoenigl, M., Chaillon, A., Moore, D. J., Morris, S. R., Smith, D. M., & Little, S. J. (2016). Clear links between starting methamphetamine and increasing sexual risk behavior: A cohort study among men who have sex with men. Jaids Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 71(5), 551–557. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, W. D., Larkins, S., Hucks-Ortiz, C., Wang, P. C., Gorbach, P. M., Veniegas, R., & Shoptaw, S. (2009). Factors associated with HIV viral load in a respondent driven sample in Los Angeles. AIDS and Behavior, 13(1), 145–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-007-9337-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lachowsky, N. J., Lal, A., Forrest, J. I., Card, K. G., Cui, Z., Sereda, P., Rich, A., Raymond, H. F., Roth, E. A., Moore, D. M., & Hogg, R. S. (2016). Including online-recruited seeds: A respondent-driven sample of men who have sex with men. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 18(3), e51. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.5258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langford, D., Adame, A., Grigorian, A., Grant, I., McCutchan, J. A., Ellis, R. J., Marcotte, T. D., & Masliah, E. (2003). Patterns of selective neuronal damage in methamphetamine-user AIDS patients. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999), 34(5), 467–474. https://doi.org/10.1097/00126334-200312150-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lea, T., Hammoud, M., Jin, F., Degenhardt, L., Grierson, J., Mackie, B., & Prestage, G. (2016). Attitudes towards illicit drug use among gay and bisexual men in Australia: evidence for normalisation. Drug and Alcohol Review, 35, 49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima, V. D., Eyawo, O., Ma, H., Lourenco, L., Chau, W., Hogg, R. S., & Montaner, J. S. (2015). The impact of scaling-up combination antiretroviral therapy on patterns of mortality among HIV-positive persons in British Columbia, Canada. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 18, 20261. https://doi.org/10.7448/ias.18.1.20261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima, V. D., Hogg, R. S., & Montaner, J. S. (2010). Expanding HAART treatment to all currently eligible individuals under the 2008 IAS-USA Guidelines in British Columbia, Canada. PloS One, 5(6), e10991 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marquez, C., Mitchell, S. J., Hare, C. B., John, M., & Klausner, J. D. (2009). Methamphetamine use, sexual activity, patient-provider communication, and medication adherence among HIV-infected patients in care, San Francisco 2004-2006. AIDS Care, 21(5), 575–582. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120802385579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKirnan, D. J., Vanable, P. A., Ostrow, D. G., & Hope, B. (2001). Expectancies of sexual "escape" and sexual risk among drug and alcohol-involved gay and bisexual men. Journal of Substance Abuse, 13(1–2), 137–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0899-3289(01)00063-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Melendez-Torres, G. J., Hickson, F., Reid, D., Weatherburn, P., & Bonell, C. (2016). Drug use moderates associations between location of sex and unprotected anal intercourse in men who have sex with men: Nested cross-sectional study of dyadic encounters with new partners. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 92(1), 39–43. https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2014-051954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mimiaga, M. J., Reisner, S. L., Fontaine, Y. M., Bland, S. E., Driscoll, M. A., Isenberg, D., Cranston, K., Skeer, M. R., & Mayer, K. H. (2010). Walking the line: stimulant use during sex and HIV risk behavior among Black urban MSM. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 110(1–2), 30–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Health. (2012). From hope to health: Towards an AIDS-free generation. British Columbia Ministry of Health.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, D. J., Blackstone, K., Woods, S. P., Ellis, R. J., Atkinson, J. H., Heaton, R. K., & Grant, I. (2012). Methamphetamine use and neuropsychiatric factors are associated with antiretroviral non-adherence. AIDS Care, 24(12), 1504–1513. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2012.672718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosley, T., Khaketla, M., Armstrong, H. L., Cui, Z., Sereda, P., Lachowsky, N. J., Hull, M. W., Olarewaju, G., Jollimore, J., Edward, J., Montaner, J. S. G., Hogg, R. S., Roth, E. A., & Moore, D. M. (2018). Trends in awareness and use of HIV PrEP among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men in Vancouver, Canada 2012–2016. AIDS and Behavior, 22(11), 3550–3565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-2026-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura, N., Semple, S. J., Strathdee, S. A., & Patterson, T. L. (2009). Methamphetamine initiation among HIV-positive gay and bisexual men. AIDS Care, 21(9), 1176–1184. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120902729999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nath, A., Maragos, W. F., Avison, M. J., Schmitt, F. A., & Berger, J. R. (2001). Acceleration of HIV dementia with methamphetamine and cocaine. Journal of Neurovirology, 7(1), 66–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/135502801300069737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nerlander, L. M. C., Hoots, B. E., Bradley, H., Broz, D., Thorson, A., & Paz-Bailey, G. (2018). HIV infection among MSM who inject methamphetamine in 8 US cities. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 190, 216–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.06.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantalone, D. W., Huh, D., Nelson, K. M., Pearson, C. R., & Simoni, J. M. (2014). Prospective predictors of unprotected anal intercourse among HIV-seropositive men who have sex with men initiating antiretroviral therapy. AIDS and Behavior, 18(1), 78–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-013-0477-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peck, J. A., Reback, C. J., Yang, X., Rotheram-Fuller, E., & Shoptaw, S. (2005). Sustained reductions in drug use and depression symptoms from treatment for drug abuse in methamphetamine-dependent gay and bisexual men. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 82(1_suppl_1), i100–108. https://doi.org/10.1093/jurban/jti029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plankey, M. W., Ostrow, D. G., Stall, R., Cox, C., Li, X., Peck, J. A., & Jacobson, L. P. (2007). The relationship between methamphetamine and popper use and risk of HIV seroconversion in the multicenter AIDS cohort study. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999), 45(1), 85–92. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e3180417c99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajasingham, R., Mimiaga, M. J., White, J. M., Pinkston, M. M., Baden, R. P., & Mitty, J. A. (2012). A systematic review of behavioral and treatment outcome studies among HIV-infected men who have sex with men who abuse crystal methamphetamine. AIDS Patient Care and STDS, 26(1), 36–52. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2011.0153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth, E., Cui, Z., Rich, A., Lachowsky, N., Sereda, P., Card, K. G., Jollimore, J., Howard, T., Armstrong, H., Moore, D., & Hogg, R. (2017). Seroadaptive strategies of Vancouver gay and bisexual men in a treatment as prevention environment. Journal of Homosexuality, 65(4), 524–539. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2017.1324681
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarcz, S., Scheer, S., McFarland, W., Katz, M., Valleroy, L., Chen, S., & Catania, J. (2007). Prevalence of HIV infection and predictors of high-transmission sexual risk behaviors among men who have sex with men. American Journal of Public Health, 97(6), 1067–1075. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2005.072249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semple, S. J., Patterson, T. L., & Grant, I. (2002). Motivations associated with methamphetamine use among HIV + men who have sex with men. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 22(3), 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0740-5472(02)00223-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semple, S. J., Zians, J., Grant, I., & Patterson, T. L. (2006). Sexual risk behavior of HIV-positive methamphetamine-using men who have sex with men: The role of partner serostatus and partner type. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 35(4), 461–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoptaw, S., Stall, R., Bordon, J., Kao, U., Cox, C., Li, X., Ostrow, D. G., & Plankey, M. W. (2012). Cumulative exposure to stimulants and immune function outcomes among HIV-positive and HIV-negative men in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. International Journal of STD & Aids, 23(8), 576–580. https://doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2012.011322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skeer, M. R., Mimiaga, M. J., Mayer, K. H., O'Cleirigh, C., Covahey, C., & Safren, S. A. (2012). Patterns of substance use among a large urban cohort of HIV-infected men who have sex with men in primary care. AIDS and Behavior, 16(3), 676–689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-011-9880-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snaith, R. P. (2003). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 1(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-1-29
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tomkins, A., George, R., & Kliner, M. (2019). Sexualised drug taking among men who have sex with men: A systematic review. Perspectives in Public Health, 139(1), 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913918778872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van de Ven, P., Crawford, J., Kippax, S., Knox, S., & Prestage, G. (2000). A scale of optimism-scepticism in the context of HIV treatments. AIDS Care, 12(2), 171–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120050001841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vearrier, D., Greenberg, M. I., Miller, S. N., Okaneku, J. T., & Haggerty, D. A. (2012). Methamphetamine: History, pathophysiology, adverse health effects, current trends, and hazards associated with the clandestine manufacture of methamphetamine. Disease-a-Month: DM, 58(2), 38–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2011.09.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vosburgh, H. W., Mansergh, G., Sullivan, P. S., & Purcell, D. W. (2012). A review of the literature on event-level substance use and sexual risk behavior among men who have sex with men. AIDS and Behavior, 16(6), 1394–1410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-011-0131-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weatherburn, P., Hickson, F., Reid, D., Torres-Rueda, S., & Bourne, A. (2017). Motivations and values associated with combining sex and illicit drugs (‘chemsex’) among gay men in South London: findings from a qualitative study. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 93(3), 203–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whelan-Goodinson, R., Ponsford, J., & Schönberger, M. (2009). Validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to assess depression and anxiety following traumatic brain injury as compared with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Journal of Affective Disorders, 114(1–3), 94–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2008.06.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. (2012). PROGROMMATIC UPDATE: Antiretroviral treatment as prevention (TasP) of HIV and TB.
   Google Scholar
• Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar