References
- Amato, L., Minozzi, S., Davoli, M., & Vecchi, S, Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group. (2011). Psychosocial combined with agonist maintenance treatments versus agonist maintenance treatments alone for treatment of opioid dependence. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004147.pub4
- Bart, G. (2012). Maintenance medication for opiate addiction: The foundation of recovery. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 31(3), 207–225. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2012.694598
- Birnbaum, H. G., White, A. G., Schiller, M., Waldman, T., Cleveland, J. M., & Roland, C. L. (2011). Societal costs of prescription opioid abuse, dependence, and misuse in the United States. Pain Medicine (Malden, Mass.), 12(4), 657–667. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01075.x
- Bronson, J., Stroop, J., Zimmer, S., & Berzofsky, M. (2017). Drug use, dependence, and abuse among state prisoners and jail inmates, 2007–2009. United States Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/dudaspji0709.pdf
- Cano, M. (2020). Drug overdose deaths among US Hispanics: Trends (2000-2017) and Recent Patterns. Substance Use & Misuse, 55(13), 2138–2147. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2020.1793367
- Carson, E. A. (2020). Prisoners in 2019. NCJ 255115. Bureau of Justice Statistics. https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/p19.pdf
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2017). Opioid prescribing: Where you live matters. https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/pdf/2017-07-vitalsigns.pdf.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2020). Wide-ranging online data for epidemiologic research (WONDER). http://wonder.cdc.gov.
- Chandler, R. K., Fletcher, B. W., & Volkow, N. D. (2009). Treating drug abuse and addiction in the criminal justice system: Improving public health and safety. JAMA, 301(2), 183–190. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2008.976
- Cicero, T. J., Ellis, M. S., & Kasper, Z. A. (2020). Polysubstance use: A broader understanding of substance use during the opioid crisis. American Journal of Public Health, 110(2), 244–250. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305412
- Cloud, D. (2014). On life support: Public health in the age of mass incarceration. Vera Institute of Justice. https://www.vera.org/research.
- Compton, W. M., Jones, C. M., & Baldwin, G. T. (2016). Relationship between nonmedical prescription-opioid use and heroin use. The New England Journal of Medicine, 374(2), 154–163. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1508490
- Compton, W. M., Valentino, R. J., & DuPont, R. L. (2021). Polysubstance use in the US opioid crisis. Molecular Psychiatry, 26(1), 41–50. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-020-00949-3
- Cummings, J. R., Wen, H., Ko, M., & Druss, B. G. (2014). Race/ethnicity and geographic access to Medicaid substance use disorder treatment facilities in the United States. JAMA Psychiatry, 71(2), 190–196. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.3575
- De Andrade, D., Ritchie, J., Rowlands, M., Mann, E., & Hides, L. (2018). Substance use and recidivism outcomes for prison-based drug and alcohol interventions. Epidemiologic Reviews, 40(1), 121–133. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxy004
- Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General (DHHS-OIG). (2020). Geographic Disparities Affect Access to Buprenorphine Services for Opioid Use Disorder. https://oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-12-17-00240.pdf
- Drake, J., Charles, C., Bourgeois, J. W., Daniel, E. S., & Kwende, M. (2020). Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in Black and Hispanic communities in the United States. Drug Science. Policy and Law, 6, 2050324520940428.
- Edwards, K. A., Witkiewitz, K., & Vowles, K. E. (2019). Demographic differences in perceived social norms of drug and alcohol use among Hispanic/Latinx and non-Hispanic White college students. Addictive Behaviors, 98, 106060. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106060
- Farabee, D. (2018). Current and promising pharmacotherapies for substance use disorders among justice-involved populations. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 24(2), 145–153. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxy004 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-017-9349-y
- Fiscella, K., Beletsky, L., & Wakeman, S. E. (2017). The inmate exception and reform of correctional health care. American Journal of Public Health, 107(3), 384–385. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303626
- Florence, C., Luo, F., & Rice, K. (2021). The economic burden of opioid use disorder and fatal opioid overdose in the United States, 2017. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 218, 108350 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108350
- Freudenberg, N., & Heller, D. (2016). A review of opportunities to improve the health of people involved in the criminal justice system in the United States. Annual Review of Public Health, 37, 313–333. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032315-021420
- Friedmann, P. D., & Schwartz, R. P. (2012). Just call it “treatment. Addiction Science & Clinical Practice, 7(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1940-0640-7-10
- Fullerton, C. A., Kim, M., Thomas, C. P., Lyman, D. R., Montejano, L. B., Dougherty, R. H., Daniels, A. S., Ghose, S. S., & Delphin-Rittmon, M. E. (2014). Medication-assisted treatment with methadone: Assessing the evidence. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 65(2), 146–157. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201300235
- Gaston, S. (2019). Enforcing race: A neighborhood-level explanation of black-white differences in drug arrests. Crime & Delinquency, 65(4), 499–526. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128718798566
- Gowing, L., Ali, R., White, J. M., & Mbewe, D. (2017). Buprenorphine for managing opioid withdrawal. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, CD002025 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002025.pub5
- Graham, J. W., Olchowski, A. E., & Gilreath, T. D. (2007). How many imputations are really needed? Some practical clarifications of multiple imputation theory. Prev Sci, 8(3), 206–213. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-007-0070-9
- Gryczynski, J., Mitchell, S. G., Jaffe, J. H., Kelly, S. M., Myers, C. P., O’Grady, K. E., Olsen, Y. K., & Schwartz, R. P. (2013). Retention in methadone and buprenorphine treatment among African Americans. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 45(3), 287–292. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2013.02.008
- Gryczynski, J., Schwartz, R.P., Salkever, D. S., Mitchell, S. G., & Jaffe, J. H. (2011). Patterns in admission delays to outpatient methadone treatment in the United States. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 41(4), 431–439.
- Haffajee, R. L., Bohnert, A. S., & Lagisetty, P. A. (2018). Policy pathways to address provider workforce barriers to buprenorphine treatment. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 54(6 Suppl 3), S230–S242. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2017.12.022
- Hansen, H., Siegel, C., Wanderling, J., & DiRocco, D. (2016). Buprenorphine and methadone treatment for opioid dependence by income, ethnicity and race of neighborhoods in New York City. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 164, 14–21. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3
- Holbrook, A. M., & Nguyen, V. H. (2015). Medication-assisted treatment for pregnant women: A systematic review of the evidence and implications for social work practice. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 6(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1086/680232
- Jones, C. M., Campopiano, M., Baldwin, G., & McCance-Katz, E. (2015). National and state treatment need and capacity for opioid agonist medication-assisted treatment. American Journal of Public Health, 105(8), e55–e63. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302664
- Kaeble, D., & Alper, M. (2020). Probation and parole in the United States, 2017–2018. NCJ 252072. Bureau of Justice Statistics. https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/ppus1718.pdf
- Kaiser Family Foundation (2020). State health facts: Opioid overdose deaths by race/ethnicity, 1999–2018. https://www.kff.org/statedata/
- Kermack, A., Flannery, M., Tofighi, B., McNeely, J., & Lee, J. D. (2017). Buprenorphine prescribing practice trends and attitudes among New York providers. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 74(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2016.10.005
- Krawczyk, N., Picher, C. E., Feder, K. A., & Saloner, B. (2017). Only one in 20 justice-referred adults in specialty treatment for opioid use receive methadone or buprenorphine. Health Affairs (Project Hope), 36(12), 2046–2022. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0890
- Krebs, E., Urada, D., Evans, E., Huang, D., Hser, Y., & Nosyk, B. (2017). The costs of crime during and after publicly funded treatment for opioid use disorders: A population-level study for the state of California. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 112(5), 838–851. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13729 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13729
- Kreek, M. J., & Vocci, F. J. (2002). History and current status of opioid maintenance treatments: Blending conference session. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 23(2), 93–105. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0740-5472(02)00259-3
- Latessa, E. J., Johnson, S. L., & Koetzle, D. (2020). What works (and doesn’t) in reducing recidivism. Taylor & Francis Group.
- Levine, A. R., Lundahl, L. H., Ledgerwood, D. M., Lisieski, M., Rhodes, G. L., & Greenwald, M. K. (2015). Gender-specific predictors of retention and opioid abstinence during methadone maintenance treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 54(1), 37–43. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2015.01.009
- Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (1987). Statistical analysis with missing data. John Wiley and Sons.
- Marlowe, D. B. (2009). Evidence-based sentencing for drug offenders: An analysis of prognostic risks and criminogenic needs. Chap. J. Crim. Just, 1, 167.
- Marlowe, D. B. (2015). Drug courts. In N. el-Guebaly,G. Carra, & M. Galanter (Eds.), Textbook of addiction treatment: International perspectives (1437–1449). Springer.
- Mattick, R. P., Breen, C., Kimber, J., & Davoli, M. (2014). Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2), 2207. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002207
- Matusow, H., Dickman, S. L., Rich, J. D., Fong, C., Dumont, D. M., Hardin, C., Marlowe, D., & Rosenblum, A. (2013). Medication assisted treatment in US drug courts: Results from a nationwide survey of availability, barriers and attitudes. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 44(5), 473–480. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2012.10.004
- Mayet, S., Farrell, M., Ferri, M., Amato, L., & Davoli, M. (2005). Psychosocial treatment for opiate abuse and dependence. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4), https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004330.pub2
- Moore, K. E., Roberts, W., Reid, H. H., Smith, K. M., Oberleitner, L. M., & McKee, S. A. (2019). Effectiveness of medication assisted treatment for opioid use in prison and jail settings: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 99(1), 32–43.
- Naegle, M. A., Finnell, D. S., Kaplan, L., Herr, K., Ricciardi, R., Reuter-Rice, K., Oerther, S., & Van Hook, P. (2020). Opioid crisis through the lens of social justice. Nursing Outlook, 68(5), 678–681.
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (NASEM). (2019). Medications for opioid use disorder save lives. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17226/25310.
- National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse. (2017). Ending the opioid crisis: A practical guide for state policymakers.
- Nordt, C., Vogel, M., Dey, M., Moldovanyi, A., Thilo, B., Berthel, T., Walter, M., Seifritz, E., Dursteler, K. M., & Herdener, M. (2019). One size does not fit all-evolution of opioid agonist treatments in a naturalistic setting over 23 years. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 114(1), 103–111. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.03.001 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14442
- Oderda, G. M., Lake, J., Rüdell, K., Roland, C. L., & Masters, E. T. (2015). Economic burden of prescription opioid misuse and abuse: A systematic review. Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy, 29(4), 388–400. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3109/15360288.2015.1101641
- Phan, M. T., Tomaszewski, D. M., Arbuckle, C., Yang, S., Donaldson, C., Fortier, M., Jenkins, B., Linstead, E., & Kain, Z. (2021). Racial and ethnic disparities in opioid use for adolescents at US emergency departments. BMC Pediatrics, 21(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-021-02715-y
- President’s Commission on Combating Drug Addiction and the Opioid Crisis. (2017). Final Report Governor Chris Christie, Chairman. White House (Executive Office of the President). https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=805384.
- Pro, G., Utter, J., Haberstroh, S., & Baldwin, J. (2020). Dual mental health diagnoses predict the receipt of medication-assisted opioid treatment: Associations moderated by state Medicaid expansion status, race/ethnicity and gender, and year. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 209, 107952. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107952
- Rubin, D. B. (1987). Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys. John Wiley and Sons.
- Sampson, R., & Laub, J. H. (2003). Life-course desisters? Trajectories of crime among delinquent boys followed to age 70. Criminology, 41(3), 555–592. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2003.tb00997.x
- Skardhamar, T., & Savolainen, J. (2014). Changes in criminal offending around the time of job entry: A study of employment and desistance. Criminology, 52(2), 263–291. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12037
- Sordo, L., Barrio, G., Bravo, M. J., Indave, B. I., Degenhardt, L., Wiessing, L., Ferri, M., & Pastor-Barriuso, R. (2017). Mortality risk during and after opioid substitution treatment: Systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), 357, j1550–14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j1550
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services. (N-SSATS) (2017). N-SSATS, 2015: Data on Substance Abuse Treatment Facilities. BHSIS Series S-88, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 17-5031. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (SAMHSA). (2019). Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS): 2014 Codebook. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (SAMHSA). (2020). The Opioid Crisis and the Black/African American Population: An Urgent Issue. Publication No. PEP20-05-02-001. Office of Behavioral Health Equity. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
- Travis, J., Western, B., & Redburn, S. (eds). (2014). The growth of incarceration in the United States: Exploring causes and consequences. The National Academies Press.
- Tsai, A. C., Kiang, M. V., Barnett, M. L., Beletsky, L., Keyes, K. M., McGinty, E. E., Smith, L. R., Strathdee, S. A., Wakeman, S. E., & Venkataramani, A. S. (2019). Stigma as a fundamental hindrance to the United States opioid overdose crisis response. PLoS Medicine, 16(11), e1002969 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002969
- Unger, J. B., Molina, G. B., & Baron, M. F. (2021). Opioid knowledge and perceptions among Hispanic/Latino residents in Los Angeles. Substance Abuse, 42(4), 603–609.
- United States Office of Inspector General. (OIG). (2020). Geographic disparities affect access to buprenorphine services for opioid use disorder. Report in Brief, OEI-12-17-00240. Washington, DC. https://oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-12-17-00240.pdf
- Van Boekel, L. C., Brouwers, E. P., Van Weeghel, J., & Garretsen, H. F. (2013). Stigma among health professionals towards patients with substance use disorders and its consequences for healthcare delivery: Systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend, 131(1-2), 23–35. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.02.018
- Veilleux, J. X., Colvin, P. J., Anderson, J., York, C., & Heinz, A. J. (2010). A review of opioid dependence treatment: Pharmacological and psychosocial interventions to treat opioid addiction. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 155–166. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.10.006
- Wakeman, S. E. (2017). Why it’s inappropriate not to treat incarcerated patients with opioid agonist therapy. AMA Journal of Ethics, 19(9), 922–930. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/journalofethics.2017.19.9.stas1-1709
- Weiss, R. D., & Rao, V. (2017). The prescription opioid addiction treatment study: What have we learned. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 173(Suppl1), S48–S54. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.12.001
- Winkelman, T., Chang, V. W., & Binswanger, I. A. (2018). Health, polysubstance use, and criminal justice involvement among adults with varying levels of opioid use. JAMA Network Open, 1(3), e180558–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.0558
- Winstanley, E. L., Stover, A. N., & Feinberg, J. (2020). Concurrent alcohol and opioid use among harm reduction clients. Addictive Behaviors, 100, 106027 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.06.016
- Witkiewitz, K., & Vowles, K. E. (2018). Alcohol and opioid use, co-use, and chronic pain in the context of the opioid epidemic: A critical review. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 42(3), 478–488. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.13594
- World Health Organization (WHO). (2009). Guidelines for the psychosocially assisted pharmacological treatment of opioid dependence. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43948