References
- Abrams, D. B., Glasser, A. M., Pearson, J. L., Villanti, A. C., Collins, L. K., & Niaura, R. S. (2018). Harm minimization and tobacco control: Reframing societal views of nicotine use to rapidly save lives. Annual Review of Public Health, 39(1), 193–213. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013849
- Ambrose, B. K., Rostron, B. L., Johnson, S. E., Portnoy, D. B., Apelberg, B. J., Kaufman, A. R., & Choiniere, C. J. (2014). Perceptions of the relative harm of cigarettes and e-cigarettes among U.S. youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 47(2 Suppl 1), S53–S60. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.04.016
- Amrock, S. M., Zakhar, J., Zhou, S., & Weitzman, M. (2015). Perception of e-cigarette harm and its correlation with use among U.S. adolescents. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 17(3), 330–336. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntu156
- Barrington-Trimis, J. L., Berhane, K., Unger, J. B., Cruz, T. B., Huh, J., Leventhal, A. M., Urman, R., Wang, K., Howland, S., Gilreath, T. D., Chou, C.-P., Pentz, M. A., & McConnell, R. (2015). Psychosocial factors associated with adolescent electronic cigarette and cigarette use. Pediatrics, 136(2), 308–317. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-0639
- Barrington-Trimis, J. L., Urman, R., Berhane, K., Unger, J. B., Cruz, T. B., Pentz, M. A., Samet, J. M., Leventhal, A. M., & McConnell, R. (2016). E-cigarettes and future cigarette use. Pediatrics, 138(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-0379
- Bauld, L., Mackintosh, A. M., Eastwood, B., Ford, A., Moore, G., Dockrell, M., Arnott, D., Cheeseman, H., & McNeill, A. (2017). Young people’s use of e-cigarettes across the United Kingdom: Findings from five surveys 2015–2017. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(973), 1-12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14090973
- Bold, K. W., Kong, G., Cavallo, D. A., Camenga, D. R., & Krishnan-Sarin, S. (2016). Reasons for trying E-cigarettes and risk of continued use. Pediatrics, 138(3), 1-8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-0895
- Burkhalter, R., Thompson-Haile, A., & Cooke, M. (2019). 2018/2019 Canadian student tobacco, alcohol and drugs survey microdata user guide (pp. 1–39). Propel Centre for Population Health Impact, University of Waterloo.
- Burns, D. (2013). How far we have come in the last 50 years in smoking attitudes and actions. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 11(2), 224–226.
- Case, K. R., Cooper, M., Creamer, M., Mantey, D., & Kelder, S. (2016). Victims of bullying and tobacco use behaviors in adolescents: Differences between bullied at school, electronically, or both. The Journal of School Health, 86(11), 832–840. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12437
- Case, K. R., Harrell, M. B., Pérez, A., Loukas, A., Wilkinson, A. V., Springer, A. E., Creamer, M. R., & Perry, C. L. (2017). The relationships between sensation seeking and a spectrum of e-cigarette use behaviors: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses specific to Texas adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 73, 151–157. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.05.007
- Cole, A. G., Aleyan, S. A., Battista, K., & Leatherdale, S. T. (2021). Trends in youth e-cigarette and cigarette use between 2013 and 2019: Insights from repeat cross-sectional data from the COMPASS study. Canadian Journal of Public Health = Revue Canadienne de Sante Publique, 112(1), 60–69. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-020-00389-0
- Conner, M., Grogan, S., Simms-Ellis, R., Flett, K., Sykes-Muskett, B., Cowap, L., Lawton, R., Armitage, C., Meads, D., Schmitt, L., Torgerson, C., West, R., & Siddiqi, K. (2020). Evidence that an intervention weakens the relationship between adolescent electronic cigarette use and tobacco smoking: A 24-month prospective study. Tobacco Control. 29(4), 425–431. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054905
- Davidson, K., Brancato, A., Heetderks, P., Mansour, W., Matheis, E., Nario, M., Rajagopalan, S., Underhill, B., Wininger, J., & Fox, D. (2019). Outbreak of electronic-cigarette–Associated acute lipoid pneumonia — North Carolina, July–August 2019. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 68(36), 784–786. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6836e1
- Etter, J. F. (2018a). Gateway effects and electronic cigarettes. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 113(10), 1776–1783. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13924
- Etter, J. F. (2018b). E-cigarettes and the obsolescence of combustion. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 12(5), 345–347. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17476348.2018.1453809
- Friedman, A. S. (2015). How do Electronic Cigarettes affect Adolescent Smoking? Journal of Health Economics, 44, 300–308. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2015.10.003
- Fulton, E., Gokal, K., Griffiths, S., & Wild, S. (2018). More than half of adolescent E-Cigarette users had never smoked a cigarette: Findings from a study of school children in the UK. Public Health, 161, 33–35. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2018.04.014
- Geidne, S., Beckman, L., Edvardsson, I., & Hulldin, J. (2016). Prevalence and risk factors of electronic cigarette use among adolescents: Data from four Swedish municipalities. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 33(3), 225–240. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1515/nsad-2016-0017
- Glasser, A., Abudayyeh, H., Cantrell, J., & Niaura, R. (2019). Patterns of E-cigarette use among youth and young adults: Review of the impact of E-cigarettes on cigarette smoking. Nicotine & Tobacco Research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 21(10), 1320–1330. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty103.
- Green, L. W., Fielding, J. E., & Brownson, R. C. (2018). The debate about electronic cigarettes: Harm minimization or the precautionary principle. Annual Review of Public Health, 39, 189–191. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-102417-124810
- Hair, E. C., Romberg, A. R., Niaura, R., Abrams, D. B., Bennett, M. A., Xiao, H., Rath, J. M., Pitzer, L., & Vallone, D. (2019). Longitudinal Tobacco Use Transitions Among Adolescents and Young Adults: 2014–2016. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 21(4), 458–468. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/NTR/NTX285
- Hammond, D., Reid, J. L., Cole, A. G., & Leatherdale, S. T. (2017). Electronic cigarette use and smoking initiation among youth: A longitudinal cohort study. CMAJ, 189(43), E1328–E1336. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.161002
- Health Canada. (2019). Summary of results for the Canadian Student Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey 2018-19. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/canadian-student-tobacco-alcohol-drugs-survey/2018-2019-summary.html
- Kim, J., & Kim, K. (2021). Electronic cigarette use and suicidal behaviors among adolescents. Journal of public health (Oxford, England), 43(2), 274–280. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdz086
- Kinnunen, J. M., Ollila, H., Lindfors, P. L., & Rimpelä, A. H. (2016). Changes in electronic cigarette use from 2013 to 2015 and reasons for use among finnish adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(11), 1-17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111114
- Kinnunen, J. M., Ollila, H., Minkkinen, J., Lindfors, P. L., & Rimpelä, A. H. (2018). A longitudinal study of predictors for adolescent electronic cigarette experimentation and comparison with conventional smoking. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020305
- Kinnunen, J. M., Ollila, H., Minkkinen, J., Lindfors, P. L., Timberlake, D. S., & Rimpelä, A. H. (2019). Nicotine matters in predicting subsequent smoking after e-cigarette experimentation: A longitudinal study among Finnish adolescents. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 201, 182–187. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/J.DRUGALCDEP.2019.04.019
- Kowitt, S. D., Osman, A., Ranney, L. M., Heck, C., & Goldstein, A. O. (2018). E-cigarette use among adolescents not susceptible to using cigarettes. Preventing Chronic Disease, 15, 170368. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd15.170368
- Krishnan-Sarin, S., Morean, M. E., Camenga, D. R., Cavallo, D. A., & Kong, G. (2015). E-cigarette use among high school and middle school adolescents in Connecticut. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 17(7), 810–818. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntu243
- Lanza, S. T., Russell, M. A., & Braymiller, J. L. (2017). Emergence of electronic cigarette use in US adolescents and the link to traditional cigarette use. Addictive Behaviors, 67, 38–43. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.12.003
- Leventhal, A. M., Strong, D. R., Kirkpatrick, M. G., Unger, J. B., Sussman, S., Riggs, N. R., Stone, M. D., Khoddam, R., Samet, J. M., & Audrain-McGovern, J. (2015). Association of electronic cigarette use with initiation of combustible tobacco product smoking in early adolescence. JAMA, 314(7), 700–707. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.8950
- Miller, S., Pike, J., Stacy, A. W., Xie, B., & Ames, S. L. (2017). Negative affect in at-risk youth: Outcome expectancies mediate relations with both regular and electronic cigarette use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 31(4), 457–464. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000272
- Montreuil, A., MacDonald, M., Asbridge, M., Wild, T. C., Hammond, D., Manske, S., & Rutherford, E. (2017). Prevalence and correlates of electronic cigarette use among Canadian students: Cross-sectional findings from the 2014/15 Canadian Student Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey. Alcohol and Drugs Survey. CMAJ Open, 5(2), E460–E467. [ PMC][28625973] https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.9778/cmajo.20160167
- Morello, P., Pérez, A., Braun, S. N., Thrasher, J. F., Barrientos, I., Arillo-Santillàn, E., & Mejí, R. (2018). Smoking susceptibility as a predictive measure of cigarette and e-cigarette use among early adolescents. Salud Publica de Mexico, 60(4), 423–431. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21149/9193
- National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine. (2018). Public health consequences of E-cigarettes. In K. Stratton, L. Y. Kwan, & D. L. Eaton (Eds.), National Academies Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17226/24952
- Niaura, R. S., Glynn, T. J., & Abrams, D. B. (2014). Youth experimentation with E-cigarettes. JAMA, 312(6), 641–642. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.6894
- Pentz, M. A., Shin, H., Riggs, N., Unger, J. B., Collison, K. L., & Chou, C.-P. (2015). Parent, peer, and executive function relationships to early adolescent e-cigarette use: A substance use pathway? Addictive Behaviors, 42, 73–78. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.10.040
- Pesko, M. F., Hughes, J. M., & Faisal, F. S. (2016). The influence of electronic cigarette age purchasing restrictions on adolescent tobacco and marijuana use. Preventive Medicine, 87, 207–212. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.02.001
- Pierce, J. P., Choi, W. S., Gilpin, E. A., Farkas, A. J., & Merritt, R. K. (1996). Validation of susceptibility as a predictor of which adolescents take up smoking in the United States. Health Psychology, 15(5), 355–361. [PMC][8891714]
- Polosa, R., Russell, C., Nitzkin, J., & Farsalinos, K. E. (2017). A critique of the US Surgeon General’s conclusions regarding e-cigarette use among youth and young adults in the United States of America. Harm Reduction Journal, 14(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-017-0187-5
- Reid, J., Hammond, D., Tariq, U., Burkhalter, R., Rynard, V. L., & Douglas, O. (2019). Tobacco Use in Canada: Patterns and Trends 2019 Edition. https://uwaterloo.ca/tobacco-use-canada/tobacco-use-canada-patterns-and-trends
- Royal College of Physicians. (2016). Nicotine without smoke. Tobacco harm reduction. (A report by the Tobacco Advisory Group of the Royal College of Physicians) (Vol. 136, Issue 5). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0240
- Shahab, L., Beard, E., & Brown, J. (2021). Association of initial e-cigarette and other tobacco product use with subsequent cigarette smoking in adolescents: A cross-sectional, matched control study. Tobacco Control, 30(2), 212–220. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055283
- Singh, T., Arrazola, R. A., Corey, C. G., Husten, C. G., Neff, L. J., Homa, D. M., & King, B. A. (2016). Tobacco use among middle and high school students — United States, 2011–2015. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 65(14), 361–367. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6514a1
- Soneji, S., Barrington-Trimis, J. L., Wills, T. A., Leventhal, A., Unger, J., Gibson, L., Yang, J., Primack, B. A., Andrews, J., Miech, R., Spindle, T., Dick, D. M., Eissenberg, T., Hornik, R., Dang, R., & Sargent, J. D. (2017). Association between initial use of e-cigarettes and subsequent cigarette smoking among adolescents and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 171(8), 788–797. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.1488
- Sood, A. K., Kesic, M. J., & Hernandez, M. L. (2018). Electronic cigarettes: One size does not fit all. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 141(6), 1973–1982. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2018.02.029
- Spilka, S., Le Nézet, O., Ngantcha1, M., & Beck, F. (2015). Consommation de tabac et usage de cigarette électronique à 17 ans en France. Bull Epidémiol Hebd, 17–18, 289–296. http://www.invs.sante.fr/beh/2015/17-18/2015_17-18_2.html
- St. Helen, G., & Eaton, D. L. (2018). Public health consequences of E-cigarette use. JAMA Internal Medicine, 178(7), 984–986. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.1600
- Stenger, N., & Chailleux, E. (2016). Enquête sur l’usage de la cigarette électronique et du tabac en milieu scolaire. Revue Des Maladies Respiratoires, 33(1), 56–62. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmr.2015.05.003
- Tsai, J., Walton, K., Coleman, B. N., Sharapova, S. R., Johnson, S. E., Kennedy, S. M., & Caraballo, R. S. (2018). Reasons for electronic cigarette use among middle and high school students — National Youth Tobacco Survey, United States. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 67(6), 196–200. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6706a5
- Wang, T. W., Neff, L. J., Park-Lee, E., Ren, C., Cullen, K. A., & King, B. A. (2020). E-cigarette use among middle and high school students — United States. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(37), 1310–1312. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6937e1
- Warner, K. E. (2019). How to think—Not feel—About tobacco harm reduction. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 21(10), 1299–1309. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty084
- Wellman, R. J., Dugas, E. N., Dutczak, H., Datta, G. D., Lauzon, B., & O’Loughlin, J. (2016). Predictors of the onset of cigarette smoking: A systematic review of longitudinal population-based studies in youth. AJPM, 51(5), P767–P778.
- Wills, T. A., Gibbons, F. X., Sargent, J. D., & Schweitzer, R. J. (2016). How is the effect of adolescent e-cigarette use on smoking onset mediated: A longitudinal analysis. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30(8), 876–886. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000213
- Wills, T. A., Knight, R., Williams, R. J., Pagano, I., & Sargent, J. D. (2015). Risk factors for exclusive E-cigarette use and dual E-cigarette use and tobacco use in adolescents. Pediatrics, 135(1), e43–e51. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-0760
- Zhong, J., Cao, S., Gong, W., Fei, F., & Wang, M. (2016). Electronic cigarettes use and intention to cigarette smoking among never-smoking adolescents and young adults: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(5). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13050465