Emotional Exhaustion and Turnover Intentions among Counselors in Rural Substance Use Disorder Treatment Programs

References

• Akinyooye, L., & Nezamis, E. (2021). As the COVID-19 pandemic affects the nation, hires and turnover reach record highs in 2020. Monthly Labor Review 144, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. J., Thomas, M. D., McClure, C., Winiecki, A., Lavin, M. M., Sorensen, B., & Gundacker, J. (2022). An exploratory study on the impact of the opioid epidemic on providers. Traumatology, 28(1), 175–188. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000341
   Google Scholar
• Arbuckle, J. L. (1996). Full information estimation in the presence of incomplete data. In G. A. Marcoulides & R. E. Schumacker (Eds.), Advanced structural equation modeling: Issues and techniques (pp. 243–277). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin-White, A. (2016). Psychological distress and substance abuse counselors: An exploratory pilot study of multiple dimensions of burnout. Journal of Substance Use, 21(1), 29–34. https://doi.org/10.3109/14659891.2014.949316
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baum, N., & King, J. (2020). The behavioral health workforce in rural America: Developing a national recruitment strategy. Center for Health Research Transformation, University of Michigan.
   Google Scholar
• Beitel, M., Oberleitner, L., Muthulingam, D., Oberleitner, D., Madden, L. M., Marcus, R., Eller, A., Bono, M., & Barry, D. T. (2018). Experiences of burnout among drug counselors in a large opioid treatment program: A qualitative investigation. Substance Abuse, 39(2), 211–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2018.1449051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bride, B. E. (2007). Prevalence of secondary traumatic stress among social workers. Social Work, 52(1), 63–70. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/52.1.63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bride, B. E., & Kintzle, S. (2011). Secondary traumatic stress, job satisfaction, and occupational commitment in substance abuse counselors. Traumatology, 17(1), 22–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534765610395617
   Google Scholar
• Broome, K. M., Knight, D. K., Edwards, J. R., & Flynn, P. M. (2009). Leadership, burnout, and job satisfaction in outpatient drug-free treatment programs. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 37(2), 160–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covino, N. A. (2019). Developing the behavioral health workforce: Lessons from the states. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 46(6), 689–695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-019-00963-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ducharme, L. J., Knudsen, H. K., & Roman, P. M. (2007). Emotional exhaustion and turnover intention in human service occupations: The protective role of coworker support. Sociological Spectrum, 28(1), 81–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732170701675268
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eby, L. T., Burk, H., & Maher, C. P. (2010). How serious of a problem is staff turnover in substance abuse treatment? A longitudinal study of actual turnover. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 39(3), 264–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eby, L. T., & Rothrauff-Laschober, T. C. (2012). The relationship between perceptions of organizational functioning and voluntary counselor turnover: A four-wave longitudinal study. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 42(2), 151–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enders, C. K., & Bandalos, D. L. (2001). The relative performance of full information maximum likelihood estimation for missing data in structural equation models. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 8(3), 430–457. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0803_5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahy, A. (2007). The unbearable fatigue of compassion: Notes from a substance abuse counselor who dreams of working at Starbuck’s. Clinical Social Work Journal, 35(3), 199–205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-007-0094-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field, A. (2016). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (4th ed.). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Filteau, M. R., Kim, F. L., & Green, B. (2022). “It’s more than just a job to them”: A qualitative examination of patient and provider perspectives on medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder. Community Mental Health Journal, 58(2), 321–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukui, S., Wu, W., & Salyers, M. P. (2019). Impact of supervisory support on turnover intention: The mediating role of burnout and job satisfaction in a longitudinal study. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 46(4), 488–497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-019-00927-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallon, S. L., Gabriel, R. M., & Knudsen, J. R. (2003). The toughest job you’ll ever love: A Pacific Northwest treatment workforce survey. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 24(3), 183–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner, B. R., Hunter, B. D., Modisette, K. C., Ihnes, P. C., & Godley, S. H. (2012). Treatment staff turnover in organizations ­implementing evidence-based practices: Turnover rates and their association with client outcomes. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 42(2), 134–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner, B. R., & Hunter, B. D. (2013). Examining the temporal relationship between psychological climate, work attitude, and staff turnover. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 44(2), 193–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner, B. R., & Hunter, B. D. (2014). Predictors of staff turnover and turnover intentions within addiction treatment settings: Change over time matters. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment, 8, 63–71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Green, A. E., Miller, E. A., & Aarons, G. A. (2013). Transformational leadership moderates the relationship between emotional exhaustion and turnover intention among community mental health providers. Community Mental Health Journal, 49(4), 373–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hargrove, D. S., & Curtin, L. (2012). Rural mental health practitioners: Their own mental health needs. In Smalley, K. B., Warren, J. C., & Rainer, J. (Eds.), Rural mental health: Issues, policies, and best practices (pp.113-127). Springer Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Hatch-Maillette, M. A., Harwick, R., Baer, J. S., Masters, T., Cloud, K., Peavy, M., Wiest, K., Wright, L., Beadnell, B., & Wells, E. A. (2019). Counselor turnover in substance use disorder treatment research: Observations from one multisite trial. Substance Abuse, 40(2), 214–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health Resources and Services Administration. (2020). Behavioral health workforce projections, 2017-2030. Retrieved April 16, 2021, from https://bhw.hrsa.gov/sites/default/files/bureau-health-workforce/data-research/bh-workforce-projections-fact-sheet.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hedegaard, H., Miniño, A. M., Spencer, M. R., & Warner, M. (2021). Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 1999–2020. NCHS Data Brief, no 428. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2021. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:112340externalicon.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. [Database] https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyde, P. S. (2013). Report to Congress on the Nation’s substance abuse and mental health workforce issues. U.S. Department for Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services, 10. Retrieved from http://www.cimh.org/sites/main/files/file-attachments/samhsa_bhwork_0.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Jones, C. T., & Branco, S. F. (2020). Trauma‐informed supervision: Clinical supervision of substance use disorder counselors. Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling, 41(1), 2–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaoc.12072
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kee, J. A., Johnson, D., & Hunt, P. (2002). Burnout and social support in rural mental health counselors. Journal of Rural Community Psychology, 5(1), 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Knight, D. K., Becan, J. E., & Flynn, P. M. (2012). Organizational consequences of staff turnover in outpatient substance abuse treatment programs. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 42(2), 143–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knudsen, H. K., Ducharme, L. J., & Roman, P. M. (2006). Counselor emotional exhaustion and turnover intention in therapeutic communities. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 31(2), 173–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knudsen, H. K., Ducharme, L. J., & Roman, P. M. (2008). Clinical supervision, emotional exhaustion, and turnover intention: A study of substance abuse treatment counselors in the Clinical Trials Network of the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 35(4), 387–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knudsen, H. K., Johnson, J. A., & Roman, P. M. (2003). Retaining counseling staff at substance abuse treatment centers: Effects of management practices. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 24(2), 129–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knudsen, H. K., Roman, P. M., & Abraham, A. J. (2013). Quality of clinical supervision and counselor emotional exhaustion: The potential mediating roles of organizational and occupational commitment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 44(5), 528–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knudsen, J., Williams, A., & Perry, S. (2005). Tennessee Workforce Survey 2004: Results of a statewide needs assessment of behavioral health professionals. Portland, OR: RMC Research Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Landrum, B., Knight, D. K., & Flynn, P. M. (2012). The impact of organizational stress and burnout on client engagement. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 42(2), 222–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1986). MBI: Maslach Burnout Inventory (Manual research edition). University of California.
   Google Scholar
• McEntee, A., Roche, A. M., Kostadinov, V., Hodge, S., & Chapman, J. (2021). Predictors of turnover intention in the non-government alcohol and other drug sector. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 28(2), 181–189.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLellan, A. T., Carise, D., & Kleber, H. D. (2003). Can the national addiction treatment infrastructure support the public’s demand for quality care. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 25(2), 117–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNulty, T. L., Oser, C. B., Aaron Johnson, J., Knudsen, H. K., & Roman, P. M. (2007). Counselor turnover in substance abuse treatment centers: An organizational‐level analysis. Sociological Inquiry, 77(2), 166–193. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.2007.00186.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, J. (2022). Improving the recruitment and retention of counselors in rural substance use disorder treatment programs. Journal of Drug Issues, 52(3), 434–456. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220426221080204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oser, C., Biebel, E., Pullen, E., & Harp, K. H. (2013). Causes, consequences, and prevention of burnout among substance abuse treatment counselors: A rural versus urban comparison. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 45(1), 17–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pallant, J. (2016). SPSS survival manual (6th ed.). McGraw Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Pullen, E., & Oser, C. (2014). Barriers to substance abuse treatment in rural and urban communities: Counselor perspectives. Substance Use & Misuse, 49(7), 891–901. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2014.891615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothrauff, T. C., Abraham, A. J., Bride, B. E., & Roman, P. M. (2011). Occupational turnover intentions among substance abuse counselors. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 40(1), 67–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Sherman, L.J., Lynch, S.E., Greeno, C.G. and Hoeffel, E.M. Behavioral health workforce: Quality assurance practices in substance abuse treatment facilities. The CBHSQ Report: July 11, 2017. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD.
   Google Scholar
• Shoptaw, S., Stein, J. A., & Rawson, R. A. (2000). Burnout in substance abuse counselors: Impact of environment, attitudes, and clients with HIV. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 19(2), 117–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0740-5472(99)00106-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner, N., & Roche, A. (2021a). RESPECT: Psychosocial factors outdo employment conditions in predicting job satisfaction and turnover intentions for AOD nurses and counsellors. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00676-y
   Google Scholar
• Skinner, N., & Roche, A. M. (2021b). ‘Very demanding. Extremely rewarding’: Exploring the co‐occurrence of burnout and engagement in alcohol and other drug workers. Drug and Alcohol Review, 40(6), 989–997. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tekleab, A. G., Takeuchi, R., & Taylor, M. S. (2005). Extending the chain of relationships among organizational justice, social exchange, and employee reactions: The role of contract violations. Academy of Management Journal, 48(1), 146–157. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2005.15993162
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilardaga, R., Luoma, J. B., Hayes, S. C., Pistorello, J., Levin, M. E., Hildebrandt, M. J., & Bond, F. (2011). Burnout among the addiction counseling workforce: The differential roles of mindfulness and valuesbased processes and work-site factors. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 40(4), 323–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West, S. G., Taylor, A. B., & Wu, W. (2012). Model fit and model selection in structural equation modeling. Handbook of Structural Equation Modeling, 1, 209–231.
   Google Scholar
• White, W. L., & Garner, B. R. (2011). Staff turnover in addiction treatment: Toward science-based answers to critical questions. Counselor, 12(3), 56–59.
   Google Scholar
• Winstanley, E. L. (2020). The bell tolls for thee & thine: Compassion fatigue & the overdose epidemic. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 85, 102796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, T. A., & Cropanzano, R. (1998). Emotional exhaustion as a predictor of job performance and voluntary turnover. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(3), 486–493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Y., & Hayes, J. A. (2020). Causes and consequences of burnout among mental health professionals: A practice-oriented review of recent empirical literature. Psychotherapy, 57(3), 426–436. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar