Latent Classes of Perceived Addictiveness Predict Marijuana, Alcohol, and Tobacco Use in Youth and Young Adults

References

• Ambrose, B. K., Rostron, B. L., Johnson, S. E., Portnoy, D. B., Apelberg, B. J., Kaufman, A. R., & Choiniere, C. J. (2014). Perceptions of the relative harm of cigarettes and e-cigarettes among U.S. youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 47(2 Suppl 1), S53–S60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.04.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amrock, S. M., Zakhar, J., Zhou, S., & Weitzman, M. (2015). Perception of e-cigarette harm and its correlation with use among U.S. adolescents. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 17(3), 330–336. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntu156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. The American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.55.5.469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnett, J. J. (2005). The developmental context of substance use in emerging adulthood. Journal of Drug Issues, 35(2), 235–254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnett, J. J., Žukauskienė, R., & Sugimura, K. (2014). The new life stage of emerging adulthood at ages 18–29 years: implications for mental health [Review]. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 1(7), 569–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(14)00080-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arria, A. M., Caldeira, K. M., Vincent, K. B., O’Grady, K. E., & Wish, E. D. (2008). Perceived harmfulness predicts nonmedical use of prescription drugs among college students: interactions with sensation-seeking. Prevention Science: The Official Journal of the Society for Prevention Research, 9(3), 191–201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-008-0095-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azjen, I. (1991). Theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg, C. J., Payne, J., Henriksen, L., Cavazos-Rehg, P., Getachew, B., Schauer, G. L., & Haardorfer, R. (2018). Reasons for marijuana and tobacco co-use among young adults: A mixed methods scale development study. Substance Use & Misuse, 53(3), 357–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2017.1327978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg, C. J., Stratton, E., Schauer, G. L., Lewis, M., Wang, Y., Windle, M., & Kegler, M. (2015). Perceived harm, addictiveness, and social acceptability of tobacco products and marijuana among young adults: marijuana, hookah, and electronic cigarettes win. Substance Use & Misuse, 50(1), 79–89. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2014.958857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennan, E., Gibson, L. A., Kybert-Momjian, A., Liu, J., & Hornik, R. C. (2017). Promising themes for antismoking campaigns targeting youth and young adults. Tobacco Regulatory Science, 3(1), 29–46. https://doi.org/10.18001/TRS.3.1.4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brewer, N. T., Weinstein, N. D., Cuite, C. L., & Herrington, J. E. (2004). Risk perceptions and their relation to risk behavior. Annals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, 27(2), 125–130. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324796abm2702_7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brubach, A. L. (2019). The case and context for "the real cost" campaign. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 56(2 Suppl 1), S5–S8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.07.042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter, C. S., & Pechmann, C. (2011). Exposure to the Above the Influence antidrug advertisements and adolescent marijuana use in the United States, 2006-2008. American Journal of Public Health, 101(5), 948–954. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2010.300040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2008). Smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and productivity losses–United States, 2000-2004. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 57(45), 1226–1228. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19008791
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen-Sankey, J. C., Jewett, B. J., Orozco, L., Duarte, D. A., Dang, K., Seaman, E. L., & Choi, K. (2020). Hey, I Got to Smoke Some Weed": Favorable perceptions of marijuana use among non-college-educated young adult cigarette smokers. Substance Use & Misuse, 55(1), 48–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2019.1654515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohn, A. M., Johnson, A. L., Rose, S. W., Pearson, J. L., Villanti, A. C., & Stanton, C. (2018). Population-level patterns and mental health and substance use correlates of alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco use and co-use in US young adults and adults: Results from the population assessment for tobacco and health. The American Journal on Addictions, 27(6), 491–500. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.12766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, L. M., & Lanza, S. T. (2010). Latent class and latent transition analysis with applications in the social, behavioral, and health sciences. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, M., Loukas, A., Case, K. R., Marti, C. N., & Perry, C. L. (2018). A longitudinal study of risk perceptions and e-cigarette initiation among college students: Interactions with smoking status. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 186, 257–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.11.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai, H. (2019). Trends in single, dual, and poly use of alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana among US high-school students: 1991-2017. American Journal of Public Health, 109(8), 1138–1140. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeJong, W., & Winsten, J. A. (1990). The use of mass media in substance abuse prevention. Health Affairs (Project Hope), 9(2), 30–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delahanty, J., Ganz, O., Hoffman, L., Guillory, J., Crankshaw, E., & Farrelly, M. (2019). Tobacco use among lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender young adults varies by sexual and gender identity. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 201, 161–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.04.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donaldson, C. D., Siegel, J. T., & Crano, W. D. (2016). Nonmedical use of prescription stimulants in college students: Attitudes, intentions, and vested interest. Addictive Behaviors, 53, 101–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duke, J. C., MacMonegle, A. J., Nonnemaker, J. M., Farrelly, M. C., Delahanty, J. C., Zhao, X., Smith, A. A., Rao, P., & Allen, J. A. (2019). Impact of the real cost media campaign on youth smoking initiation. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 57(5), 645–651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.06.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrelly, M. C., Davis, K. C., Duke, J., & Messeri, P. (2009). Sustaining ‘truth’: changes in youth tobacco attitudes and smoking intentions after 3 years of a national antismoking campaign. Health Education Research, 24(1), 42–48. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cym087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleary, S. A., Heffer, R. W., & McKyer, E. L. (2013). Understanding nonprescription and prescription drug misuse in late adolescence/young adulthood. Journal of Addiction, 2013, 709207. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/709207
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ganz, O., Johnson, A. L., Cohn, A. M., Rath, J., Horn, K., Vallone, D., & Villanti, A. C. (2018). Tobacco harm perceptions and use among sexual and gender minorities: findings from a national sample of young adults in the United States. Addictive Behaviors, 81, 104–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.01.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman, E., Adler, N. E., Kawachi, I., Frazier, A. L., Huang, B., & Colditz, G. A. (2001). Adolescents’ perceptions of social status: development and evaluation of a new indicator. Pediatrics, 108(2), E31. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.108.2.e31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillory, J., Crankshaw, E., Farrelly, M. C., Alam, I., Fiacco, L., Curry, L., Hoffman, L., Ganz, O., & Delahanty, J. (2020). LGBT young adults’ awareness of and receptivity to the This Free Life tobacco public education campaign. Tobacco Control, 30(1). https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055239
   Google Scholar
• Guillory, J., Curry, L., Farrelly, M., Henes, A., Homsi, G., Saunders, M., MacMonegle, A., Fiacco, L., Alexander, T., Delahanty, J., Mekos, D., Hoffman, L., & Ganz, O. (2022). Reach, receptivity, and beliefs associated with the fresh empire campaign to prevent and reduce cigarette use among youth in the United States. American Journal of Health Promotion: AJHP, 36(5), 789–800. https://doi.org/10.1177/08901171211069991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillory, J., Henes, A., Farrelly, M. C., Fiacco, L., Alam, I., Curry, L., Ganz, O., Hoffman, L., & Delahanty, J. (2020). Awareness of and receptivity to the fresh empire tobacco public education campaign among hip hop youth. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 66(3), 301–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hershey, J. C., Niederdeppe, J., Evans, W. D., Nonnemaker, J., Blahut, S., Holden, D., Messeri, P., & Haviland, M. L. (2005). The theory of "truth": how counterindustry campaigns affect smoking behavior among teens. Health Psychology: Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 24(1), 22–31. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.24.1.22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, L. L., Lazard, A. J., Pepper, J. K., Noar, S. M., Ranney, L. M., & Goldstein, A. O. (2017). Impact of the real cost campaign on adolescents’ recall, attitudes, and risk perceptions about tobacco use: A national study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 14(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010042
   Google Scholar
• Jiang, H., Livingston, M., Room, R., Chenhall, R., & English, D. R. (2018). Temporal associations of alcohol and tobacco consumption with cancer mortality. JAMA Netw Open, 1(3), e180713. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.0713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasza, K. A., Ambrose, B. K., Conway, K. P., Borek, N., Taylor, K., Goniewicz, M. L., Cummings, K. M., Sharma, E., Pearson, J. L., Green, V. R., Kaufman, A. R., Bansal-Travers, M., Travers, M. J., Kwan, J., Tworek, C., Cheng, Y.-C., Yang, L., Pharris-Ciurej, N., van Bemmel, D. M., … Hyland, A. J. (2017). Tobacco-product use by adults and youths in the United States in 2013 and 2014. The New England Journal of Medicine, 376(4), 342–353. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa1607538
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kranzler, E. C., Gibson, L. A., & Hornik, R. C. (2017). Recall of "the real cost" anti-smoking campaign is specifically associated with endorsement of campaign-targeted beliefs. Journal of Health Communication, 22(10), 818–828. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2017.1364311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leavens, E. L. S., Meier, E., Brett, E. I., Stevens, E. M., Tackett, A. P., Villanti, A. C., & Wagener, T. L. (2019). Polytobacco use and risk perceptions among young adults: The potential role of habituation to risk. Addictive Behaviors, 90, 278–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.11.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LePine, S. E., Klemperer, E. M., West, J. C., Peasley-Miklus, C., McCluskey, C., Jones, A., Roemhildt, M., Trutor, M., Williams, R., & Villanti, A. C. (2022). Exploring definitions of “addiction” in adolescents and young adults and correlation with substance use behaviors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, 8075. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipari, R., & Jean-Francois, B. (2013). Trends in perception of risk and availability of substance use among full-time college students. In the CBHSQ Report, 1–12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27854410
   Google Scholar
• Madden, T. J., Ellen, P. S., & Ajzen, I. (1992). A comparison of the theory of planned behavior and the theory of reasoned action. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(1), 3–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merrin, G. J., Thompson, K., & Leadbeater, B. J. (2018). Transitions in the use of multiple substances from adolescence to young adulthood. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 189, 147–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.05.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moss, J. L., Liu, B., & Zhu, L. (2018). State prevalence and ranks of adolescent substance use: implications for cancer prevention. Preventing Chronic Disease, 15, E69. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd15.170345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagin, D. (2005). Group-based modeling of development. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nylund, K. L., Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. O. (2007). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling, 14(4), 535–569.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owotomo, O., Maslowsky, J., & Loukas, A. (2018). Perceptions of the harm and addictiveness of conventional cigarette smoking among adolescent e-cigarette users. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 62(1), 87–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.08.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, M. A., Villanti, A. C., Quisenberry, A. J., Stanton, C. A., Doogan, N. J., Redner, R., Gaalema, D. E., Kurti, A. N., Nighbor, T., Roberts, M. E., Cepeda-Benito, A., & Higgins, S. T. (2018). Tobacco product harm perceptions and new use. Pediatrics, 142(6). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-1505
   Google Scholar
• Phan, L., Villanti, A. C., Leshner, G., Wagener, T. L., Stevens, E. M., Johnson, A. C., & Mays, D. (2020). Development and pretesting of hookah tobacco public education messages for young adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238752
   Google Scholar
• Plancherel, B., Bolognini, M., Stephan, P., Laget, J., Chinet, L., Bernard, M., & Halfon, O. (2005). Adolescents’ beliefs about marijuana use: a comparison of regular users, past users and never/occasional users. Journal of Drug Education, 35(2), 131–146. https://doi.org/10.2190/DMDW-X35X-P6AV-6F4L
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roditis, M. L., Jones, C., Dineva, A. P., & Alexander, T. N. (2019). Lessons on addiction messages from "the real cost" campaign. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 56(2 Suppl 1), S24–S30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.07.043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. (2018). Substance abuse and mental health services administration. 2017–2018 NSDUH State Prevalence Estimates. Retrieved September 27, 2019, from https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2017-2018-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates
   Google Scholar
• Sangalang, A., Volinsky, A. C., Liu, J., Yang, Q., Lee, S. J., Gibson, L. A., & Hornik, R. C. (2019). Identifying potential campaign themes to prevent youth initiation of E-cigarettes. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 56(2 Suppl 1), S65–S75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.07.039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schauer, G. L., Berg, C. J., Kegler, M. C., Donovan, D. M., & Windle, M. (2015). Assessing the overlap between tobacco and marijuana: Trends in patterns of co-use of tobacco and marijuana in adults from 2003-2012. Addictive Behaviors, 49, 26–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.05.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheier, L. M., Grenard, J. L., & Holtz, K. D. (2011). An empirical assessment of the Above the Influence advertising campaign. Journal of Drug Education, 41(4), 431–461. https://doi.org/10.2190/DE.41.4.f
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulte, M. T., & Hser, Y. I. (2014). Substance use and associated health conditions throughout the lifespan. Public Health Reviews, 35, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03391702
   Google Scholar
• Silveira, M. L., Green, V. R., Iannaccone, R., Kimmel, H. L., & Conway, K. P. (2019). Patterns and correlates of polysubstance use among US youth aged 15-17 years: wave 1 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 114(5), 907–916. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terry-McElrath, Y. M., O’Malley, P. M., Patrick, M. E., & Miech, R. A. (2017). Risk is still relevant: Time-varying associations between perceived risk and marijuana use among US 12th grade students from 1991 to 2016. Addictive Behaviors, 74, 13–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.05.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallone, D. M., Cuccia, A. F., Briggs, J., Xiao, H., Schillo, B. A., & Hair, E. C. (2020). Electronic cigarette and JUUL use among adolescents and young adults. JAMA Pediatrics 174(3). https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.5436
   Google Scholar
• Villanti, A. C., Cobb, C. O., Cohn, A. M., Williams, V. F., & Rath, J. M. (2015). Correlates of hookah use and predictors of hookah trial in U.S. young adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 48(6), 742–746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.01.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villanti, A. C., LePine, S. E., West, J. C., Cruz, T. B., Stevens, E. M., Tetreault, H. J., Unger, J. B., Wackowski, O. A., & Mays, D. (2021). Identifying message content to reduce vaping: Results from online message testing trials in young adult tobacco users. Addictive Behaviors, 115, 106778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106778
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villanti, A. C., Naud, S., West, J. C., Pearson, J. L., Wackowski, O. A., Hair, E., Niaura, R. S., & Rath, J. M. (2020). Prospective associations between nicotine beliefs and tobacco-related susceptibility, curiosity, and use in U.S. adults. Preventive Medicine, 140, 106285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villanti, A. C., Naud, S., West, J. C., Pearson, J. L., Wackowski, O. A., Hair, E., Rath, J. M., & Niaura, R. S. (2019). Latent classes of nicotine beliefs correlate with perceived susceptibility and severity of nicotine and tobacco productsin U.S. young adults. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 21(Suppl 1), S91–S100. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz156
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Villanti, A. C., Vallencourt, C. P., West, J. C., Peasley-Miklus, C., LePine, S. E., McCluskey, C., Klemperer, E. M., Priest, J. S., Logan, A., Patton, B., Erickson, N., Hicks, J., Horton, K., Livingston, S., Roemhildt, M., Singer, E., Trutor, M., & Williams, R. (2020). Recruiting and retaining youth and young adults in the policy and communication evaluation (PACE) Vermont study: Randomized controlled trial of participant compensation [original paper]. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(7), e18446. https://doi.org/10.2196/18446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wackowski, O. A., & Delnevo, C. D. (2016). Young adults’ risk perceptions of various tobacco products relative to cigarettes: Results from the National Young Adult Health Survey. Health Education & Behavior: The Official Publication of the Society for Public Health Education, 43(3), 328–336. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198115599988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wackowski, O. A., Sontag, J. M., Hammond, D., O’Connor, R. J., Ohman-Strickland, P. A., Strasser, A. A., Villanti, A. C., & Delnevo, C. D. (2019). The impact of e-cigarette warnings, warning themes and inclusion of relative harm statements on young adults’ e-cigarette perceptions and use intentions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(2), 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020184
   Google Scholar
• Wang, J., Simons-Morton, B. G., Farhat, T., & Luk, J. W. (2009). Socio-demographic variability in adolescent substance use: mediation by parents and peers. Prevention Science: The Official Journal of the Society for Prevention Research, 10(4), 387–396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-009-0141-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, T. W., Neff, L. J., Park-Lee, E., Ren, C., Cullen, K. A., & King, B. A. (2020). E-cigarette use among middle and high school students - United States, 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(37), 1310–1312. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6937e1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstein, N. D. (1999). Accuracy of smokers’ risk perception. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 1 Suppl 1, S123–S130. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622299050011721
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weinstein, N. D., & Nicolich, M. (1993). Correct and incorrect interpretations of correlations between risk perceptions and risk behaviors. Health Psychology: Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 12(3), 235–245. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-6133.12.3.235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstein, N. D., Marcus, S. E., & Moser, R. P. (2005). Smokers’ unrealistic optimism about their risk. Tobacco Control, 14(1), 55–59. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2004.008375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff, V., Zinchenko, I., Quenardelle, V., Rouyer, O., & Geny, B. (2015). Characteristics and prognosis of ischemic stroke in young cannabis users compared with non-cannabis users. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 66(18), 2052–2053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.08.867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, X., Alexander, T. N., Hoffman, L., Jones, C., Delahanty, J., Walker, M., Berger, A. T., & Talbert, E. (2016). Youth receptivity to FDA’s the real cost tobacco prevention campaign: Evidence from message pretesting. Journal of Health Communication, 21(11), 1153–1160. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2016.1233307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou, G. (2004). A modified poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data. American Journal of Epidemiology, 159(7), 702–706. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwh090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuckermann, A. M. E., Williams, G., Battista, K., de Groh, M., Jiang, Y., & Leatherdale, S. T. (2019). Trends of poly-substance use among Canadian youth. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 10, 100189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2019.100189
   PubMedGoogle Scholar