0
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ORIGINAL ARTICLE

The Association of Medical Cannabis Use with Pain Levels and Opioid Use in Illinois’ Opioid Alternative Pilot Program

ORCID Icon, , , , &

References

  • US National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM). (2017). In The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids. The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. https://doi.org/10.17226/24625
  • IDPH. (2019). Debilitating Conditions. Illinois.gov. Retrieved October 12 from https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/prevention-wellness/medical-cannabis/debilitating-conditions.html
  • Bains, S., & Mukhdomi, T. (2022). Medicinal cannabis for treatment of chronic pain. In StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34662076
  • Bodine, M., & Kemp, A. K. (2022). Medical cannabis use in oncology. In StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34283433
  • Boehnke, K. F., Litinas, E., & Clauw, D. J. (2016). Medical cannabis use is associated with decreased opiate medication use in a retrospective cross-sectional survey of patients with chronic pain. The Journal of Pain, 17(6), 739–744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2016.03.002
  • Boehnke, K. F., Scott, J. R., Litinas, E., Sisley, S., Williams, D. A., & Clauw, D. J. (2020). High-frequency medical cannabis use is associated with worse pain among individuals with chronic pain. The Journal of Pain, 21(5–6), 570–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2019.09.006
  • Campbell, G., Hall, W. D., Peacock, A., Lintzeris, N., Bruno, R., Larance, B., Nielsen, S., Cohen, M., Chan, G., Mattick, R. P., Blyth, F., Shanahan, M., Dobbins, T., Farrell, M., & Degenhardt, L. (2018). Effect of cannabis use in people with chronic non-cancer pain prescribed opioids: Findings from a 4-year prospective cohort study. The Lancet. Public Health, 3(7), e341–e350. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30110-5
  • Carliner, H., Brown, Q. L., Sarvet, A. L., & Hasin, D. S. (2017). Cannabis use, attitudes, and legal status in the U.S.: A review. Preventive Medicine, 104, 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.07.008
  • Cooke, A., Chavez, L., & Freisthler, B. (2020). The relationships between chronic pain and changes in health with cannabis consumption patterns. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 76, 102657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.102657
  • Dalal, R., & Kudur, V. (2022). Evaluation and treatment of pain with medicinal cannabis. In StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33760522
  • Dydyk, A. M., & Conermann, T. (2023). Chronic pain. In StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31971706
  • El-Mourad, J., Lunghi, C., Herrera, N. P., & Zongo, A. (2023). Dosing of cannabinoids associated with an opioid-sparing effect: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Pain Management Nursing: Official Journal of the American Society of Pain Management Nurses, 25(1), e8–e20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2023.08.005
  • Fales, J. L., Ladd, B. O., & Magnan, R. E. (2019). Pain relief as a motivation for cannabis use among young adult users with and without chronic pain. The Journal of Pain, 20(8), 908–916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2019.02.001
  • Farrelly, K. N., Wardell, J. D., Marsden, E., Scarfe, M. L., Najdzionek, P., Turna, J., & MacKillop, J. (2023). The impact of recreational cannabis legalization on cannabis use and associated outcomes: A systematic review. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment, 17, 11782218231172054. https://doi.org/10.1177/11782218231172054
  • Fortin, D., Marcellin, F., Carrieri, P., Mancini, J., & Barré, T. (2022). Medical cannabis: Toward a new policy and health model for an ancient medicine. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 904291. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.904291
  • Gimm, G., Parekh, T., & Kitsantas, P. (2023). Assessing the prevalence and risk factors of marijuana use in adults with disabilities. Addictive Behaviors, 138, 107559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107559
  • Haefeli, M., & Elfering, A. (2006). Pain assessment. European Spine Journal: Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society, 15 Suppl 1(Suppl 1), S17–S24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-005-1044-x
  • Haleem, R., & Wright, R. (2020). A scoping review on clinical trials of pain reduction with cannabis administration in adults. Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, 12(6), 344–351. https://doi.org/10.14740/jocmr4210
  • Hawk, K. F., Vaca, F. E., & D’Onofrio, G. (2015). Reducing fatal opioid overdose: Prevention, treatment and harm reduction strategies. The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 88(3), 235–245. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26339206
  • Hawk, M., Coulter, R. W. S., Egan, J. E., Fisk, S., Reuel Friedman, M., Tula, M., & Kinsky, S. (2017). Harm reduction principles for healthcare settings. Harm Reduction Journal, 14(1), 70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-017-0196-4
  • IDPH. (2022). Opioid alternative pilot program. Retrieved October 17, 2022 from https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/prevention-wellness/medical-cannabis/opioid-alternative-pilot-program.html
  • Hong, Y. R., Xie, Z., Yadav, S., Tanner, R., Striley, C., & Marlow, N. M. (2023). Opioid use behaviors among people with disability in the United States: An analysis of the national survey on drug use and health. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 17(1), e27–e35. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000001031
  • Illinois.gov. (2022). Cannabis taxes. Retrieved from https://tax.illinois.gov/research/taxinformation/other/cannabis-taxes.html
  • Khalid, N., & Singh, A. (2022). Cannabis versus opioids for pain. In StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34424653
  • Khan, S. P., Pickens, T. A., & Berlau, D. J. (2019). Perspectives on cannabis as a substitute for opioid analgesics. Pain Management, 9(2), 191–203. https://doi.org/10.2217/pmt-2018-0051
  • Krebs, E. E., Carey, T. S., & Weinberger, M. (2007). Accuracy of the pain numeric rating scale as a screening test in primary care. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 22(10), 1453–1458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-007-0321-2
  • Le Foll, B. (2021). Opioid-sparing effects of cannabinoids: Myth or reality? Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 106, 110065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110065
  • Lee, C., Lin, M., Martins, K. J. B., Dyck, J. R. B., Klarenbach, S., Richer, L., Jess, E., Hanlon, J. G., Hyshka, E., & Eurich, D. T. (2021). Opioid use in medical cannabis authorization adult patients from 2013 to 2018: Alberta, Canada. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 843. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10867-w
  • Lucas, P., Boyd, S., Milloy, M. J., & Walsh, Z. (2021). Cannabis significantly reduces the use of prescription opioids and improves quality of life in authorized patients: Results of a large prospective study. Pain Medicine (Malden, Mass.), 22(3), 727–739. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnaa396
  • McAfee, J., Boehnke, K. F., Moser, S. M., Brummett, C. M., Waljee, J. F., & Bonar, E. E. (2021). Perioperative cannabis use: A longitudinal study of associated clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, 46(2), 137–144. https://doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2020-101812
  • Newcombe, R., & O’Hare, P., et al. (1992). The reduction of drug-related harm: A conceptual framework for theory, practice and research. Routledge.
  • Nielsen, S., Picco, L., Murnion, B., Winters, B., Matheson, J., Graham, M., Campbell, G., Parvaresh, L., Khor, K. E., Betz-Stablein, B., Farrell, M., Lintzeris, N., & Le Foll, B. (2022). Opioid-sparing effect of cannabinoids for analgesia: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical and clinical studies. Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 47(7), 1315–1330. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-022-01322-4
  • Noori, A., Miroshnychenko, A., Shergill, Y., Ashoorion, V., Rehman, Y., Couban, R. J., Buckley, D. N., Thabane, L., Bhandari, M., Guyatt, G. H., Agoritsas, T., & Busse, J. W. (2021). Opioid-sparing effects of medical cannabis or cannabinoids for chronic pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and observational studies. BMJ Open, 11(7), e047717. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047717
  • Nugent, S. M., & Kansagara, D. (2018). The effects of cannabis among adults with chronic pain. Annals of Internal Medicine, 168(7), 525. https://doi.org/10.7326/L17-0732
  • Nugent, S. M., Yarborough, B. J., Smith, N. X., Dobscha, S. K., Deyo, R. A., Green, C. A., & Morasco, B. J. (2018). Patterns and correlates of medical cannabis use for pain among patients prescribed long-term opioid therapy. General Hospital Psychiatry, 50, 104–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.11.001
  • CDC. (2021). Disability & Health U.S. State Profile Data for Illinois (Adults 18+ years of age). https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/disabilityandhealth/impacts/illinois.html
  • Rajati, F., Ashtarian, H., Salari, N., Ghanbari, M., Naghibifar, Z., & Hosseini, S. Y. (2018). Quality of life predictors in physically disabled people. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 7, 61. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_115_17
  • Reif, S., Lauer, E. A., Adams, R. S., Brucker, D. L., Ritter, G. A., & Mitra, M. (2021). Examining differences in prescription opioid use behaviors among U.S. adults with and without disabilities. Preventive Medicine, 153, 106754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106754
  • Rogers, A. H., Bakhshaie, J., Buckner, J. D., Orr, M. F., Paulus, D. J., Ditre, J. W., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2019). Opioid and cannabis co-use among adults with chronic pain: Relations to substance misuse, mental health, and pain experience. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 13(4), 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000493
  • Stetten, N., Pomeranz, J., Moorhouse, M., Yurasek, A., & Blue, A. V. (2020). The level of evidence of medical marijuana use for treating disabilities: A scoping review. Disability and Rehabilitation, 42(9), 1190–1201. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2018.1523952
  • Sturgeon, J. A., Khan, J., Hah, J. M., Hilmoe, H., Hong, J., Ware, M. A., & Mackey, S. C. (2020). Clinical profiles of concurrent cannabis use in chronic pain: A CHOIR study. Pain Medicine (Malden, Mass.), 21(11), 3172–3179. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnaa060
  • van Buuren, S., & Groothuis-Oudshoorn, K. (2011). Mice: Multivariate imputation by chained equations in R. Journal of Statistical Software, 45, 1–67. https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/impute.html#iterative-imputer
  • Vigil, J. M., Stith, S. S., Adams, I. M., & Reeve, A. P. (2017). Associations between medical cannabis and prescription opioid use in chronic pain patients: A preliminary cohort study. PloS One, 12(11), e0187795. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187795
  • Vulfsons, S., Minerbi, A., & Sahar, T. (2020). Cannabis and pain treatment—A review of the clinical utility and a practical approach in light of uncertainty. Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal, 11(1), e0002. https://doi.org/10.5041/RMMJ.10385
  • Wadsworth, E., Hines, L. A., & Hammond, D. (2022). Legal status of recreational cannabis and self-reported substitution of cannabis for opioids or prescription pain medication in Canada and the United States. Substance Abuse, 43(1), 943–948. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2022.2060431
  • Wang, L., Hong, P. J., May, C., Rehman, Y., Oparin, Y., Hong, C. J., Hong, B. Y., AminiLari, M., Gallo, L., Kaushal, A., Craigie, S., Couban, R. J., Kum, E., Shanthanna, H., Price, I., Upadhye, S., Ware, M. A., Campbell, F., Buchbinder, R., Agoritsas, T., & Busse, J. W. (2021). Medical cannabis or cannabinoids for chronic non-cancer and cancer related pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), 374, n1034. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n1034
  • Wiese, B., & Wilson-Poe, A. R. (2018). Emerging evidence for cannabis’ role in opioid use disorder. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 3(1), 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2018.0022
  • Williams, J. S., & Egede, L. E. (2016). The association between multimorbidity and quality of life, health status and functional disability. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 352(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjms.2016.03.004

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.