The effects of epidural stimulation on individuals living with spinal cord injury or disease: a scoping review

References

• Blumenfeld H. Neuroanatomy overview and basic definitions. Neuroanat through Clin Cases. 2nd ed. 2010. p. 288.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson KD. Targeting recovery: priorities of the spinal cord-injured population. J Neurotrauma. 2004;21(10):1371–1383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander MS, Anderson KD, Biering-Sorensen F, et al. Outcome measures in spinal cord injury: recent assessments and recommendations for future directions. Spinal Cord. 2009;47(8):582–591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown-Triolo DL, Roach MJ, Nelson K, et al. Consumer perspectives on mobility: implications for neuroprosthesis design. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2002;39(6):659–669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson RW, Franklin MR. Sexual loss in relation to other functional losses for spinal cord injured males. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1976;57(6):291–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snoek GJ, Ijzerman MJ, Hermens HJ, et al. Survey of the needs of patients with spinal cord injury: impact and priority for improvement in hand function in tetraplegics. Spinal Cord. 2004;42(9):526–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snoek GJ, Ijzerman MJ, Post MW, et al. Choice-based evaluation for the improvement of upper-extremity function compared with other impairments in tetraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(8):1623–1630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner JP, Curtin CM, Gater DR, et al. Perceptions of people with tetraplegia regarding surgery to improve upper-extremity function. J Hand Surg Am. 2007;32(4):483–490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shealy CN, Mortimer JT, Reswick JB. Electrical inhibition of pain by stimulation of the dorsal columns: preliminary clinical report. Anesth Analg. 1967;46(4):489–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook AW, Weinstein SP. Chronic dorsal column stimulation in multiple sclerosis. Preliminary report. N Y State J Med. 1973;73(24):2868–2872.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Angeli CA, Boakye M, Morton RA, et al. Recovery of over-ground walking after chronic motor complete spinal cord injury. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(13):1244–1250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carhart MR, He J, Herman R, et al. Epidural spinal-cord stimulation facilitates recovery of functional walking following incomplete spinal-cord injury. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2004;12(1):32–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganley KJ, Willis WT, Carhart MR, et al. Epidural spinal cord stimulation improves locomotor performance in low ASIA C, wheelchair-dependent, spinal cord-injured individuals: insights from metabolic response. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2005;11(2):53–60.
   Google Scholar
• Gerasimenko YP, Makarovskii AN, Nikitin OA. Control of locomotor activity in humans and animals in the absence of supraspinal influences. Neurosci Behav Physiol. 2002;32(4):417–423.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gill ML, Grahn PJ, Calvert JS, et al. Neuromodulation of lumbosacral spinal networks enables independent stepping after complete paraplegia. Nat Med. 2018;24(11):1677–1682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorgey AS, Gill S, Holman ME, et al. The feasibility of using exoskeletal-assisted walking with epidural stimulation: a case report study. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2020;7(2):259–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grahn PJ, Lavrov IA, Sayenko DG, et al. Enabling task-specific volitional motor functions via spinal cord neuromodulation in a human with paraplegia. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017;92(4):544–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harkema S, Gerasimenko Y, Hodes J, et al. Effect of epidural stimulation of the lumbosacral spinal cord on voluntary movement, standing, and assisted stepping after motor complete paraplegia: a case study. Lancet. 2011;377(9781):1938–1947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman R, He J, D'Luzansky S, et al. Spinal cord stimulation facilitates functional walking in a chronic, incomplete spinal cord injured. Spinal Cord. 2002;40(2):65–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang H, He J, Herman R, et al. Modulation effects of epidural spinal cord stimulation on muscle activities during walking. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2006;14(1):14–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rejc E, Angeli CA, Bryant N, et al. Effects of stand and step training with epidural stimulation on motor function for standing in chronic complete paraplegics. J Neurotrauma. 2017;34(9):1787–1802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapkova EY, Mushkin AY. Spinal electrostimulation of walking movements as a method for recovery of locomotor activity in patients with vertebrogenic myelopathy. Biomed Eng. (NY). 2002;6:29–32.
   Google Scholar
• Wagner FB, Mignardot JB, Le Goff-Mignardot CG, et al. Targeted neurotechnology restores walking in humans with spinal cord injury. Nature. 2018;563(7729):65–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barolat G, Myklebust JB, Wenninger W. Effects of spinal cord stimulation on spasticity and spasms secondary to myelopathy. Appl Neurophysiol. 1988;51(1):29–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Katz PG, Greenstein A, Severs SL, et al. Effect of implanted epidural stimulator on lower urinary tract function in spinal-cord-injured patients. Eur Urol. 1991;20(2):103–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiMarco AF, Takaoka Y, Kowalski KE. Combined intercostal and diaphragm pacing to provide artificial ventilation in patients with tetraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(6):1200–1207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cioni B, Meglio M, Pentimalli L, et al. Spinal cord stimulation in the treatment of paraplegic pain. J Neurosurg. 1995;82(1)00:35–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimitrijevic MM, Dimitrijevic MR, Illis LS, et al. Spinal cord stimulation for the control of spasticity in patients with chronic spinal cord injury: I. Clinical observations. Cent Nerv Syst Trauma. 1986;3(2):129–144.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turner JA, Loeser JD, Deyo RA, Sanders SB. Spinal cord stimulation for patients with failed back surgery syndrome or complex regional pain syndrome: A systematic review of effectiveness and complications. Pain. 2004;108(1–2):137–147. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2003.12.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron T. Safety and efficacy of spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of chronic pain: a 20-year literature review. J Neurosurg. 2004;100(3 Suppl Spine):254–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lempka SF, Patil PG. Innovations in spinal cord stimulation for pain. Curr Opin Biomed Eng. 2018;8:51–60.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, et al. A scoping review on the conduct and reporting of scoping reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2016;16:15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arksey H, O’Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol Theory Pract. 2005;8(1):19–32.
   Google Scholar
• Levac D, Colquhoun H, O'Brien KK. Scoping studies: advancing the methodology. Implement Sci. 2010;5:69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Street T, Swain I, Taylor P. Training and orthotic effects related to functional electrical stimulation of the peroneal nerve in stroke. J Rehabil Med. 2017;49(2):113–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neurophysiology. [Internet] Gale encyclopedia of nursing and allied health; [updated 2020 May 26; cited 2020 Jun 8]. https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/divisions-diagnostics-and-procedures/medicine/neurophysiology.
   Google Scholar
• Covidence [Internet]. Melbourne: Covidence; 2017. [cited 2020 March 15]. https://www.covidence.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Daudt HML, Van Mossel C, Scott SJ. Enhancing the scoping study methodology: a large, inter-professional team's experience with Arksey and O'Malley's framework. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2013;13:48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eng JJ, Teasell R, Miller WC, the SCIRE Research Team, et al. Spinal cord injury rehabilitation evidence: methods of the SCIRE Systematic Review. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2007;13(1):1–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Downs SH, Black N. The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1998;52(6):377–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chudyk AM, Jutai JW, Petrella RJ, et al. Systematic review of hip fracture rehabilitation practices in the elderly. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90(2):246–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson RR, McLone DG. Percutaneous epidural neurostimulation for paraplegic spasticity. Surg Neurol. 1978;9(3):153–155.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richardson RR, Cerullo LJ, McLone DG, et al. Percutaneous epidural neurostimulation in modulation of paraplegic spasticity. Six case reports. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1979;49(3–4):235–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck L, Veith D, Linde M, et al. Impact of long-term epidural electrical stimulation enabled task-specific training on secondary conditions of chronic paraplegia in two humans. J Spinal Cord Med. 2020;1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darrow D, Balser D, Netoff TI, et al. Epidural spinal cord stimulation facilitates immediate restoration of dormant motor and autonomic supraspinal pathways after chronic neurologically complete spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2019;36(15):2325–2336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meglio M, Cioni B, Amico ED, et al. Epidural spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of neurogenic bladder. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1980;54(3–4):191–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wainai T, Seo N, Murayama T, et al. Epidural spinal cord stimulation for neurogenic bladder. J Anesth. 2003;17(1):62–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walter M, Lee AHX, Kavanagh A, et al. Epidural spinal cord stimulation acutely modulates lower urinary tract and bowel function following spinal cord injury: a case report. Front Physiol. 2018;9:1816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson RR, Cerullo LJ, Meyer PR. Autonomic hyper-reflexia modulated by percutaneous epidural neurostimulation: a preliminary report. Neurosurgery. 1979;4(6):517–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terson de Paleville DGL, Harkema SJ, Angeli CA. Epidural stimulation with locomotor training improves body composition in individuals with cervical or upper thoracic motor complete spinal cord injury: a series of case studies. J Spinal Cord Med. 2019;42(1):32–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiMarco AF, Kowalski KE, Geertman RT, et al. Lower thoracic spinal cord stimulation to restore cough in patients with spinal cord injury: results of a national institutes of Health-Sponsored clinical trial. Part I: methodology and effectiveness of expiratory muscle activation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90(5):717–725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiMarco AF, Kowalski KE, Hromyak DR, et al. Long-term follow-up of spinal cord stimulation to restore cough in subjects with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2014;37(4):380–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiMarco AF, Geertman RT, Tabbaa K, et al. Case report: minimally invasive method to activate the expiratory muscles to restore cough. J Spinal Cord Med. 2018;41(5):562–566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiMarco AF, Geertman RT, Tabbaa K, et al. Complete restoration of respiratory muscle function in three subjects with spinal cord injury: pilot interventional clinical trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2019;98(1):43–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiMarco AF, Geertman RT, Tabbaa K, et al. Restoration of cough via spinal cord stimulation improves pulmonary function in tetraplegics. J Spinal Cord Med. 2020;43(5):579–585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harkema SJ, Legg Ditterline B, Wang S, et al. Epidural spinal cord stimulation training and sustained recovery of cardiovascular function in individuals with chronic cervical spinal cord injury. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75(12):1569–1571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legg Ditterline BE, Aslan SC, Wang S, et al. Restoration of autonomic cardiovascular regulation in spinal cord injury with epidural stimulation: a case series. Clin Auton Res. 2021;31(2):317–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nightingale TE, Walter M, Williams AMM, et al. Ergogenic effects of an epidural neuroprosthesis in one individual with spinal cord injury. Neurology. 2019;92(7):338–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu DC, Edgerton VR, Modaber M, et al. Engaging cervical spinal cord networks to reenable volitional control of hand function in tetraplegic patients. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2016;30(10):951–962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedetti EM. Thoracic spinal cord stimulation is useful for pain treatment after incomplete cervical spinal cord injury. Colomb J Anesthesiol. 2013;41(2):146–149.
   Google Scholar
• Buchhaas U, Koulousakis A, Nittner K. Experience with spinal cord stimulation (SCS) in the management of chronic pain in a traumatic transverse lesion syndrome. Neurosurg Rev. 1989;12(Suppl 1):582–587.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lawson McLean A, Kalff R, Reichart R. Spinal cord stimulation for acute pain following surgery for cervical myelopathy: a novel treatment strategy. Pain Pract. 2019;19(3):310–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee MG, Choi SS, Lee MK, et al. Thoracic spinal cord stimulation for neuropathic pain after spinal meningioma removal: a case report. Clin J Pain. 2009;25(2):167–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reck TA, Landmann G. Successful spinal cord stimulation for neuropathic below-level spinal cord injury pain following complete paraplegia: a case report. Spinal Cord Ser Cases. 2017;3:17049.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reddy R, Prasad R, Rejai S, et al. Relief of neuropathic pain after spinal cord stimulator implantation in a patient with idiopathic thoracic transverse myelitis. A A Pract. 2019;13(11):409–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson RR, Meyer PR, Cerullo LJ. Neurostimulation in the modulation of intractable paraplegic and traumatic neuroma pains. Pain. 1980;8(1):75–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barolat G, Myklebust JB, Wenninger W. Enhancement of voluntary motor function following spinal cord stimulation-case study. Appl Neurophysiol. 1986;49(6):307–314.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barolat G, Singh-Sahni K, Staas WE, et al. Epidural spinal cord stimulation in the management of spasms in spinal cord injury: a prospective study. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1995;64(3):153–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barolat-Romana G, Myklebust JB, Hemmy DC, et al. Immediate effects of spinal cord stimulation in spinal spasticity. J Neurosurg. 1985;62(4):558–562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dekopov AV, Shabalov VA, Tomsky AA, et al. Chronic spinal cord stimulation in the treatment of cerebral and spinal spasticity. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2015;93(2):133–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinter MM, Gerstenbrand F, Dimitrijevic MR. Epidural electrical stimulation of posterior structures of the human lumbosacral cord: 3. Control of spasticity. Spinal Cord. 2000;38(9):524–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welk B, Morrow S, Madarasz W, et al. The validity and reliability of the neurogenic bladder symptom score. J Urol. 2014;192(2):452–457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gourlay ML, Fine JP, Preisser JS, Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group, et al. Bone-density testing interval and transition to osteoporosis in older women. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(3):225–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• North RB, Ewend MG, Lawton MT, et al. Spinal cord stimulation for chronic, intractable pain: superiority of “multi-channel” devices. Pain. 1991;44(2):119–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• North RB, Recinos VR, Attenello FJ, et al. Prevention of percutaneous spinal cord stimulation electrode migration: a 15-year experience. Neuromodulation. 2014;17(7):670–677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fentem PH. ABC of sports medicine. Benefits of exercise in health and disease. BMJ. 1994; 308(6939):1291–1295.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bauman WA, Spungen AM, Bauman WA, et al. Metabolic and endocrine changes in persons aging with spinal cord injury. Assist Technol. 1999;11(2):88–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal SK. Cardiovascular benefits of exercise. Int J Gen Med. 2012;5:541–545.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barbeau H, Rossignol S. Recovery of locomotion after chronic spinalization in the adult cat. Brain Res. 1987;412(1):84–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerasimenko Y, Roy RR, Edgerton VR. Epidural stimulation: comparison of the spinal circuits that generate and control locomotion in rats, cats and humans. Exp Neurol. 2008;209(2):417–425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimitrijevic MR, Gerasimenko Y, Pinter MM. Evidence for a spinal Central pattern generator in humans. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998;860:360–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichiyama RM, Gerasimenko YP, Zhong H, et al. Hindlimb stepping movements in complete spinal rats induced by epidural spinal cord stimulation. Neurosci Lett. 2005;
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson KD, Cowan RE, Horsewell J. Facilitators and barriers to spinal cord injury clinical trial participation: multi-national perspective of people living with spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2016;33(5):493–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swaffield E, Cheung L, Khalili A, et al. Perspectives of people living with a spinal cord injury on activity-based therapy. Disabil Rehabil. 2021;1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar