References
- Berg , Maxine . 1985 . The Age of Manufactures, 1700-1820 , London : Fontana . The literature on eighteenth-century economic change is, of course, very extensive. The issues addressed here can be variously traced in several reliable surveys, including
- Brewer , John and Porter , Roy , eds. 1993 . Consumption and the World of Goods , London : Routledge .
- Chase , Malcolm . 2000 . Early Trade Unionism: Fraternity, Skill and the Politics of Labour , Aldershot : Ashgate .
- Daunton , M. J. 1995 . Progress and Poverty: An Economic and Social History of Britain, 1700-1850 , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- Hudson , Pat . 1992 . The Industrial Revolution , London : Edward Arnold .
- Lane , Robert E. 1991 . The Market Experience , 24 – 5 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Lane . Market Experience 24
- 2000 . "Number of Jobs Held, Labor Market Activity, and Earnings Growth Over Two Decades: Results From a Longitudinal Survey," . Bureau of Labor Statistics News Release , 25 April : 2 and Table 1
- Jaffe , James A. 1991 . The Struggle for Market Power: Industrial Relations in the British Coal Industry, 1800-1840 , 73 – 7 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Southall , Humphrey R. 1991 . "The Tramping Artisan Revisits: Labour Mobility and Economic Distress in Early Victorian England," . Economic History Review , 44 ( 2 ) : 272 – 96 .
- Jaffe , James A. 2000 . Striking a Bargain: Work and Industrial Relations in England, 1815-1865 , Manchester : Manchester University Press . ; for Marx's expression of the dichotomy between the market and the shop floor, see
- 1977 [1867) . Capital: A Critique of Political Economy , vol. 1 , New York : Vintage Books . chap. 6
- Baldamus , Wilhelm . 1961 . Efficiency and Effort: An Analysis of Industrial Administration , London : Tavistock . The concept of work as an exchange relationship is also at the core of several influential modern economic studies, including
- Akerlof , George . 1982 . "Labor Contracts as Partial Gift Exchange," . Quarterly Journal of Economics , 90 ( 4 ) : 543 – 69 . which emphasized the notion of the "effort bargain" and, which elaborated the so-called "fair wage hypothesis."
- Prothero , lowerth . 1997 . Radical Artisans in England and France, 1830-1870 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . On eighteenth-century associational practices among the working class, see Chase, Early Trade Unionism, 33-9; , passim
- Eley , Geoff . 1992 . "Nations, Publics, and Political Cultures: Placing Habermas in the Nineteenth Century" ” . In Habermas and the Public Sphere , Edited by: Calhoun , Craig . 289 – 339 . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
- Morris's , R. J. 1990 . Class, Sect and Party: The Making of the British Middle Class, Leeds, 1820-1850 , Manchester : Manchester University Press . remains unsurpassed in its detailed treatment of middle-class associational life, but see also the pioneering work of
- Davidoff , L. and Hall , C. 1987 . Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780-1850 , 419 – 45 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Thompson , E. P. 1971 . "The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century," . Past & Present , : 76 – 136 . For Thompson's riposte to critics of the concept of "moral economy," see his
- 1991 . Customs in Common , London : Merlin Press . chap. V and for a useful survey of current research, see
- Randall , Adrian and Charlesworth , Andrew , eds. 1996 . Markets, Market Culture and Popular Protest in Eighteenth-Century Britain and Ireland , Liverpool : Liverpool University Press .
- McKendrick , Neil . 1982 . "Introduction" ” . In The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth-Century England, US edition , Edited by: McKendrick , N. , Brewer , John and Plumb , J. H. 1 Bloomington : Indiana University Press .
- Brewer , John and Porter , Roy . 1993 . "Introduction," ” . In Consumption and the World of Goods , Edited by: Brewer , John and Porter , Roy . 2 – 3 . London : Routledge .
- Brewer , John . 1976 . Party Ideology and Popular Politics at the Accession of George III , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ; idem, "Commercialization and Politics" in McKendrick, Brewer and Plumb, Birth of a Consumer Society, 197-262
- Colley , Linda . 1992 . Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707-1837 , New Haven : Yale University Press .
- Wilson , Kathleen . 1998 . The Sense of the People: Politics, Culture and Imperialism in England, 1715-1785 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Trentmann's , Frank . 2000 . "Introduction" to the collection of essays he edited, entitled ” . In Paradoxes of Civil Society: New Perspectives on Modem German and British History , 3 – 46 . New York : Berghahn Books . For an excellent survey and critical analysis of notions of civil society and the public sphere, see
- Williams , Dale E. 1984 . "Morals, Markets and the English Crowd in 1766," . Past & Present , : 56 – 73 . For a contrary view, see
- Jones , Gareth Stedman . 1983 . "Rethinking Chartism," ” . In idem Languages of Class: Studies in English Working-Class History, 1832-1982 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Jones , Stedman . "Rethinking Chartism," ” . 108 – 9 .
- Shapiro , Ian . 1996 . "Resources, Capacities and Ownership: The Workmanship Ideal and Distributive Justice" ” . In Early Modem Conceptions of Property , Edited by: Brewer , John and Staves , Susan . 21 – 42 . London : Routledge . on the "workmanship ideal," See
- Rule , John . 1987 . "The Property of Skill in the Period of Manufacture" ” . In The Historical Meanings of Work , Edited by: Joyce , P. 99 – 118 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . On early trade unions and the "property of skill," see Chase, Early Trade Unionism, 53-6 and
- Claeys , Gregory . 1987 . Machinery, Money and the Millennium: From Moral Economy to Socialism, 1815-1860 , 44 – 7 . Princeton : Princeton University Press . on socialists, see Prothero, Radical Artisans in England and France, 139-41 and
- Somers , Margaret R. "The 'Misteries' of Property: Relationality, Rural-Industrialization, and Community in Chartist Narratives of Political Rights," ” . In Early Modem Conceptions of Property Edited by: Brewer and Staves . 62 – 92 .
- Chase, Early Trade Unionism, passim; Prothero, Radical Artisans in England and France, 46-119.
- Randall's , Adrian . 1991 . Before the Luddites: Custom, Community and Machinery in the English Woollen Industry, 1776-1809 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . John Rule, "The Property of Skill," passim, is also among the best recent works in this tradition
- Poor Man's Guardian, no. 129, 23 November 1833 and no. 133, 21 December 1833.
- Quoted in Rule, "Property of Skill," 110-11.
- Jaffe . Striking a Bargain 60 – 2 .
- Klein , Lawrence E. "Property and Politeness in the Early Eighteenth-Century Whig Moralists: The Case of the Spectator," ” . In Early Modem Conceptions of Property Edited by: Brewer and Staves . 221 – 33 .
- Poor Man's Guardian, no. 129, 23 November 1833.
- Steinberg , Marc W. 1999 . Fighting Words: Working-Class Formation, Collective Action, and Discourse in Early Nineteenth-Century England , 116 – 17 . Ithaca : Cornell University Press . Report Adopted at a General Meeting of the Journeymen Broad Silk Weavers … for a Wage Protection Bill… (1828), quoted in
- Joyce , Patrick . 1991 . Visions of the People: Industrial England and the Question of Class, 1840-1914 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . esp. Part II
- Sewell , William H. Jr. 1980 . Work and Revolution in France: The Language of Labor from the Old Regime to 1848 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Joyce , Patrick . 1994 . Democratic Subjects: The Self and the Social in Nineteenth-Century England , 10 – 11 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Price . "Postmodernism as Theory and History," ” . 28
- Biemacki , Richard . 1995 . The Fabrication of Labor: Germany and Britain, 1640-1914 , Berkeley : University of California Press . Recent works that seek to explicate this reciprocity include
- Canning , Kathleen . 1996 . Languages of Labor and Gender: Female Factory Work in Germany, 1850-1914 , Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press . and, for Germany
- Jaffe , James . 1995 . 'The Origins of Thomas Hodgskin's Critique of Political Economy," . History of Political Economy , 27 ( 3 ) : 493 – 515 .
- Appleby , Joyce . "Consumption in Early Modern Social Thought" ” . In Consumption and the World of Goods Edited by: Brewer and Porter . 162 – 73 . on the luxury debate in the eighteenth century, see, briefly
- Sekora , John . 1977 . Luxury: The Concept in Western Thought, Eden to Smollett , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . and, more generally
- Claeys , Gregory . 1994 . "The Origins of the Rights of Labor: Republicanism, Commerce, and the Construction of Modern Social Theory in Britain, 1796-1805," . Journal of Modem History , 67 ( 2 ) : 263 – 6 . The luxury debates were also reflected in the early writings of several radicals, including William Godwin and John Thelwall; See
- Jaffe . Striking a Bargain 49 – 54 .
- Trentmann . "Paradoxes of Civil Society," ” . 16 – 18 .
- Clark , Anna . 1995 . The Struggle for the Breeches: Gender and the Making of the British Working Class , 26 – 41 . Berkeley : University of California Press .
- Trentmann . "Paradoxes of Civil Society," ” . 18 – 20 . 177-263
- Samuel , Raphael . 1977 . "The Workshop of the World: Steam Power and Hand Technology in mid-Victorian Britain," . History Workshop , : 6 – 72 .
- Chase . Early Trade Unionism , 106 – 7 .
- Price , Richard . 1986 . Labour in British Society: An Interpretative History , 15 – 48 . London : Routledge .
- Jones , Stedman . "Rethinking Chartism," ” . 134 – 44 . Chase, Early Trade Unionism, chap. 5; Prothero, Radical Artisans, chaps. 5 and 6; Claeys, Machinery, Money and the Millennium, passim
- Thompson , Noel W. The People's Science 98 – 103 .
- Claeys , Gregory . 1989 . Citizens and Saints: Politics and Anti-politics in Early British Socialism , 24 – 5 . 36 – 42 . 58 – 62 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Hont , Istvan . 1987 . "From Pufendorf to Adam Smith: Sociability, Commercial Society and the Four Stages Theory," ” . In The Languages of Political Theory in Early-Modem Europe , Edited by: Pagden , A. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . On the natural jurisprudence tradition and commercial sociability, See
- Haakonssen , Knud . 1981 . The Science of a Legislator: The Natural Jurisprudence of David Hume and Adam Smith , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Pocock , J. G. A. 1985 . Virtue, Commerce and History: Essays on Political Thought and History, Chiefly in the Eighteenth Century , 47 – 50 . 111 – 123 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . on the importance of manners, see
- Claeys . Citizens and Saints 6 – 7 .
- Pocock , J. G. A. 1975 . The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition , 423 – 505 . Princeton : Princeton University Press .
- Hirschman , Albeit O. 1977 . The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments for Capitalism before its Triumph , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
- Pocock . 1983 . "Cambridge Paradigms and Scotch Philosophers: A Study of the Relations between the Civic Humanist and the Civil Jurisprudential Interpretation of Eighteenth-Century Social Thought," ” . In Wealth and Virtue: The Shaping of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment , Edited by: Hont , I. and Ignatieff , M. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . and idem, Virtue, Commerce, and History
- Claeys . Citizens and Saints 49 – 58 . 174 – 8 .
- Claeys . "Origins of the Rights of Labor," ” . 266 Quoted in
- Thompson , William . 1824 . An Inquiry into the Principles of the Distribution of Wealth Most Conducive to Human Happiness 49 – 50 .
- Claeys . Machinery, Money and the Millennium 93 – 4 .
- Jaffe . Striking a Bargain 58
- Bevir , Mark . 2000 . "Republicanism, Socialism, and Democracy in Britain: The Origins of the Radical Left," . Journal of Social History , 34 ( 2 ) : 351 – 68 . I would like to thank Dr. Bevir for making a copy of this manuscript available to me