“The birds we do not shoot”: Lebanon’s absent state and sport hunters’ code of practice

References

• Al Jazeera English. (2017). Lebanon hunting: Wildlife activists challenge ruling [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hK7G_tcrvzE
   Google Scholar
• Almanar News. (2017). شروط الصيد البري في لبنان [Video]. Almanar. https://almanar.com.lb/1806099
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, M. G., Alisauskas, R. T., Batt, B. D. J., Blohm, R. J., Higgins, K. F., Perry, M. C., Ringelman, J. K., Sedinger, J. S., Serie, J. R., Sharp, D. E., Trauger, D. L., & Williams, C. K. (2018). The migratory bird treaty and a century of waterfowl conservation. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 82(2), 247–259. https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21326
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cottee-Jones, H. E. W., Matthews, T. J., & Whittaker, R. J. (2016). The movement shortfall in bird conservation: Accounting for nomadic, dispersive and irruptive species. Animal Conservation, 19(3), 227–234. https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12243
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, G., Hallett, J., & Winter, M. (1994). Hunting the wild red deer: The social organization and ritual of a ‘rural’ institution. Sociologia ruralis, 34(2–3), 190–205. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.1994.tb00808.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Khazen, F. (2000). The breakdown of the state in Lebanon, 1967-1976. Bloomsbury Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Glaser, B. G. (1987). Theoretical sensitivity: Advances in the methodology of grounded theory. The Sociology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (2017). Discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kanafani, S. (2017). On Deference and Benevolence: The Politics of Parking in Beirut. Arab Studies Journal, 25(1), 124–149.
   Google Scholar
• Khalaf, S. (1987). Lebanon’s predicament. Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mason, M., & Khawlie, M. (2016). Fluid sovereignty: State–Nature relations in the Hasbani Basin, Southern Lebanon. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 106(6), 1344–1359. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2016.1213155
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masri, R. (1997). Environmental challenges in LebanonChallenging environmental issues: Middle Eastern perspectives (J. G. Jabbra & N. Jabbra, Eds.). Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Environment (MoE), (2020). افتتاح موسم الصيد البري ٢٠٢٠. [Inaugural opening of hunting season 2020] https://www.moe.gov.lb/الاعلانات/افتتاح-موسم-الصيد-البري-٢٠٢٠.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Moreno-Zarate, L., Arroyo, B., & Peach, W. (2021). Effectiveness of hunting regulations for the conservation of a globally-threatened species: The case of the European turtle-dove in Spain. Biological Conservation, 256, 109067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109067
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouawad, J., & Baumann, H. (2017). WAYN AL-DAWLA? The Arab Studies Journal, 25(1), 66–91. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26528954
   Google Scholar
• MTV Lebanon News. (2016). قتل الطيور النادرة: الصيد العشوائي يطال الطيور النادرة [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_f32xba5pdw
   Google Scholar
• Norton, A. R. (2009). Hezbollah: A short history. Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Parker, C., Scott, S., & Geddes, A. (2019). Snowball sampling (P. Atkinson, S. Delamont, A. Cernat, J. Sakshaug, & R. Williams, Eds.). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526421036831710
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, M. N., Chen, A., von Essen, E., & Hansen, H. P. (2020). Evaluating how Swedish hunters determine which species belong in nature. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 66(5), 77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-020-01418-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, M. N., Von Essen, E., & Hansen, H. P. (2021). Evaluating how Swedish hunters value content in hunter education classes. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 26(5), 492–500. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2020.1850934
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, M. N., von Essen, E., Hansen, H. P., & Peterson, T. R. (2019). Shoot shovel and sanction yourself: Self-policing as a response to wolf poaching among Swedish hunters. Ambio, 48(3), 230–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-018-1072-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohja-Mykrä, M. (2016). Felony or act of justice? – Illegal killing of large carnivores as defiance of authorities. Journal of Rural Studies, 44, 46–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.01.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rytterstedt, E. (2016). ‘I Don’t See Myself as a Criminal’: Motivation and Neutralization of Illegal Hunting by Swedish Norrland Hunters. In G. R. Potter, A. Nurse, & M. Hall (Eds.), The geography of environmental crime : conservation wildlife crime and environmental activism: conservation, wildlife crime and environmental activism (pp. 217–239). Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Salibi, K. (1976). Crossroads to civil war. Lebanon 1958-1976. Ithaca Press.
   Google Scholar
• Salibi, K. S. (1988). A house of many mansions: The history of Lebanon reconsidered. University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Skogen, K., & Krange, O. (2020). The political dimensions of illegal wolf hunting: Anti-Elitism, lack of trust in institutions and acceptance of illegal wolf killing among Norwegian hunters. Sociologia ruralis, 60(3), 551–573. https://doi.org/10.1111/soru.12309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skogen, K., von Essen, E., & Krange, O. (2021). Hunters who will not report illegal wolf killing: Self-policing or resistance with political overtones? Ambio, 51(3), 743–753. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-021-01588-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss, A. L. (1987). Qualitative analysis for social scientists. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Traboulsi, F. (2012). A history of modern Lebanon. Pluto.
   Google Scholar
• von Essen, E., & Allen, M. (2021). Killing with kindness: When hunters want to let you know they care. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 26(2), 179–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2020.1800145
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Essen, E., Hansen, H. -P., Källström, H., Peterson, M. N., & Peterson, T. R. (2016). Illegal hunting: Between social and criminal justice. In J. F. Donnermeyer (Ed.), The Routledge international handbook of rural criminology (pp. 319–327). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• von Essen, E., Hansen, H. P., Nordström Källström, H., Peterson, M. N., & Peterson, T. R. (2015). The radicalisation of rural resistance: How hunting counterpublics in the Nordic countries contribute to illegal hunting. Journal of Rural Studies, 39, 199–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2014.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Essen, E., & Nurse, A. (2017). Illegal hunting special issue. Crime, Law, and Social Change, 67(4), 377–382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-016-9676-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods, M. (1998). Researching rural conflicts: Hunting, local politics and actor-networks. Journal of Rural Studies, 14(3), 321–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(97)00038-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar