Assessing human–carnivore conflict and the identification of hotspot areas to prioritize mitigation efforts

References

• Acharya, K. P., Paudel, P. K., Neupane, P. R., Köhl, M., & Yue, B.-S. (2016). Human-wildlife conflicts in Nepal: Patterns of human fatalities and injuries caused by large mammals. PLoS one, 11(9), e0161717. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adhikari, B., Baral, K., Bhandari, S., Szydlowski, M., Kunwar, R. M., Panthi, S., Neupane, B., & Koirala, R. K. (2022). Potential risk zone for anthropogenic mortality of carnivores in Gandaki province, Nepal. Ecology and Evolution, 12(1), e8491. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allouche, O., Tsoar, A., & Kadmon, R. (2006). Assessing the accuracy of species distribution models: Prevalence, kappa and the true skill statistic (TSS). Journal of Applied Ecology, 43(6), 1223–1232. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01214.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athreya, V., Odden, M., Linnell, J., Krishnaswamy, J., Karanth, U., & Hayward, M. (2013). Big cats in our backyards: Persistence of large carnivores in a human dominated landscape in India. PLoS one, 8(3), e57872. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baral, K., Sharma, H. P., Rimal, B., Thapa-Magar, K., Bhattarai, R., Kunwar, R. M., Aryal, A., Ji, W., & Sharma, L. K. (2021). Characterization and management of human-wildlife conflicts in mid-hills outside protected areas of Gandaki province, Nepal. PLoS one, 16(11), e0260307. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bautista, C., Revilla, E., Berezowska-Cnota, T., Fernández, N., Naves, J., & Selva, N. (2021). Spatial ecology of conflicts: Unravelling patterns of wildlife damage at multiple scales. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 288(1958), 20211394. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.1394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bautista, C., Revilla, E., Naves, J., Albrecht, J., Fernández, N., Olszańska, A., Adamec, M., Berezowska-Cnota, T., Ciucci, P., Groff, C., Härkönen, S., Huber, D., Jerina, K., Jonozovič, M., Karamanlidis, A. A., Palazón, S., Quenette, P.-Y., Rigg, R. … Selva, N. (2019). Large carnivore damage in Europe: Analysis of compensation and prevention programs. Biological Conservation, 235, 308–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.04.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behdarvand, N., & Kaboli, M. (2015). Characteristics of gray wolf attacks on human in an altered landscape in the west of Iran. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 20(2), 112–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2015.963747
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behdarvand, N., Kaboli, M., Ahmadi, M., Nourani, E., Salman Mahini, A., & Asadi, M. (2014). Spatial risk model and mitigation implications for wolf-human conflict in a highly modified agroecosystem in western Iran. Biological Conservation, 177, 156–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.06.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behmanesh, M., Malekian, M., Hemami, M. R., & Fakheran, S. (2019). Patterns and determinants of human-carnivore conflicts in central Iran: Realities and perceptions behind the conflict. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 24(1), 14–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2018.1531182
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruns, A., Waltert, M., & Khorozyan, I. (2020). The effectiveness of livestock protection measures against wolves (Canis lupus) and implications for their co-existence with humans. Global Ecology and Conservation, 21, e00868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00868
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnham, K. P., & Anderson, D. R. (2002). Model selection and inference; a practical information-theoretic approach (2nd ed.). Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Carter, N. H., & Linnell, J. D. C. (2016). Co-adaptation is key to coexisting with large carnivores. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 31(8), 575–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2016.05.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling techniques (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• ERDAS. (2008). ERDAS field guide, vol. 1 & 2. Leica Geosystems Geospatial Imaging.
   Google Scholar
• Farhadinia, M. S., Johnson, P. J., Hunter, L. T. B., & Macdonald, D. W. (2017). Wolves can suppress goodwill for leopards: Patterns of human-predator coexistence in northeastern Iran. Biological Conservation, 213, 210–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.07.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank, B., Glikman, J. A., Marchini, S., Frank, B., Glikman, J. A., & Marchini, S. (2019). Human–wildlife interactions: Turning conflict into coexistence. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108235730
   Google Scholar
• Gastineau, A., Robert, A., Sarrazin, F., Mihoub, J.-B., & Quenette, P.-Y. (2019). Spatiotemporal depredation hotspots of brown bears, Ursus arctos, on livestock in the Pyrenees, France. Biological Conservation, 238, 108210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghoddousi, A., Bleyhl, B., Sichau, C., Ashayeri, D., Moghadas, P., Sepahvand, P., Kh Hamidi, A., Soofi, M., & Kuemmerle, T. (2020). Mapping connectivity and conflict risk to identify safe corridors for the Persian leopard. Landscape Ecology, 35(8), 1809–1825. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-020-01062-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosseini-Zavarei, F., Farhadinia, M., Beheshti-Zavareh, M., & Abdoli, A. (2013). Predation by grey wolf on wild ungulates and livestock in central Iran. Journal of Zoology, 290(2), 127–134. https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, G., Wang, G., Holyoak, M., Yu, Q., Jia, X., Guan, Y., Bao, H., Hua, Y., Zhang, M., & Ma, J. (2017). Land sharing and land sparing reveal social and ecological synergy in big cat conservation. Biological Conservation, 211, 142–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.05.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karanth, K., & Chellam, R. (2009). Carnivore conservation at the crossroads. Oryx, 43(1), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003060530843106X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karanth, K. K., Gopalaswamy, A. M., DeFries, R., Ballal, N., & Gratwicke, B. (2012). Assessing patterns of human-wildlife conflicts and compensation around a central Indian protected area. PLoS one, 7(12), e50433. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khosravi, R., Wan, H. Y., Sadeghi, M. R., & Cushman, S. A. (2023). Identifying human–brown bear conflict hotspots for prioritizing critical habitat and corridor conservation in southwestern Iran. Animal Conservation, 26(1), 31–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12800
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kshettry, A., Vaidyanathan, S., Athreya, V., & Russo, D. (2017). Leopard in a tea-cup: A study of leopard habitat-use and human-leopard interactions in north-eastern India. PLoS one, 12(5), e0177013. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y., Li, M., Liu, C., & Liu, Z. (2020). Optimized maxent model predictions of climate change impacts on the suitable distribution of cunninghamia lanceolata in China. Forests, 11(3), 302. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11030302
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llaneza, L., López-Bao, J. V., & Sazatornil, V. (2012). Insights into wolf presence in human-dominated landscapes: The relative role of food availability, humans and landscape attributes. Diversity and Distributions, 18(5), 459–469. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00869.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, J. R. B. (2015). Mapping attack hotspots to mitigate human–carnivore conflict: Approaches and applications of spatial predation risk modeling. Biodiversity and Conservation, 24(12), 2887–2911. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-015-0993-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammadi, A., Alambeigi, A., López-Bao, J. V., Taghavi, L., & Kaboli, M. (2022). Living with wolves: Lessons learned from Iran. Conservation Science and Practice, 4(5), e12667. https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.12667
   Google Scholar
• Mohammadi, A., Lunnon, C., Moll, R. J., Tan, C. K. W., Hobeali, K., Behnoud, P., Moghadas, P., Macdonald, D. W., & Farhadinia, M. S. (2021). Contrasting responses of large carnivores to land use management across an Asian montane landscape in Iran. Biodiversity and Conservation, 30(13), 4023–4037. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02290-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naha, D., Dash, S. K., Kupferman, C., Beasley, J. C., & Sathyakumar, S. (2021). Movement behavior of a solitary large carnivore within a hotspot of human-wildlife conflicts in India. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 3862. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83262-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nayeri, D., Mohammadi, A., Hysen, L., Hipólito, D., Huber, D., & Wan, H. Y. (2022). Identifying human-caused mortality hotspots to inform human-wildlife conflict mitigation. Global Ecology and Conservation, 38, e02241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02241
   Google Scholar
• Newsome, T. M., & Van Eeden, L. M. (2017). The effects of food waste on wildlife and humans. Sustainability, 9(7), 1269. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9071269
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nogeire, T. M., Davis, F. W., Duggan, J. M., Crooks, K. R., Boydston, E. E., & Boyce, M. S. (2013). Carnivore use of avocado orchards across an agricultural-wildland gradient. PLoS one, 8(7), e68025. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyhus, P. J. (2016). Human–wildlife conflict and coexistence. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 41(1), 143–171. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085634
   Google Scholar
• Ogada, M. O., Woodroffe, R., Oguge, N. O., & Frank, L. G. (2003). Limiting depredation by African carnivores: The role of livestock husbandry. Conservation Biology, 17(6), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2003.00061.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parchizadeh, J., & Belant, J. L. (2021). Human-caused mortality of large carnivores in Iran during 1980–2021. Global Ecology and Conservation, 27, e01618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01618
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penjor, U., Astaras, C., Cushman, S. A., Kaszta, Ż., & Macdonald, D. W. (2022). Contrasting effects of human settlement on the interaction among sympatric apex carnivores. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 289(1973), 20212681. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.2681
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, S. J., Anderson, R. P., & Schapired, R. E. (2006). Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecological Modelling, 190(3–4), 231–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.03.026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinby, B. M., Kluever, B. M., Burcham, G. N., Humberg, L. A., Jones, L. R., Wahl, M. L., & Zollner, P. A. (2022). Spatial risk modeling of cattle depredation by black vultures in the midwestern United States. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 86(5), e22231. https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.22231
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RCoreTeam. (2020). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.r-project.org/
   Google Scholar
• Rezaei, S., Mohammadi, A., Bencini, R., Rooney, T., & Naderi, M. (2022). Identifying connectivity for two sympatric carnivores in human-dominated landscapes in central Iran. PLoS one, 6, e0269179. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269179
   Google Scholar
• Ronoh, E. K., Mirau, S., & Dida, M. A. (2022). Human-wildlife conflict early warning system using the internet of things and short message service. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 12(2), 8273–8277. https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4662
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, P., Chettri, N., Uddin, K., Wangchuk, K., Joshi, R., Tandin, T., Pandey, A., Gaira, K. S., Basnet, K., Wangdi, S., Dorji, T., Wangchuk, N., Chitale, V. S., Uprety, Y., & Sharma, E. (2020). Mapping human‒wildlife conflict hotspots in a transboundary landscape, Eastern Himalaya. Global Ecology and Conservation, 24, e01284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01284
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrotriya, S., Reshamwala, H. S., Lyngdoh, S., Jhala, Y. V., & Habib, B. (2022). Feeding patterns of three widespread carnivores—the wolf, snow leopard, and red fox—in the Trans-Himalayan landscape of India. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 10, 815996. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.815996
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sidemo-Holm, W., Ekroos, J., & Smith, H. G. (2021). Land sharing versus land sparing—what outcomes are compared between which land uses? Conservation Science and Practice, 3(11), e530. https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.530
   Google Scholar
• Skogen, K., & Thrane, C. (2007). Wolves in context: Using survey data to situate wolves with in a wider cultural context. Society & Natural Resources, 21(1), 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920701460408
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thuiller, W., Lafourcade, B., Engler, R., & Araújo, M. B. (2009). BIOMOD – a platform for ensemble forecasting of species distributions. Ecography, 32(3), 369–373. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2008.05742.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres, D., Oliveira, E., & Alves, R. (2018). Conflicts between humans and terrestrial vertebrates: A global review. Tropical Conservation Science, 11, 11. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940082918794084
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treves, A., Martin, K. A., Wydeven, A. P., & Wiedenhoeft, J. E. (2011). Forecasting environmental hazards and the application of risk maps to predator attacks on livestock. BioScience, 61(6), 451–458. https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2011.61.6.7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilar, L., Gómez, I., Martínez-Vega, J., Echavarría, P., Riaño, D., Martín, M. P., & Vadrevu, K. P. (2016). Multitemporal modelling of socio-economic wildfire drivers in central Spain between the 1980s and the 2000s: Comparing generalized linear models to machine learning algorithms. PLoS one 11(8), e0161344. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warrier, R., Noon, B., & Bailey, L. (2020). Agricultural lands offer seasonal habitats to tigers in a human‐dominated and fragmented landscape in India. Ecosphere, 11(7), e03080. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3080
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodroffe, R., Frank, L. G., Lindsey, P. A., Ole Ranah, S. M. K., & Romañach, S. (2007). Livestock husbandry as a tool for carnivore conservation in Africa’s community rangelands: A case–control study. Vertebrate Conservation and Biodiversity, 5, 419–434. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6320-6_28
   Google Scholar
• Ziaie, H. (2008). A field guide to mammals of Iran. Wildlife Center Publication Press.
   Google Scholar