36
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Human-elephant conflict: attitudes of local people toward elephants and the conflict management authority in a shared landscape of India

, , , , , & show all

References

  • Abdullah, A., Sayuti, A., Hasanuddin, H., Affan, M., & Wilson, G. (2019). People’s perceptions of elephant conservation and the human-elephant conflict in Aceh Jaya, Sumatra, Indonesia. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 65(5). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-019-1307-1
  • Akaike, H. (1974). A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 19(6), 716–723. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAC.1974.1100705
  • Anderson, D. R., & Burnham, K. P. (2002). Avoiding pitfalls when using information-theoretic methods. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 66(3), 912. https://doi.org/10.2307/3803155
  • Anoop, N. R., Krishnan, S., & Ganesh, T. (2023). Elephants in the farm–changing temporal and seasonal patterns of human-elephant interactions in a forest-agriculture matrix in the Western Ghats, India. Frontiers in Conservation Science, 4, 1142325. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2023.1142325
  • Bandara, R., & Tisdell, C. (2005). Changing abundance of elephants and willingness to pay for their conservation. Journal of Environmental Management, 76(1), 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.01.007
  • Barua, M., Bhagwat, S. A., & Jadhav, S. (2013). The hidden dimensions of human–wildlife conflict: Health impacts, opportunity, and transaction costs. Biological Conservation, 157, 309–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.07.014
  • Bhushan, R. (2024). Electrocution causes more than 70% elephant casualties in India. Tatsat Chronicle.
  • Bista, R., & Song, C. (2022). Human-wildlife conflict in the community forestry landscape: A case study from two Middle Hill districts of Nepal. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 27(6), 554–570. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2021.1980158
  • Bragagnolo, C., Malhado, A. C., Jepson, P., & Ladle, R. J. (2016). Modelling local attitudes to protected areas in developing countries. Conservation and Society, 14(3), 163–182. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-4923.191161
  • Browne-Nuñez, C., & Jonker, S. A. (2008). Attitudes toward wildlife and conservation across Africa: A review of survey research. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 13(1), 47–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871200701812936
  • Bruskotter, J. T., & Wilson, R. S. (2014). Determining where the wild things will be: Using psychological theory to find tolerance for large carnivores. Conservation Letters, 7(3), 158–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12072
  • Campos-Arceiz, A., & Blake, S. (2011). Megagardeners of the forest–the role of elephants in seed dispersal. Acta Oecologica, 37(6), 542–553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2011.01.014
  • Carter, N. H., & Linnell, J. D. (2016). Co-adaptation is key to coexisting with large carnivores. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 31(8), 575–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2016.05.006
  • Chakraborty, K., & Mondal, J. (2013). Perceptions and patterns of human–elephant conflict at Barjora block of Bankura district in West Bengal, India: Insights for mitigation and management. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 15(2), 547–565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-012-9392-2
  • Choudhury, A. (2004). Human–elephant conflicts in Northeast India. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 9(4), 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871200490505693
  • Cochran, W. G. (1997). Sampling techniques (3rd ed.). New York: John Willey & Sons.
  • Crespin, S. J., & Simonetti, J. A. (2019). Reconciling farming and wild nature: Integrating human–wildlife coexistence into the land-sharing and land-sparing framework. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 48(2), 131–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-018-1059-2
  • Dempsey, L., Dowling, M., Larkin, P., & Murphy, K. (2016). Sensitive interviewing in qualitative research. Research in Nursing & Health, 39(6), 480–490. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21743
  • De Silva, S., & Srinivasan, K. (2019). Revisiting social natures: People-elephant conflict and coexistence in Sri Lanka. Geoforum; Journal of Physical, Human, and Regional Geosciences, 102, 182–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.04.004
  • Dickman, A. J. (2010). Complexities of conflict: The importance of considering social factors for effectively resolving human-wildlife conflict. Animal Conservation, 13(5), 458–466. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2010.00368.x
  • Distefano, E. (2005). Human-wildlife conflict worldwide: Collection of case studies, analysis of management strategies and good practices. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development Initiative (SARDI). FAO Corporate Document repository. https://www.fao.org/documents,
  • Doyle, S., Groo, M., Sampson, C., Songer, M., Jones, M., & Leimgruber, P. (2010). Human-elephant conflict–What can we learn from the news? Gajah, 32, 14–20.
  • Draper, N. R., & Smith, H. (1998). Applied regression analysis. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Efroymson, M. A. (1960). Multiple regression analysis: Mathematical methods for digital computers. Wiley. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Fernando, P., Kumar, M. A., Williams, A. C., Wikramanayake, E., Aziz, T., & Singh, S. M. (2008). Review of human-elephant conflict mitigation measures practiced in South Asia ( pp. 19–20). WWF.
  • Fernando, P., & Leimgruber, P. (2011). Asian elephants and seasonally dry forests. In W. J. McShea, S. J. Davies, N. Phumpakphan, & A. Pattanavibool (Eds.), The ecology and conservation of seasonally dry forests in Asia (pp. 151–163). Smithsonian Institution Scholary Press.
  • Fernando, P., Wikramanayake, E., Weerakoon, D., Jayasinghe, L. K. A., Gunawardene, M., & Janaka, H. K. (2005). Perceptions and patterns of human–elephant conflict in old and new settlements in Sri Lanka: Insights for mitigation and management. Biodiversity and Conservation, 14(10), 2465–2481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-004-0216-z
  • Gogoi, M. (2018). Emotional coping among communities affected by wildlife–caused damage in north-east India: Opportunities for building tolerance and improving conservation outcomes. Oryx, 52(2), 214–219. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605317001193
  • Gubbi, S. (2012). Patterns and correlates of human–elephant conflict around a south Indian reserve. Biological Conservation, 148(1), 88–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.01.046
  • Gubbi, S., Swaminath, M. H., Poornesha, H. C., Bhat, R., & Raghunath, R. (2014). An elephantine challenge: Human–elephant conflict distribution in the largest Asian elephant population, southern India. Biodiversity and Conservation, 23(3), 633–647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-014-0621-x
  • Gulati, S., Karanth, K. K., Le, N. A., & Noack, F. (2021). Human casualties are the dominant cost of human–wildlife conflict in India. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(8), e1921338118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1921338118
  • Guru, B. K., & Das, A. (2021). Cost of human-elephant conflict and perceptions of compensation: Evidence from Odisha, India. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 64(10), 1770–1794. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2020.1838264
  • Hasan, S. M., & Csányi, S. (2023). Attitude index of local communities toward wildlife and their management methods in Malaysia. Diversity, 15(2), 202. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15020202
  • Heath, J., Williamson, H., Williams, L., & Harcourt, D. (2018). “It’s just more personal”: Using multiple methods of qualitative data collection to facilitate participation in research focusing on sensitive subjects. Applied Nursing Research, 43, 30–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2018.06.015
  • Hill, C. M. (1998). Conflicting attitudes towards elephants around the budongo forest reserve, Uganda. Environmental Conservation, 25(3), 244–250. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892998000307
  • Hill, C. M. (2004). Farmers’ perspectives of conflict at the wildlife–agriculture boundary: Some lessons learned from African subsistence farmers. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 9(4), 279–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871200490505710
  • Hlavac, M. (2022). Stargazer: Well-formatted regression and summary statistics. R Package Version 5.2, 1–11. http://cran.r-project.org/package=stargazer
  • Kansky, R., Kidd, M., & Knight, A. T. (2014). Meta-analysis of attitudes toward damage-causing mammalian wildlife. Conservation Biology, 28(4), 924–938. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12275
  • Kansky, R., & Knight, A. T. (2014). Key factors driving attitudes towards large mammals in conflict with humans. Biological Conservation, 179, 93–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.09.008
  • Karanth, K. K., & Nepal, S. K. (2012). Residents’ perception of benefits and losses from protected areas in India and Nepal. Environmental Management, 49(2), 372–386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-011-9778-1
  • Kinyanjui, M., Raja, N., Brennan, E., King, L., & Tiller, L. (2020). Local attitudes and perceived threats of human-elephant conflict: A case study at Lake Jipe, Kenya. Pachyderm, 61(2020).
  • Kolinski, L., & Milich, K. M. (2021). Human-wildlife conflict mitigation impacts community perceptions around Kibale National Park, Uganda. Diversity, 13(4), 145. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13040145
  • Köpke, S., Withanachchi, S. S., Pathiranage, R., Withanachchi, C. R., Gamage, D. U., Nissanka, T. S., Warapitiya, C. C., Nissanka, B. M., Ranasinghe, N. N., Senarathna, C. D., Schleyer, C., & Thiel, A. (2021). Human–elephant conflict in Sri Lanka: A critical review of causal explanations. Sustainability, 13(15), 8625. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158625
  • Kretser, H. E., Curtis, P. D., Francis, J. D., Pendall, R. J., & Knuth, B. A. (2009). Factors affecting perceptions of human–wildlife interactions in residential areas of northern New York and implications for conservation. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 14(2), 102–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871200802695594
  • Kshettry, A., Bhave, N., Das, P., & Athreya, V. (2021). Mahakal blessed my crop: Community dynamics and religious beliefs influence efficacy of a wildlife compensation program. Frontiers in Conservation Science, 2, 727696. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2021.727696
  • Linkie, M., Dinata, Y., Nofrianto, A., & Leader‐Williams, N. (2007). Patterns and perceptions of wildlife crop raiding in and around Kerinci Seblat National Park, Sumatra. Animal Conservation, 10(1), 127–135. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00083.x
  • Madden, F. (2004). Creating coexistence between humans and wildlife: Global perspectives on local efforts to address human–wildlife conflict. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 9(4), 247–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871200490505675
  • Majumder, R. (2022). Human-elephant conflict in West Bengal, India: Present status and mitigation measures. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 68(3), 33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-022-01583-w
  • Menon, V., & Tiwari, S. K. (2019). Population status of Asian elephants Elephas maximus and key threats. International Zoo Yearbook, 53(1), 17–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/izy.12247
  • MoEF & CC. (2017). All India synchronized elephant population estimation. Report, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. Retrieved January 19, 2022, from http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/446218/synchronized-elephant-population-estimation-india-2017/
  • Naha, D., Dash, S. K., Chettri, A., Roy, A., & Sathyakumar, S. (2020). Elephants in the neighborhood: Patterns of crop-raiding by Asian elephants within a fragmented landscape of Eastern India. PeerJ, 8, 8, e9399. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9399
  • Naha, D., Sathyakumar, S., Dash, S., Chettri, A., Rawat, G. S., & Bhadauria, T. (2019). Assessment and prediction of spatial patterns of human-elephant conflicts in changing land cover scenarios of a human-dominated landscape in North Bengal. PLOS ONE, 14(2), e0210580. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210580
  • Naidoo, R., Fisher, B., Manica, A., & Balmford, A. (2016). Estimating economic losses to tourism in Africa from the illegal killing of elephants. Nature Communications, 7(1), 13379. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13379
  • Nayak, M., & Swain, P. K. (2020). From fear to festivity: Multi‐stakeholder perspectives on human‐elephant conflict and coexistence in India. Journal of Public Affairs, 22(2), e2496. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2496
  • Nayak, M., & Swain, P. K. (2022). Perceptions through artwork: Children’s understanding of elephants and human-elephant interactions in Balasore, India. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 27(6), 592–601. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2021.1985659
  • Neupane, D., Johnson, R. L., & Risch, T. S. (2013). Temporal and spatial patterns of human– elephant conflict in Nepal. International Elephant & Rhino Conserv. Res. Symp. Proc, August 2013, Pittsburgh Zoo and PPG Aquarium (pp. 856–888).
  • Nsonsi, F., Heymans, J. C., Diamouangana, J., & Breuer, T. (2017). Attitudes towards forest elephant conservation around a protected area in Northern Congo. Conservation and Society, 15(1), 59–73. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-4923.201394
  • Nyhus, P. J. (2016). Human–wildlife conflict and coexistence. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 41(1), 143–171. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085634
  • Ogra, M. (2009). Attitudes toward resolution of human - Wildlife conflict among forest-dependent agriculturalists near Rajaji National Park, India. Human Ecology, 37(2), 161–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-009-9222-9
  • Ogra, M., & Badola, R. (2008). Compensating human–wildlife conflict in protected area communities: Ground-level perspectives from Uttarakhand, India. Human Ecology, 36(5), 717–729. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-008-9189-y
  • Palei, N. C., Palei, H. S., Rath, B. P., & Kar, C. S. (2014). Mortality of the endangered Asian elephant Elephas maximus by electrocution in Odisha, India. Oryx, 48(4), 602–604. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003060531400012X
  • Palei, N. C., Rath, B. P., & Kar, C. S. (2013). Human-elephant conflict in Sambalpur elephant reserve, Odisha, India. Gajah, 39, 34–36.
  • Pooley, S., Barua, M., Beinart, W., Dickman, A., Holmes, G., Lorimer, J., Milner‐Gulland, E. J., Marvin, G., Redpath, S., Sillero‐Zubiri, C., Zimmermann, A., Milner‐Gulland, E. J., & Loveridge, A. J. (2017). An interdisciplinary review of current and future approaches to improving human–predator relations. Conservation Biology, 31(3), 513–523. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12859
  • Prakash, H., Kumar, R. S., Lahkar, B., Sukumar, R., Vanak, A. T., & Thaker, M. (2022). Animal movement ecology in India: Insights from 2011–2021 and prospective for the future. PeerJ, 10, e14401. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14401
  • Prakash, T. G. S. L., Wijeratne, A. W., & Fernando, P. (2020). Human-elephant conflict in Sri Lanka: Patterns and extent. Gajah, 51, 16–25.
  • Rani, M., Panda, D., Allen, M. L., Pandey, P., Singh, R., & Singh, S. K. (2024). Assessment and prediction of human-elephant conflict hotspots in the human-dominated area of Rajaji-Corbett landscape, Uttarakhand, India. Journal for Nature Conservation, 79, 126601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2024.126601
  • R Core Team. (2021). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
  • Rodgers, W. A., Panwar, H. S., & Mathur, V. B. (2000). Wildlife protected area network in India: A review (executive summary). Wildlife Institute of India.
  • Rohini, C. K., Aravindan, T., Das, K. S. A., & Vinayan, P. A. (2018). People’s attitude towards wild elephants, forest conservation, and human-elephant conflict in Nilambur, southern Western Ghats of Kerala, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 10(6), 11710–11716. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3487.10.6.11710-11716
  • Roy, A., Dash, S. K., & Sathyakumar, S. (2022). A combination of cultural values and economic benefits promote tolerance towards large mammals in a hotspot of human-wildlife conflicts in Eastern India. Human Ecology, 50(2), 321–329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-022-00306-8
  • Saif, O., Kansky, R., Palash, A., Kidd, M., & Knight, A. T. (2020). Costs of coexistence: Understanding the drivers of tolerance towards Asian elephants Elephas maximus in rural Bangladesh. Oryx, 54(5), 603–611. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605318001072
  • Sampson, C., Glikman, J. A., Rodriguez, S. L., Tonkyn, D., Soe, P., O’Connor, D., Chit A. M., & Leimgruber, P. (2022). Rural and urban views on elephants, conservation and poaching. Oryx, 56(4), 609–616. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605321000156
  • Sengupta, A., Binoy, V. V., & Radhakrishna, S. (2020). Human-elephant conflict in Kerala, India: A rapid appraisal using compensation records. Human Ecology, 48(1), 101–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-020-00128-6
  • Shaffer, L. J., Khadka, K. K., Van Den Hoek, J., & Naithani, K. J. (2019). Human-elephant conflict: A review of current management strategies and future directions. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 6(JAN), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2018.00235
  • Sharma, P., Chettri, N., & Wangchuk, K. (2021). Human–wildlife conflict in the roof of the world: Understanding multidimensional perspectives through a systematic review. Ecology and Evolution, 11(17), 11569–11586. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7980
  • Silverio, S. A., Sheen, K. S., Bramante, A., Knighting, K., Koops, T. U., Montgomery, E., November, L., Soulsby, L. K., Stevenson, J. H., Watkins, M., Easter, A., & Sandall, J. (2022). Sensitive, challenging, and difficult topics: Experiences and practical considerations for qualitative researchers. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 21, 16094069221124739. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221124739
  • Smith, G. (2018). Step away from stepwise. Journal of Big Data, 5(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-018-0143-6
  • Su, K., Ren, J., Yang, J., Hou, Y., & Wen, Y. (2020). Human-elephant conflicts and villagers’ attitudes and knowledge in the Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238910
  • Sukumar, R. (1991). Managing large mammals in relation to male strategies and conflict with people. Biological Conservation, 55(1), 93–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(91)90007-V
  • Sukumar, R. (2006). A brief review of the status, distribution and biology of wild Asian elephants Elephas maximus. International Zoo Yearbook, 40(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.2006.00001.x
  • Sukumar, R., & Gadgil, M. (1988). Male-female differences in foraging on crops by Asian elephants. Animal Behaviour, 36(4), 1233–1235. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-3472(88)80084-8
  • Sukumar, R., Venkataraman, A., Cheeran, J. V., Mujumdar, P. P., Baskaran, N., Dharmarajan, G., Roy, M., Madhivanan, A., Suresh, H. S., & Narendran, K. (2003). Study of the elephants in Buxa Tiger Reserve and adjoining areas of northern West Bengal and preparation of conservation action plan. Final report. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science,
  • Talukdar, N. R., Choudhury, P., & Ahmad, F. (2020). Attitudes and Perceptions of the Local People on Human–Elephant Conflict in the Patharia Hills Reserve Forest of Assam, India. Proc Zool Soc, 73(1), 380–391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12595-020-00343-5
  • Tessema, M. E., Lilieholm, R. J., Ashenafi, Z. T., & Leader-Williams, N. (2010). Community attitudes toward wildlife and protected areas in Ethiopia. Society and Natural Resources, 23(6), 489–506. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920903177867
  • Thant, Z. M., May, R., & Røskaft, E. (2023). Effect of human–elephant conflict on local attitudes toward the conservation of wild Asian elephants in Myanmar. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 28(6), 547–563. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2022.2134524
  • Tripathy, B. R., Liu, X., & Ranga, V. (2022). Demographic circumstances and people’s sentiments towards elephants in the human–elephant conflict hotspot villages of Keonjhar forest division in Eastern India. Diversity, 14(331). https://doi.org/10.3390/d14050311145311
  • Vasudev, D., Goswami, V. R., Hait, P., Sharma, P., Joshi, B., Karpate, Y., & Prasad, P. K. (2020). Conservation opportunities and challenges emerge from assessing nuanced stakeholder attitudes towards the Asian elephant in tea estates of Assam, Northeast India. Global Ecology and Conservation, 22(June), e00936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00936
  • Venables, W. N., & Ripley, B. D. (2002). Modern applied statistics with S. Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21706-2
  • Webber, C. E., Sereivathana, T., Maltby, M. P., & Lee, P. C. (2011). Elephant crop-raiding and human-elephant conflict in Cambodia: Crop selection and seasonal timings of raids. Oryx, 45(2), 243–251. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605310000335
  • Wilson, S., Davies, T. E., Hazarika, N., & Zimmermann, A. (2015). Understanding spatial and temporal patterns of human-elephant conflict in Assam, India. Oryx, 49(1), 140–149. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605313000513

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.