The “difficult” cadaver: weight bias in the gross anatomy lab

References

• Puhl RM, Heuer CA. The stigma of obesity: a review and update. Obesity. 2009 May 1;17(5):941–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabin JA, Marini M, Nosek BA. Implicit and explicit anti-fat bias among a large sample of medical doctors by BMI, race/ethnicity and gender. Fielding R, editor. PLoS ONE. 2012 Nov 7;7(11):e48448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomiyama AJ, Finch LE, Belsky ACI, et al. Weight bias in 2001 versus 2013: contradictory attitudes among obesity researchers and health professionals. Obes Silver Spring Md. 2015 Jan;23(1):46–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster GD, Wadden TA, Makris AP, et al. Primary care physicians’ attitudes about obesity and its treatment. Obes Res. 2003 Oct 1;11(10):1168–1177.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huizinga MM, Bleich SN, Beach MC, et al. Disparity in physician perception of patients’ adherence to medications by obesity status. Obesity. 2010 Oct 1;18(10):1932–1937.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz MB, Chambliss HO, Brownell KD, et al. Weight bias among health professionals specializing in obesity. Obes Res. 2003 Sep 1;11(9):1033–1039.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hebl M, Xu J. Weighing the care: physicians’ reactions to the size of a patient. Int J Obes. 2001 Aug;25(8):1246–1252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huizinga MM, Cooper LA, Bleich SN, et al. Physician respect for patients with obesity. J Gen Intern Med. 2009 Nov;24(11):1236–1239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontaine KR, Faith MS, Allison DB, et al. Body weight and health care among women in the general population. Arch Fam Med. 1998 Aug;7(4):381–384.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gudzune KA, Beach MC, Roter DL, et al. Physicians build less rapport with obese patients. Obes Silver Spring Md. 2013 Oct;21(10):2146–2152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez-Boussard T, Ahmed SM, Morton JM. Obesity disparities in preventive care: findings from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 2005–2007. Obes Silver Spring Md. 2012 Aug;20(8):1639–1644.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jay M, Kalet A, Ark T, et al. Physicians’ attitudes about obesity and their associations with competency and specialty: a cross-sectional study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2009 Jun 24;9:106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flegal KM, Kruszon-Moran D, Carroll MD, et al. Trends in obesity among adults in the USA, 2005 to 2014. JAMA. 2016 Jun 7;315(21):2284–2291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geller G, Watkins PA. Addressing medical students’ negative bias toward patients with obesity through ethics education. AMA J Ethics. 2018 Oct 1;20(10):948–959.
   Google Scholar
• Ip EH, Marshall S, Vitolins M, et al. Measuring medical student attitudes and beliefs regarding patients who are obese. Acad Med J Assoc Am Med Coll. 2013 Feb;88(2):282–289.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller DP, Spangler JG, Vitolins MZ, et al. Are medical students aware of their anti-obesity bias? Acad Med. 2013 Jul;88(7):978–982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearl RL, Argueso D, Wadden TA. Effects of medical trainees’ weight-loss history on perceptions of patients with obesity. Med Educ. 2017;51(8):802–811.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persky S, Eccleston CP. Medical student bias and care recommendations for an obese versus non-obese virtual patient. Int J Obes 2005. 2011 May;35(5):728–735.
   Google Scholar
• Phelan SM, Dovidio JF, Puhl RM, et al. Implicit and explicit weight bias in a National sample of 4732 medical students: the medical student CHANGES study. Obes Silver Spring Md. 2014 Apr;22(4):1201–1208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wear D, Aultman JM, Varley JD, et al. Making fun of patients: medical students’ perceptions and use of derogatory and cynical humor in clinical settings. Acad Med J Assoc Am Med Coll. 2006 May;81(5):454–462.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wigton RS, McGaghie WC. The effect of obesity on medical students’ approach to patients with abdominal pain. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Apr;16(4):262–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goss AL, Viswanathan VB, DeLisser HM. Not just a specimen: a qualitative study of emotion, morality, and professionalism in one medical school gross anatomy laboratory. Anat Sci Educ [Internet]. 2019 Mar 1 [cited 2019 Apr 2]; 12:349–359. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ase.1868
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hafferty FW, Finn GM. The hidden curriculum and anatomy education. In: Chan LK, Pawlina W, editors. Teaching anatomy [[Internet]. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015 [cited 2018 Nov 21]. p. 339–349. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-08930-0_37
   Google Scholar
• Rizzolo LJ. Human dissection: an approach to interweaving the traditional and humanistic goals of medical education. Anat Rec. 2002 Dec 15;269(6):242–248.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Swartz WJ. Using gross anatomy to teach and assess professionalism in the first year of medical school. Clin Anat N Y N. 2006 Jul; 19(5):437–441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hafferty FW. Into the valley: death and the socialization of medical students. New Haven: Yale University Press; 1991. p. 234.
   Google Scholar
• McBride JM, Drake RL. National survey on anatomical sciences in medical education. Anat Sci Educ. 2018;11(1):7–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hildebrandt S. Thoughts on practical core elements of an ethical anatomical education. Clin Anat. 2016;29(1):37–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olejaz M. When the dead teach: exploring the postvital life of cadavers in Danish dissection labs. Med Anthropol Theory Open-Access J Anthropol Health Illn Med. 2017 Oct 23; 4(4):125.
   Google Scholar
• Crow SM, O’Donoghue D, Vannatta JB, et al. Meeting the family: promoting humanism in gross anatomy. Teach Learn Med. 2012 Jan 1;24(1):49–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumberg P, Mellis LP. Medical students’ attitudes toward the obese and the morbidly obese. Int J Eat Disord. 1985;4(2):169–175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phelan SM, Puhl RM, Burke SE, et al. The mixed impact of medical school on medical students’ implicit and explicit weight bias. Med Educ. 2015 Oct;49(10):983–992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tjeertes EEKM, Hoeks SSE, Beks SSBJC, et al. Obesity – a risk factor for postoperative complications in general surgery? BMC Anesthesiol. 2015 Jul 31; 15. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-015-0044-6.
   Google Scholar
• Giori NJ, Amanatullah DF, Gupta S, et al. Risk reduction compared with access to care: quantifying the trade-off of enforcing a body mass index eligibility criterion for joint replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2018 Apr 4;100(7):539–545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venkat A, Larkin GL. Ethical dilemmas posed in the care of obese patients in the emergency department. Online J Health Ethics [Internet]. 2014 Jan 1 [cited 2019 May 9];10. Available from: http://aquila.usm.edu/ojhe/vol10/iss1/5.
   Google Scholar
• Romero T. Pre-op tips and tricks for the obese patients | orthopedics this week [Internet]. Orthopedics This Week; 2018 [cited 2019 May 9]. Available from: https://ryortho.com/2018/09/pre-op-tips-and-tricks-for-the-obese-patients/
   Google Scholar
• Phelan S, Burgess D, Yeazel M, et al. Impact of weight bias and stigma on quality of care and outcomes for patients with obesity. Obes Rev. 2015 Apr;16(4):319–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block JP, DeSalvo KB, Fisher WP. Are physicians equipped to address the obesity epidemic? Knowledge and attitudes of internal medicine residents. Prev Med. 2003 Jun;36(6):669–675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyer GSM, Thorndike MEL. quidne Mortui Vivos Docent? The evolving purpose of human dissection in medical education. Acad Med. 2000 Oct 1;75(10):969–979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lempp HK. Perceptions of dissection by students in one medical school: beyond learning about anatomy. A qualitative study. Med Educ. 2005 Mar;39(3):318–325.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustavson N. The effect of human dissection on first-year students and implications for the doctor-patient relationship. Acad Med. 1988 Jan;63(1):62.
   Google Scholar
• Hafferty FW. Cadaver stories and the emotional socialization of medical students. J Health Soc Behav. 1988;29(4):344–356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hildebrandt S. What is happening in our anatomical dissection rooms? Clin Anat. 2014;27(6):833–834.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hafferty FW, Franks R. The hidden curriculum, ethics teaching, and the structure of medical education. Acad Med J Assoc Am Med Coll. 1994 Nov;69(11):861–871.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hafferty FW. Beyond curriculum reform: confronting medicine’s hidden curriculum. Acad Med J Assoc Am Med Coll. 1998 Apr;73(4):403–407.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hafferty FW, Martimianakis MA. A rose by other names: some general musings on Lawrence and colleagues’ hidden curriculum scoping review. Acad Med. 2018 Apr;93(4):526–531.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crandall CS. Prejudice against fat people: ideology and self-interest. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1994 May;66(5):882–894.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phelan SM, Burgess DJ, Puhl R, et al. The adverse effect of weight stigma on the well-being of medical students with overweight or obesity: findings from a national survey. J Gen Intern Med. 2015 Sep 1;30(9):1251–1258.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alberga AS, Pickering BJ, Alix Hayden K, et al. Weight bias reduction in health professionals: a systematic review. Clin Obes. 2016 Jun;6(3):175–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matharu K, Shapiro J, Hammer R, et al. Reducing obesity prejudice in medical education. Educ Health. 2014;27(3):231.
   Google Scholar
• Alperin A, Hornsey MJ, Hayward LE, et al. Applying the contact hypothesis to anti-fat attitudes: contact with overweight people is related to how we interact with our bodies and those of others. Soc Sci Med. 2014 Dec;123:37–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohl M, Bosch P, Hildebrandt S. Medical students’ perceptions of the body donor as a “First Patient” or “Teacher”: a pilot study. Anat Sci Educ. 2011 Jul;4(4):208–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregory SR, Cole TR. The changing role of dissection in medical education. JAMA. 2002 Mar 6;287(9):1180–1181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karunakaran I, Thirumalaikolundusubramanian P, Nalinakumari SD. A preliminary survey of professionalism teaching practices in anatomy education among Indian Medical Colleges. Anat Sci Educ. 2017;10(5):433–443.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aleccia. Donating your body to science? Nobody wants a chubby corpse. NBC News [Internet]; 2012 Jan 9 [cited 2019 Apr 4]. Available from: https://www.nbcnews.com/healthmain/donating-your-body-science-nobody-wants-chubby-corpse-1C6436539
   Google Scholar
• Sager J. Most Americans are too fat to donate their bodies to science. Tonic [Internet]; 2017 Mar 14 [cited 2019 Apr 4]. Available from: https://tonic.vice.com/en_us/article/vvjz3d/most-americans-are-too-fat-to-donate-their-bodies-to-science
   Google Scholar