A Controlled Comparison of Audio-Visual Entrainment for Treating Seasonal Affective Disorder

REFERENCES

• Alper , K. ( 1995 ). Quantitative EEG and evoked potentials in adult psychiatry . In J. Pankseep (Ed.), Advances in biological psychiatry , Vol. 1 (pp. 65 – 112 ). Greenwich , CT : JAI Press .
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . ( 1994 ). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , (5th ed.) . Washington , DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , D. ( 1989 ). The treatment of migraine with variable frequency photic stimulation . Headache , 29 , 154 – 155 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Avery , D. H. , Bolte , M. A. , Dagger , S. R. , Wilson , L. G. , Weyer , M. , et al. . ( 1993 ). Dawn simulation treatment of winter depression: A controlled study . American Journal of Psychiatry , 50 , 113 – 117 .
   Google Scholar
• Barlow , J. S. ( 1960 ). Rhythmic activity induced by photic stimulation in relation to intrinsical activity of the brain in man . Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology , 12 , 317 – 326 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beck , A. T. , Ward , C. H. , Mendelson , M. , Mock , J. , & Erbaugh , J. ( 1961 ). An inventory for measuring depression . Archives of General Psychiatry , 4 , 561 – 571 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bostroem , H. ( 1997 ). Placebo-the forgotten drug . Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health , 23 ( Suppl. 3 ), 53 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Brainard , G. C. , Sherry , D. , Skwere , R. G. , Waxler , M. , Kelly , K. , & Rosenthal , N. E. ( 1990 ). Effects of different wavelengths in seasonal affective disorder . Journal of Affective Disorder , 19 , 209 – 216 .
   Google Scholar
• Brauchli , P. ( 1993 ). A comparative study of the psycho-physiological relaxation effects induced by an optical-acoustic mind machine and relaxing music . Zeitschrift fur experimentelle and angewandte Psychologie , 2 , 179 – 193 .
   Google Scholar
• Brenner , R. P. , Ulrich , R. F. , Spiker , D. G. , Sclabassi , R. J. , Reynolds , C. F. , et al. . ( 1986 ). Computerized EEG spectral analysis in elderly normal, demented and depressed subjects . Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology , 64 , 483 – 492 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Collura , T. , & Siever , D. ( 2009 ). Audio-visual entrainment in relation to mental health and EEG . In Introduction to quantitative EEG and neurofeedback , (2nd ed.) ( Chapter 8 , pp. 195 – 220 ). New York , NY : Elsevier Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Eastman , C. I. , Lahmeyer , H. W. , Watell , L. G. , Good , G. D. , & Young , M. A. (1992). A placebo-controlled trial of light treatment for winter depression. Journal of Affective Disorders , 26, 221–222.
   Google Scholar
• Frederick , J. , Lubar , J. , Rasey , H. , Brim , S. , & Blackburn , J. ( 1999 ). Effects of 18.5 Hz audiovisual stimulation on EEG amplitude at the vertex . Journal of Neurotherapy , 3 , 23 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Freye , E. , & Fournell , A. ( 1988 ). Postoperative reversal of loss of vigilance following midazolam with the use of the antagonist flumazenil (Ro 15-1788). A comparative study with a placebo and the use of EEG-power spectra . Anaesthesist , 37 , 162 – 166 .
   Google Scholar
• Galderisi , S. , Mucci , A. , Bucci , P. , Mignone , M. L. , & Maj , M. ( 1996 ). Influence of moclobemide on cognitive functions of nine depressed patients: pilot trial with neurophysiological and neuropsychological indices . Neuropsychobiology , 33 , 48 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Gloth , F. , Alam , W. , & Hollis , B. ( 1999 ). Vitamin D versus broad spectrum phototherapy in the treatment of seasonal affective disorder . Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging , 3 , 5 – 7 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Godfroid , I. O. ( 1998 ). Placebo II. Psychiagenia and the brain organization . Annales Medico-Psychologiques , 156 , 108 – 114 .
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton , M. ( 1967 ). Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness . British Journal of Social Clinical Psychology , 6 , 278 – 296 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellekson , C. J. , Kline , J. A. , & Rosenthal , N. E. ( 1986 ). Phototherapy for seasonal affective disorder in Alaska . American Journal of Psychiatry , 143 , 1035 – 1037 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itil , T. M. ( 1983 ). The discovery of antidepressant drugs by computer-analyzed human cerebral bio-electrical potentials (CEEG) . Progress in Neurobiology , 20 , 185 – 249 .
   Google Scholar
• John , E. R. , Prichep , L. S. , Fridman , J. , & Easton , P. ( 1988 ). Neurometrics: Computer assisted differential diagnosis of brain dysfunctions . Science , 293 , 162 – 169 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasper , S. , Rogers , S. , Yancey , A. , Schulz , P. , Skwerer , R. , & Rosenthal , N. ( 1989 ). Phototherapy in individuals with and without subsyndromal seadonal affective disorder . Archives of General Psychiatry , 46 , 837 – 845 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinney , J. A. S. , McKay , C. L. , Mensch , A. J. , & Luria , S. M. ( 1973 ). Visual evoked responses elicited by rapid stimulation . Electrocephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology , 34 , 7 – 13 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Knott , V. J. , Bakish , D. , Lusk , S. , & Barkely , J. ( 1997 ). Relaxation-induced EEG alterations in panic disorder patients . Journal of Anxiety Disorders , 11 , 365 – 376 .
   Google Scholar
• Knott , V. J. , & Lapierre , Y. D. ( 1987 ). Computerized EEG correlates of depression and antidepressant treatment . Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology in Biological Psychiatry , 11 , 213 – 221 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroger , W. S. , & Schneider , S. A. ( 1959 ). An electronic aid for hypnotic induction: A preliminary report . International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis , 7 , 93 – 98 .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , T. M. C. ( 1995 ). Phototherapy for SAD: A meta-analytic review . Department of education psychology , (p. 10) . Edmonton , Canada : University of Alberta .
   Google Scholar
• Leonard , K. , Telch , M. , & Harrington , P. ( 1999 ). Dissociation in the laboratory: A comparison of strategies . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 37 , 49 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard , K. , Telch , M. , & Harrington , P. ( 2000 ). Fear response to dissociation challenge . Anxiety, Stress and Coping , 13 , 355 – 369 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitt , A. J. , Joffe , R. T. , Brecher , D. , & MacDonald , C. ( 1993 ). Anxiety disorders and anxiety symptoms in a clinic sample of seasonal and non-seasonal depressives . Journal of Affective Disorders , 28 , 51 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lingjaerde , O. , & Reichborn-Kjennerud , T. ( 1993 ). Characteristics of winter depression in the Oslo area (60 N) . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 88 , 111 – 120 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manns , A. , Miralles , R. , & Adrian , H. ( 1981 ). The application of audiostimulation and electromyographic biofeedback to bruxism and myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome . Oral Surgery , 52 ( 3 ), 247 – 252 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Margolis , B. S. ( 1966 ). A technique for rapidly inducing hypnosis: A valuable tool for allaying fears and apprehensions about dental treatment is made practical with an electronic instrument . CAL , pp. 21 – 24 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marriott , P. F. , Greenwood , K. M. , & Armstrong , S. M. ( 1994 ). Seasonality in panic disorder . Journal of Affective Disorders , 31 , 75 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Monakhov , K. , & Perris , C. ( 1980 ). Neurophysiological correlates of depressive symptomatology . Neuropsychobiology , 6 , 268 – 279 .
   Google Scholar
• Morse , D. R. , & Chow , E. ( 1993 ). The effect of the Relaxodont Brain Wave Synchronizer on endodontic anxiety: Evaluation by galvanic skin resistance, pulse rate, physical reactions, and questionnaire response . International Journal of Psychosomatics , 40 , 68 – 76 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nieber , D. , & Schlegel , S. ( 1992 ). Relationships between psychomotor retardation and EEG power spectrum in major depression . Neuropsychobiology , 25 , 20 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nystrom , C. , Matousek , M. , & Hallstrom , T. ( 1986 ). Relationships between EEG and clinical characteristics in major depressive disorder . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia , 73 , 390 – 394 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Packard , R. C. , & Ham , L. P. (1997). EEG biofeedback for post-traumatic headache and cognitive dysfunction: pilot study. Headache Quarterly , 8, 348–352.
   Google Scholar
• Pancheri , L. , & Kotzalidis , G. D. ( 1992 ). Placebo effectiveness psychiatric disorders: Is it in part a dopamine-mediated effect? A hypothesis . New Trends in Experimental & Clinical Psychiatry , 7 , 205 – 211 .
   Google Scholar
• Pollock , V. E. , & Schneider , L. S. ( 1990 ). Quantitative, waking EEG research on depression . Biological Psychiatry , 27 , 757 – 780 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiss , S. , Peterson , R. A. , Gursky , D. M. , & McNally , R. J. ( 1986 ). Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency and the prediction of fearfulness . Behaviour Research Theory , 24 , 1 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen , L. N. , Targum , S. D. , Terman , M. , Bryant , M. J. , Hoffman , H. , et al. . ( 1990 ). Prevalence of seasonal affective disorder at four latitudes . Psychiatry Research , 31 , 131 – 144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal , N. E. ( 1985 ). Seasons of the mind: Why you get the winter blues and what you can do about it . New York : Bantam .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenthal , N. E. ( 1993 ) Winter blues: what it is and how to overcome it . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenthal , N. E. , Genhart , M. J. , Caballero , B. , Jacobsen , F. M. , Skwere , R. G. , et al. . ( 1989 ). Psychobiololgical effects of carbohydrates- and protein-rich meals in patients with seasonal affective disorder and normal control . Biological Psychiatry , 25 , 1029 – 1040 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal , N. E. , Sack , D. A. , Gillin , J. C. , Lewy , A. J. , Goodwin , F. K. , et al. . ( 1984 ). Seasonal affective disorder: A description of the syndrome and preliminary findings with light therapy . Archives of General Psychiatry , 41 , 72 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sack , R. L. , Lewy , A. J. , White , D. M. , Singer , C. M. , Fireman , M. J. , & Vandiver , R. ( 1990 ). Morning vs evening of light treatment for winter depression—Evidence that the therapeutic effects of light are mediated by circadian phase shifts . Archives of General Psychiatry , 47 , 343 – 351 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito , N. ( 1995 ). Analytic study on EEG features of aging with/without psychiatric disorders: focusing at the alterations in the EEGs of the healthy, depressive and demented elderlies . Seichin Shinkeigaku Zasshi-Psychaitria et Neurologia Japonica , 97 ( 10 ), 801 – 824 .
   Google Scholar
• Sakamoto , K. , Kamo , T. , Nakadaira , S. , Tamura , A. , & Takahashi , K. ( 1993 ). A nationwide survey of seasonal affective disorder at 53 outpatient university clinics in Japan . Acto Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 87 , 258 – 265 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandyk , R. , & Derpapas , K. ( 1993 ). The effects of external picoTelsa range magnetic fields on the EEG in Parkinson's disease . International Journal of Neuroscience , 70 ( 1–2 ), 85 – 96 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shealy , N. , Cady , R. , Cox , R. , Liss , S. , Clossen , W. , & Veehoff , D. ( 1989 ). A comparison of depths of relaxation produced by various techniques and neurotransmitters produced by Brainwave Entrainment–Shealy and Forest Institute of Professional Psychology—A study done for Comprehensive Health Care.
   Google Scholar
• Silverstone , T. ( 1989 ). The clinical psychopharmacology of seasonal affective disorder . In C. Thompson & T. Silverstone (Eds.), Seasonal Affective Disorder (pp. 259 – 268 ). London : Clinical Neuroscience Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Solomon , G. D. ( 1985 ). Slow wave photic stimulation in the treatment of headache: A preliminary report . Headache , 25 , 444 – 446 .
   Google Scholar
• Strelets , V. B. , Ivanitskii , A. M. , Ivanitskii , G. A. , Artseulova , O. K. , Novototskii-Vlasov , V. Iu. , & Golikova , Zh. V. ( 1996 ). The disordered organization of the coritical processes in depression [Russian] . Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deiatelnosti Imeni I.P. Pavlova , 46 , 274 – 281 .
   Google Scholar
• Stutzmann , J. M. , Piot , O. , Reibaud , M. , Doble , A. , & Blanchard , J. C. ( 1992 ). Pharmacological properties and mechanism of action of the cycloprrolones . Enchephale , 18 , 393 – 400 .
   Google Scholar
• Swedo , S. , & Leonard , H. ( 1996 ). It's not all in your head . New York : HarperCollins .
   Google Scholar
• Teicher , M. H. , Glod , C. A. , Oren , D. A. , Schwartz , P. J. , Luetke , C. , et al. . ( 1995 ). The phototherapy light visor: More to it than meets the eye . American Journal of Psychiatry , 152 , 1197 – 1202 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terman , M. , Quitkin , F. M. , & Terman , J. S. ( 1987 ). The timing of phototherapy: Effects on clinical response and the melatonin cycle . Psychopharmacological Bulletin , 23 , 354 – 357 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ter Riet , G. , deCraen , A. J. M. , deBoer , A. , & Kessels , A. G. H. ( 1998 ). Is placebo analgesia mediated by endogenous opioids? A systematic review . Pain , 76 , 273 – 275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , N. , & Siever , D. ( 1989 ). The effect of repetitive audio/visual stimulation on skeletomotor and vasomotor activity . In D. Waxman , D. Pederson , I. Wilkie , & P. Meller (Eds.), Hypnosis: 4th European Congress at Oxford (pp. 238 – 245 ). London : Whurr .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , C. , & Isaacs , G. ( 1988 ). Seasonal affective disorder–A british sample. Symptomatology in relation to mode of referral and diagnostic subtype . Journal of Affective Disorders , 14 , 1 – 11 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Toman , J. ( 1940 ). Flicker potentials and the alpha rhythm in man . Journal of Neurophysiology , 4 , 51 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Wehr , T. A. , Jacobsen , F. M. , Sack , D. A. , Arendt , J. , Tamarkin , L. , & Rosenthal , N. E. (1986). Phototherapy of seasonal affective disorder: Time of day and suppression of melatonin are not critical for anti-depressant effects. Archives of General Psychiatry , 43, 870–875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , K. ( 2002, September ). Times of our lives . Scientific American , 287 ( 3 ), 59 – 65 .
   Google Scholar
• Yamada , M. , Kimura , M. , Mori , T. , & Endo , S. ( 1995 ). EEG power and coherence and senile depression. Characteristic findings related to differences between anxiety type and retardation type . Nippon Ika Daigaku Zasshi-Journal of the Nippon Medical School , 62 , 176 – 185 .
   Google Scholar