Networks of Social Support to Manage Poverty: More Changeable than Durable

References

• Berry, B., & Park, S. (2007). Healthy communities in Toronto: An investigation of three neighbourhoods in the greater metropolitan area. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto.
   Google Scholar
• Bezanson, K. (2006). Gender, the state, and social reproduction: Household insecurity in neo-liberal times. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Block, S. (2010). Ontario’s growing gap: The role of race and gender. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives. Retrieved https://www.policyalternatives.ca/publications/reports/role-race-and-gender-ontarios- growing-gap
   Google Scholar
• Breitkreuz, R. S. (2005). Engendering Citizenship? A Critical Feminist Analysis of Welfare-to-Work Policies and the Employment Experiences of Lone Mothers. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare XXXII(2): 147–165.
   Google Scholar
• Breitkreuz, R., Williamson, D., & Raine, K. (2010). Dis-integrated policy: Welfare-to-Work participants’ Experiences of integrating paid work and unpaid family work. Community, Work, & Family, 13(1), 43–69. doi:10.1080/13668800902923753
   Google Scholar
• Brodie, J. (2002). Citizenship and solidarity: Reflections on the Canadian way. Citizenship Studies, 6(4), 377–394. doi:10.1080/1362102022000041231
   Google Scholar
• Campaign 2000. (2013). Beyond Austerity: Investing in Ontario’s Future. 2013 report card on child and family poverty in Ontario. Retrieved from http://www.campaign2000.ca/reportCards/provincialReports.html
   Google Scholar
• Caragata, L. (2006). Housing and homelessness. In A. Westhues (Ed.), Canadian social policy: Issues and perspectives (4th ed., pp. 267–290). Waterloo, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Day, S., & Brodsky, G. (2006). Strengthening the Canada social transfer: A call to account. Canadian Feminist Alliance for International Action. Retrieved from http://www.fafia-fai.org/files/Strengthening_the_Canada_Social_Transfer_FAFIA.pdf
   Google Scholar
• De Jong, G. F., & Madamba, A. B. (2001). A double disadvantage? Minority group, immigrant status, and underemployment in the United States. Social Science Quarterly, 82(1), 117–130. doi:10.1111/0038-4941.00011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebaugh, H. R., & Currie, M. (2000). Fictive kin as social capital in new immigrant communities. Sociological Perspectives, 43(2), 189–209. doi:10.2307/1389793
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edin, K., & Lein, L. (1997). Making ends meet: How single mothers survive welfare and low-wage work. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Elder, G. H., Jr. (1994). Time, human agency, and social change: Perspectives on the life course. Social Psychology Quarterly, 57(1), 4–15. doi:10.2307/2786971
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elder, G. H., Jr. (1998). The life course as developmental theory. Child Development, 69(1), 1–12. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06128.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott-Buckley, S. (2014). Canada seeks the OECD record for income inequality. Politics Respun. Retrieved from http://politicsrespun.org/2014/03/canadas-seeks-the-oecd-record-for-income-inequality/#sthash.kQbkqSSJ.dpbs
   Google Scholar
• Engel, L. C., Rutowski, L., & Rutowski, D. (2014). Global mobility and rising inequality: A cross-national study of immigration, poverty, and social cohesion. Peabody Journal of Education, 89(1), 123–140. doi:10.1080/0161956X.2014.862480
   Google Scholar
• Fleras, A., & Elliott, J. L. (2006). Unequal relations: An introduction to race, ethnic & Aboriginal dynamics in Canada. Toronto, Canada: Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Fleury, D. (2007). A study of working poverty and poverty among recent immigrants to Canada. Catalogue No.: HS28-121/2007E. Retrieved from http://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/312107/publication.html
   Google Scholar
• Galabuzi, G. (2001). Canada’s creeping economic apartheid: The economic segregation and social marginalization of racialized groups. Toronto, Canada: Centre for Social Justice Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Gazso, A., & McDaniel, S. (2010). The risks of being a single mother on income support in Canada and the United States. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 30(7/8), 368–386. doi:10.1108/01443331011060724
   Google Scholar
• Gazso, A., & McDaniel, S. (2015). Families by choice and the management of low income through social supports. Journal of Family Issues, 36(3), 371–395. doi:10.1177/0192513X13506002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, L. (2012). Seniors and poverty: Why women are at greater risk. Factivist, 5–7. Edmonton Social Planning Council. Retrieved from http://hosted-p0.vresp.com/378175/9ed8c0b28c/1641390667
   Google Scholar
• Guzman, T., Pirog, M. A., & Seefeldt, K. (2013). Social policy: What have we learned? Policy Studies Journal, 41(S1), S53–S70. doi:10.1111/psj.2013.41.issue-s1
   Google Scholar
• Heflin, C. M., & Pattillo, M. (2006). Poverty in the family: Race, siblings, and socioeconomic heterogeneity. Social Science Research, 35(4), 804–822. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2004.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayakody, R., Chatters, L. M., & Taylor, R. J. (1993). Family support to single and married African American mothers: The provision of financial, emotional, and child care assistance. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 55, 261–276. doi:10.2307/352800
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, G. (2001). Teenaged mothers on welfare. Journal of Poverty, 5(2), 67–86.
   Google Scholar
• Kazemipur, A., & Halli, S. S. (2001). The changing colour of poverty in Canada: Research on immigrants. Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 38(2), 217–238.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, E. C. (2009). ‘Mama’s family’: Fictive kinship and undocumented immigrant restaurant workers. Ethnography, 10(4), 497–513. doi:10.1177/1466138109347000
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langer, N. (1995). Grandparents and adult grandchildren: What do they do for one another? In J. Hendriks (Ed), The ties of later life. Amityville, NY: Baywood Publishing Company, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Langford, C., Bowsher, J., Maloney, J. P., & Lillis, P. P. (1997). Social support: A conceptual analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 25, 95–100. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.1997.1997025095.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lightman, E., Mitchell, A., & Herd, D. (2005). One year on: Tracking the experiences of current and former welfare recipients in Toronto. Journal of Poverty, 9(4), 5–25. doi:10.1300/J134v09n04_02
   Google Scholar
• McDaniel, S. A., & Bernard, P. (2011). Life course as a policy lens: Challenges and opportunities. Canadian Public Policy, 37(Suppl 1), S1–S13. doi:10.3138/cpp.37.suppl.s1
   Google Scholar
• Morisette, R., and Otrovsky, Y. (2007). Income instability of lone parents, singles, and two-parent families in Canada, 1986–2004. (Catalogue no. 11F0019MIE — No. 297). Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-015-x/earning-gain/4070048-eng.htm
   Google Scholar
• National Council of Welfare. (2012). Poverty rates: results. Retrieved from http://www.ncw.gc.ca/[email protected]?lang=eng&fii=YEARID1976&yrid=2009&chrtid=3&srslblfldidx=8&xgrplblfldidx=7&beye=1&chrttypid=1&pvrtymsrid=2
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, M. K. (2000). Single mothers and social support: The commitment to, and retreat from, reciprocity. Qualitative Sociology, 23, 291–317. doi:10.1023/A:1005567910606
   Google Scholar
• Newman, K. S. (1999). No shame in my game: The working poor in the inner city. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Offer, S. (2012). The burden of reciprocity: Processes of exclusion and withdrawal from personal networks among low-income families. Current Sociology, 60, 788–805. doi:10.1177/0011392112454754
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2008). Growing unequal? Income distribution and poverty in OECD Countries. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/document/53/0,3343,en_2649_33933_41460917_1_1_1_1,00.html
   Google Scholar
• Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2014). OECD economic surveys: Canada. Paris, France: Author. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Overview%20_CANADA_2014.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development. (2013). Crisis squeezes income and puts pressure on inequality and poverty. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/social/income-distribution-database.htm
   Google Scholar
• Ornstein, M. (2006). Ethno-racial groups in Toronto, 1971–2001: A demographic and social profile. [Electronic Version] Retrieved from http://www.yorku.ca/isr/download/Ornstein–Ethno-Racial_Groups_in_Toronto_1971-2001.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Peck, J., & Tickell, A. (2002). Neoliberalizing space. Antipode, 34(3), 380–404. doi:10.1111/anti.2002.34.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pernille, D., Holstein, B., Lund, R., Modvig, J., & Avlund, K. (1999). Social relations: Network, support and relational strain. Social Science & Medicine, 48, 661–673. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00381-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers, R. S., Livermore, M. M., & Davis, B. C. (2013). The complex lives of disconnected welfare leavers: Examining barriers, social support and informal employment. Journal of Poverty, 17(4), 394–413. doi:10.1080/10875549.2013.833158
   Google Scholar
• Pulkingham, J., Fuller, S., & Kershaw, P. (2010). Lone motherhood, welfare reform and active citizen subjectivity. Critical Social Policy, 30(2), 267–291. doi:10.1177/0261018309358292
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qadeer, M. (2004). Ethnic segregation in a multicultural City: The case of Toronto, Canada. Toronto, Canada: CERIS.
   Google Scholar
• Rice, J., & Prince, M. (2013). Changing politics of Canadian social policy (2nd ed.). Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Saulnier, C. (2009). Poverty reduction policies and programs: The causes and consequences of poverty: Understanding divisions and disparities in social and economic development in Nova Scotia (Social Development Report Series). Kanata, Canada: Canadian Council on Social Development.
   Google Scholar
• Stack, C. B. (1974). All our kin: Strategies for survival in a Black community. New York, NY: Harper Torchbooks, Harper & Row.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. (2011). Persons living in low-income neighborhoods (Catalogue no. 99-014-X2011003). Retrieved from http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/99-014-x/99-014-x2011003_3-eng.cfm
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada, The Daily. (2008). 2006 Census: Earnings, income, and shelter costs. Statistics Canada. Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/080501/dq080501a-eng.htm
   Google Scholar
• Swanson, J. A., Olson, C. M., Miller, E. O., & Lawrence, F. C. (2008). Rural mothers’ use of formal programs and informal social supports to meet family food needs: A mixed methods study. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 29, 674–690. doi:10.1007/s10834-008-9127-6
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, R. J., Chatters, L. M., Woodward, A. T., & Brown, E. (2013). Racial and ethnic differences in extended family, friendship, fictive kin and congregational informal support networks. Family Relations, 62(4), 609–624. doi:10.1111/fare.2013.62.issue-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walkom, T. (2013, November 1). Stephen Harper’s new employment insurance rules whack hard. Toronto Star, retrieved from http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2013/11/01/stephen_harpers_new_employment_insurance_rules_whack_ontario_hard_walkom.html.
   Google Scholar
• Weerasinghe, S., Dobrowlosky, A., Gallant, N., Tastsoglou, E., Akbari, A., Gardiner-Barber, P., & Quaicoe, L. (in press). Why networks matter and how they work?: The role of social networks in attracting and retaining immigrants in small cities. In G. T. Bonifacio & J. Drolet (Eds.), Immigration and the Small City: Canadian experiences and perspectives Vancouver, Canada: UBC Press.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2006). Gender, equality, work and health: A review of the evidence. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Yalnizyan, A. (2010). The rise of Canada’s richest 1%. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives. Retrieved from https://www.policyalternatives.ca/publications/reports/growing-gap?page=1
   Google Scholar