Shifting Societal Attitudes: Examining the Effects of Perspective Taking on Attitudes toward and Derogation of the Poor

References

• Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books.
   Google Scholar
• Aron, A., Aron, E. N., & Smollan, D. (1992). Inclusion of other in the self scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(4), 596–612. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.596
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beussink, C. N., Hackney, A. A., & Vitacco, M. J. (2017). The effects of perspective taking on empathy-related responses for college students higher in callous traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 119, 86–91. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.07.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaufus, K., Braune, M., Hundsdoerfer, J., & Jacob, M. (2015). Self-serving bias and tax morale. Economics Letters, 131, 91–93. doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2015.03.041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blomberg, H., Kroll, C., Kallio, J., & Erola, J. (2013). Social workers' perceptions of the causes of poverty in the Nordic countries. Journal of European Social policy, 23(1), 68–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, B., & Lin, W.-Y. (2017). Revisiting the contact hypothesis: Effects of different modes of computer-mediated communication on intergroup relationships. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 58, 23–30. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2017.03.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caplan, M. A., Purser, G., & Kindle, P. A. (2017). Personal accounts of poverty: A thematic analysis of social media. Journal of Evidence-Informed Social Work, 14(6), 433–456. doi:10.1080/23761407.2017.1380547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, S., & Ravillion, M. (2012). More relatively poor people in a less absolutely poor world (Working Paper No. 6114). Retrieved from The World Bank Data and Research website http://goo.gl/Xr5yZ4
   Google Scholar
• Christ, C. C., Carlo, G., & Stoltenberg, S. F. (2016). Oxytocin receptor (OXTR) single nucleotide polymorphisms indirectly predict prosocial behavior through perspective taking and empathic concern. Journal of Personality, 84(2), 204–213. doi:10.1111/jopy.12152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan, P. W., Backs, A., Green, A., Lickey, S. E., & Penn, D. L. (2001). Prejudice, social distance, and familiarity with severe mental illness. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 27(2), 219–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• da Costa, L. P., & Dias, J. G. (2015). What do Europeans believe to be the causes of poverty? A multilevel analysis of heterogeneity within and between countries. Social Indicators Research, 122(1), 1–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feagin, J. R. (1972, November). Poverty: We still believe that God helps those who help themselves. Psychology Today, 6(6), 101–129.
   Google Scholar
• Galinsky, A. D., & Ku, G. (2004). The effects of perspective-taking on prejudice: The moderating role of self-evaluation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 594–604. doi:10.1177/0146167203262802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galinsky, A. D., & Moskowitz, G. B. (2000). Perspective-taking: Decreasing stereotype expression, stereotype accessibility, and ingroup favoritism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 708–724. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.4.708
   Google Scholar
• Gino, F., & Galinsky, A. (2012). Vicarious dishonesty: When psychological closeness creates distance from one’s moral compass. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 119, 15–26. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.03.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halik, M., & Webley, P. (2011). Adolescents’ understanding of poverty and the poor in rural Malaysia. Journal of Economic Psychology, 32, 231–239. doi:10.1016/j.joep.2009.02.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krumer-Nevo, M., Weiss-Gal, I., & Monnickendam, M. (2009). Poverty-aware social work practice: A conceptual framework for social work education. Journal of Social Work Education, 45, 225–243. doi:10.5175/JSWE.2009.200600144
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langille-Hoppe, M., Gonzalez, J. R., & Maxey, M. (2011). From both sides of the desk: A qualitative analysis of social service workers’ perceptions of poverty in the Ozarks. Journal of Poverty, 15(2), 164–183. doi:10.1080/10875549.2011.563172
   Google Scholar
• Lauter, D. (2016, August 14). How do Americans view poverty? Many blue-collar whites, key to Trump, criticize poor people as lazy and content to stay on welfare. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from http://www.latimes.com/projects/la-na-pol-poverty-poll/
   Google Scholar
• Lerner, M. J. (1980). The belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion. New York, USA: Plenum.
   Google Scholar
• Lietz, C. A., Gerdes, K. E., Sun, F., Mullins Geiger, J., Wagaman, M. A., & Segal, E. (2011). The empathy assessment index (EAI): A confirmatory factor analysis of a multidimensional model of empathy. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 2, 104–124. doi:10.5243/jsswr.2011.6
   Google Scholar
• Link, B. G. (1987). Understanding labelling effects in the area of mental disorders: An assessment of the effects of expectations of rejection. American Sociological Review, 52, 96–112. doi:10.2307/2095395
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipkus, I. M., Dalbert, C., & Siegler, I. C. (1996). The importance of distinguishing the belief in a just world for self versus for others: Implications for psychological well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(7), 666–677. doi:10.1177/0146167296227002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre, K., Paolini, S., & Hewstone, M. (2016). Changing people’s views of outgroups through individual-to-group generalisation: Meta-analytic reviews and theoretical considerations. European Review Of Social Psychology, 27(1), 63–115. doi:10.1080/10463283.2016.1201893
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merolla, D. M., Hunt, M. O., & Serpe, R. T. (2011). Concentrated disadvantage and beliefs about the causes of poverty: A multi-level analysis. Sociological Perspectives, 54(2), 205–228. doi:10.1525/sop.2011.54.2.205
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, D. T., & Ross, M. (1975). Self-serving biases in the attribution of causality: Fact or fiction? Psychological Bulletin, 82(2), 213–225. doi:10.1037/h0076486
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, T., Loomis, C., Polillo, A., Fry, B., & MacKeigan, M. (under review). Projective technique reveals unconscious attitudes about poverty in Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Momeni, J. A. (1990). Homelessness in the United States: Data and issues. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
   Google Scholar
• Murry, V. M., Heflinger, C. A., Suiter, S. V., & Brody, G. H. (2011). Examining perceptions about mental health care and help-seeking among rural African American families of adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 1118–1131. doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9627-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pachankis, J. E., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Wang, K., Burton, C. L., Crawford, F. W., Phelan, J. C., & Link, B. G. (2018). The burden of stigma on health and well-being: A taxonomy of concealment, course, disruptiveness, aesthetics, origin, and peril across 93 stigmas. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 44(4), 451–474.
   Google Scholar
• Pratto, F., Cidam, A., Stewart, A. L., Zeineddine, F. B., Aranda, M., Aiello, A., … Henkel, K. E. (2012). Social dominance in context and in individuals: Contextual moderation of robust effects of social dominance orientation in 15 languages and 20 countries. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4(5), 587–599. doi:10.1177/1948550612473663
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen, H. F., Ramos, M. C., Han, S. C., Pettit, C., & Margolin, G. (2018). How discrimination and perspective-taking influence adolescents’ attitudes about justice. Journal of Adolescence, 62, 70–81. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.11.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reutter, L. I., Stewart, M. J., Veenstra, G., Love, R., Raphael, D., & Makwarimba, E. (2009). “Who do they think we are, anyway?”: Perceptions of and responses to poverty stigma. Qualitative Health Research, 19(3), 297–311. doi:10.1177/1049732308330246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, L. E. (2017). “Helping the helpless help themselves”: How volunteers and employees create a moral identity while sustaining symbolic boundaries within a homeless shelter. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 46(2), 230–260. doi:10.1177/0891241615603450
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutton, R. M., Stoeber, J., & Kamble, S. V. (2017). Belief in a just world for oneself versus others, social goals, and subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 113, 115–119. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.03.026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taglar, M. J., & Cozzarelli, C. (2013). Feelings toward the poor and beliefs about the causes of poverty: The role of affective-cognitive consistency in help-giving. The Journal of Psychology, 147(6), 517–539. doi:10.1080/00223980.2012.718721
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toikko, T., & Rantanen, T. (2017). How does the welfare state model influence social political attitudes? An analysis of citizens’ concrete and abstract attitudes toward poverty. Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy, 33(3), 201–224. doi:10.1080/21699763.2017.1302892
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Development Programme. (2013). Human development report 2013: The rise of the South. Kanata, ON: Gilmore Printing Services Incorporated.
   Google Scholar
• Yun, S. H., & Weaver, R. D. (2010). Development and validation of a short form of the attitude toward poverty scale. Advances In Social Work, 11(2), 174–187.
   Google Scholar