References
- Abraham, R. (2006). Mobile phones and economic development: Evidence from the fishing industry in India. International conference on information and communication technologies and development, Berkeley, CA, 2006, doi: 10.1109/ICTD.2006.301837., 48–56.
- Agüero, A., & De Silva, H. (2009). Bottom of the pyramid expenditure patterns on mobile phone services in selected emerging Asian countries. Information Technologies & International Development, 7(3): 19-32.https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/bitstream/handle/10625/52333/IDL-52333.pdf
- Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behaviour. In J. Kuhl & J. Beckmann (Eds.), Action control: From cognition to behaviour (pp. 11–39). Springer.
- Aker, J. C. (2008). Does digital divide or provide? The impact of cell phones on grain markets in Niger. Center for Global Development working paper. http://ibread.org/bread/system/files/bread_wpapers/177.pdf
- Aker, J. C., & Mbiti, I. M. (2010). Mobile phones and economic development in Africa. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(3), 207–232. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.24.3.207
- Anderson, J., & Billou, N. (2007). Serving the world’s poor: Innovation at the base of the economic pyramid. Journal of Business Strategy, 28(2), 14–21. https://doi.org/10.1108/02756660710732611
- Andreasen, A. R. (1993). Revisiting the disadvantaged: Old lessons and new problems. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 12(2), 270–275. https://doi.org/10.1177/074391569101200213
- Batra, R., & Ahtola, O. T. (1991). Measuring the hedonic and utilitarian sources of consumer attitudes. Marketing Letters, 2(2), 159–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00436035
- Bulduklu, Y. (2017). Mobile games on the basis of uses and gratifications approach: A comparison of the mobile game habits of university and high school students. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 25(5–6), 901–917. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856517748159
- Campbell, S. W. (2007). A cross-cultural comparison of perceptions and uses of mobile telephony. New Media and Society, 9(2), 343–363. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444807075016
- Carpani, J. (2019, August 9). Millions suffering mobile phone signal blackouts because most areas lack 4G coverage. The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/08/08/millions-suffering-mobile-phone-signal-blackouts-areas-lack2/
- Carroll, J., Howard, S., Peck, J., & Murphy, J. (2003). From adoption to use: The process of appropriating a mobile phone. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 10(2), 38-48. https://doi.org/10.3127/ajis.v10i2.151
- Chauhan, S., Gupta, P., & Jaiswal, M. (2018). Factors inhibiting the internet adoption by base of the pyramid in India. Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance, 20(4), 323–336. https://doi.org/10.1108/DPRG-01-2018-0001
- Darley, W. K., & Johnson, D. M. (1985). A contemporary analysis of the low-income consumer: An international perspective. In J. N Seth & C.T. Tan (eds.), Historical Perspective in Consumer Research: National & International Perspectives (pp 206-210), Association for Consumer Research. Singapore. https://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/12145/volumes/sv05/SV-05 .
- Davis, F. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319–340. https://doi.org/10.2307/249008
- Dey, B., & Binsardi, B. (2016). Appropriation of mobile telephony at the bottom of the pyramid. In Dey B., Sorour K., Filieri R. (eds.), ICTs in developing countries (pp. 97–110). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137469502_6
- Dey, B., Newman, D., & Prendergast, R. (2011). Analysing appropriation and usability in social and occupational lives: An investigation of Bangladeshi farmers’ use of mobile telephony. Information Technology & People, 24(1), 46–63. https://doi.org/10.1108/09593841111109413
- Duh, H. B. L., Tan, G. C., & Chen, V. H. H. (2006). Usability evaluation for mobile device: A comparison of laboratory and field tests. Proceedings of the 8th conference on human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services, ACM. Helsinki, Finland. 181–186. https://doi.org/10.1145/1152215.1152254
- Faith, B. (2018). Maintenance affordances and structural inequalities: Mobile phone use by low-income women in the United Kingdom. Information Technologies & International Development, (Special section) 14, 66–80. https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/13725
- Gordano Peile, C., & Ros Hijar, A. (2016). Immigrants and mobile phone uses: Spanish-speaking young adults recently arrived in London. Mobile Media & Communication, 4(3), 405–423. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157916655375
- Greenhalgh, T., Robert, G., Macfarlane, F., Bate, P., & Kyriakidou, O. (2004). Diffusion of innovations in service organizations: Systematic review and recommendations. The Milbank Quarterly, 82(4), 581–629. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0887-378X.2004.00325.x
- GSMA. (2020). Connected Women: The mobile gender gap report 2020. GSM Association. https://www.gsma.com/r/gender-gap/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=gsma-banner&utm_campaign=Gender-Gap-2020
- Gupta, S., & Srivastav, P. (2016). An exploratory investigation of aspirational consumption at the bottom of the pyramid. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 28(1), 2–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/08961530.2015.1055873
- Hammond, A. L., Kramer, W. J., Katz, R. S., Tran, J. T., & Walker, C. (2007). The next 4 billion: Market size and business strategy at the base of the pyramid. World Bank, Washington DC. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/779321468175731439/The-next-4-billion-market-size-and-business-strategy-at-the-base-of-the-pyramid .
- Hasan, M. R., Lowe, B., & Petrovici, D. (2019). An empirical comparison of consumer innovation adoption models: Implications for subsistence marketplaces. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 38(1), 61–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743915618813348
- Hirschman, E. C., & Holbrook, M. B. (1982). Hedonic consumption: Emerging concepts, methods and propositions. Journal of Marketing, 46(3), 92–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224298204600314
- Hollander, R. (2019, August 21). The 4 biggest US wireless carriers are reportedly throttling mobile video content-even when networks aren’t congested. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/big-four-us-carries-are-throttling-mobile-video-streams-2019-8?IR=T
- Horstmanshof, L., & Power, M. R. (2005). Mobile phones, SMS, and relationships: Issues of access, control, and privacy. Australian Journal of Communication, 32(1), 33–52. https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=200506977;res=IELAPA;type=pdf
- International Telecommunication Union. (2018). ITU’s approach to bridging the digital gender divide. Emerging trends, ITU plenipotentiary conference. Dubai. https://news.itu.int/itus-approach-bridge-gender-divide/
- Internet and Mobile Association of India. (2017). Mobile internet report. Kantar IMRB. https://cms.iamai.in/Content/ResearchPapers/2b08cce4-e571-4cfe-9f8b-86435a12ed17.pdf
- Jung, Y. (2014). What a smartphone is to me: Understanding user values in using smartphones. Information Systems Journal, 24(4), 299–321. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12031
- Kanbur, R., Calvo, C. M., Das Gupta, M., Grootaert, C., Kwakwa, V., & Lustig, N. (2000). World development report 2000/2001: attacking poverty. World Bank Group. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/230351468332946759/World-development-report-2000-2001-attacking-poverty
- Karnani, A. (2006). Misfortune at the bottom of the pyramid. Greener Management International, 51, 99–110. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/greemanainte.51.99
- Kathuria, R., Kedia, M., Varma, G., Bagchi, K., & Sekhani, R. (2018). The anatomy of an internet blackout: Measuring the economic impact of internet shutdowns in India. Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations.
- Kim, B., & Han, I. (2009). What drives the adoption of mobile data services? An approach from a value perspective. Journal of Information Technology, 24(1), 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1057/jit.2008.28
- Kim, D. J., & Hwang, Y. (2012). A study of mobile internet user’s service quality perceptions from a user’s utilitarian and hedonic value tendency perspectives. Information Systems Frontiers, 14 (2), 409–421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-010-9267-8
- Ltifi, M. (2018). Determinants of the intention of smartphone usage by mobile internet users for m-services. Management Decision, 56(11), 2291–2307. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-09-2017-0869
- Lucci, P., Bhatkal, T., & Khan, A. (2018). Are we underestimating urban poverty? World Development, 103, 297–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.10.022
- Mathur, A. (2018). Uses of mobile phones as learning tool by students. Proceedings of the International Journal of Advance and Innovative Research, 5(4), 225–230. http://iaraedu.com/pdf/ijair-volume-v-issue-4-xiv-october-december.pdf
- McKinsey. (2019). Digital India: Technology to transform a nation. Mckinsey Global Institute. https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/mckinsey-digital/our-insights/digital-india-technology-to-transform-a-connected-nation. T.
- Narayan, D. (2002). Empowerment and poverty reduction: A sourcebook. The World Bank. https://doi.org/http://doi.10.1596/0-8213-5166-4
- Omole, D. W. (2013). Harnessing information and communication technologies (ICTs) to address urban poverty: Emerging open policy lessons for the open knowledge economy. Information Technology for Development, 19(1), 86–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2012.664112
- Pandey, N. (2020, 2 March). Hi, can you hear me?’ Call drops need an infra fix. Livemint. https://www.livemint. com/industry/-11583139014777.html
- Potnis, D. D. (2015). Beyond access to information: Understanding the use of information by poor female mobile users in rural India. The Information Society, 31(1), 83–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2014.976687
- Prahalad, C. K., & Hammond, A. (2002). Serving the world’s poor, profitably. Harvard Business Review, 80(9), 48–59. https://barnabys.blogs.com/files/serving-the-ppor-prahalad.pdf
- Prahalad, C. K., & Hart, S. L. (2002). The fortune at the bottom of the pyramid. Strategy+ Business, 26(1), 2–14. https://www.strategy-business.com/article/11518
- PTI. (2019). Telcos penalised Rs 3.2 crore for call drop in 12 months. The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/72492317.cms.
- Rashid, A. T., & Elder, L. (2009). Mobile phones and development: An analysis of IDRC‐supported projects. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 36(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1681-4835.2009.tb00249.x
- Rogers, E. (1996). Diffusion of innovations. The Free Press; New York.
- Sivapragasam, N., Agüero, A., & Silva, H. D. (2011). The potential of mobile remittances for the bottom of the pyramid: Findings from emerging Asia. Info-The Journal of Policy, Regulation and Strategy for Telecommunications, 13(3), 91–109. https://doi.org/10.1108/14636691111131475
- Spiggle, S. (1994). Analysis and interpretation of qualitative data in consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 21(3), 491–503. https://doi.org/10.1086/209413
- Sridharan, S., & Viswanathan, M. (2008). Marketing in subsistence marketplaces: Consumption and entrepreneurship in a South Indian context. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 25(7), 455–462. https://doi.org/10.1108/07363760810915671
- Statista Digital Market Outlook. (2019, February). Number of Internet users in India from 2015 to 2018 with a forecast until 2023. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/255146/number-of-internet-users-in-india/
- Tett, L., & Maclachlan, K. (2007). Adult literacy and numeracy, social capital, learner identities and self-confidence. Studies in the Education of Adults, 39(2), 150–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/02660830.2007.11661546
- Tong, A., Sainsbury, P., & Craig, J. (2007). Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): A 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 19(6), 349–357. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzm042
- Tongia, R. (2018, April 17). Improving India’s mobile phone service. Livemint. https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/nRghGTZM2MceRMyaaGhkCN/Improving-Indias-mobile-phone-service.html.
- Trujillo, C. A., Barrios, A., Camacho, S. M., & Rosa, J. A. (2010). Low socioeconomic class and consumer complexity expectations for new product technology. Journal of Business Research, 63(6), 538–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.05.010
- United Nations. (2017). Sustainable development goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg5
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2015). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision. United Nation, New York. https://population.un.org/wup/publications/files/wup2014-report.pdf :
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2016).The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015. United Nation, New York. https://doi.org/10.18356/6cd11401-en
- Venkatesh, V., & Bala, H. (2008). Technology acceptance model 3 and a research agenda on interventions. Decision Sciences, 39(2), 273–315. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.2008.00192.x
- Viswanathan, M., & Sreekumar, A. (2019). Consumers and technology in a changing world: The perspective from subsistence marketplaces. European Journal of Marketing, 53(6), 1254–1274. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-11-2017-0826
- Viswanathan, M., Sridharan, S., Gau, R., & Ritchie, R. (2009). Designing marketplace literacy education in resource-constrained contexts: Implications for public policy and marketing. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 28(1), 85–94. https://doi.org/10.1509/jppm.28.1.85
- Walsham, G. (2010). ICTs for the broader development of India: An analysis of the literature. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 41(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1681-4835.2010.tb00293.x
- Waverman, L., Meschi, M., & Fuss, M. (2005). The impact of telecoms on economic growth in developing countries. The Vodafone Policy Paper Series, 2(3), 10–24. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/aadc/e446bb919b40d6f743b216c939da0cfa1d18.pdf
- Weidner, K. L., Rosa, J. A., & Viswanathan, M. (2010). Marketing to subsistence consumers: Lessons from practice. Journal of Business Research, 63(6), 559–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.02.022
- Woolcock, M., & Narayan, D. (2000). Social capital: Implications for development theory, research, and policy. The World Bank Research Observer, 15(2), 225–249. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/15.2.225
- Yen, Y. (2012). Exploring customer perceived value in mobile phone services. International Journal of Mobile Communications, 10(2), 213–229. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMC.2012.045674
- Zainudeen, A., Samarajiva, R., & Abeysuriya, A. (2006). Telecom use on a shoestring: Strategic use of telecom services by the financially constrained in South Asia. WDR Dialogue Theme 3rd Cycle discussion paper, WDR0604. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.10.2139/ssrn.1554747