A Survey of Veterinary Medical Professionals’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Experiences with Animal Sexual Abuse

References

• Abood, S. K., & Siegford, J. M. (2012). Student perceptions of an animal-welfare and ethics course taught early in the veterinary curriculum. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education, 39(2), 136–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acutt, D., Signal, T., & Taylor, N. (2015). Mandated reporting of suspected animal harm by Australian veterinarians: Community attitudes. Anthrozoös, 28(3), 437–447.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alberta Veterinary Medical Association. (2022). Policy – Mandatory reporting of animal abuse and neglect and addressing animal distress and welfare infractions. Edmonton, AB: AbVMA.
   Google Scholar
• Alleyne, E., Sienauskaite, O., & Ford, J. (2019). To report, or not to report, animal abuse: The role of perceived self‐efficacy in veterinarians’ decision‐making. Veterinary Record, 185(17), 538.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (n.d.). Position statement on animal abuser registries. Retrieved from https://www.aspca.org/about-us/aspca-policy-and-position-statements/position-statement-animal-abuser-registries
   Google Scholar
• American Veterinary Medical Association. (n.d.). Animal abuse and animal neglect. Schaumburg, IL: AVMA.
   Google Scholar
• Animal Legal Defense Fund (2017). 2017 U.S. Animal protection laws rankings: Comparing overall strength & comprehensiveness
   Google Scholar
• Arkow, P. (2015). Recognizing and responding to cases of suspected animal cruelty, abuse, and neglect: What the veterinarian needs to know. Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports, 6, 349.
   Google Scholar
• Ascione, F. R., & Shapiro, K. (2009). People and animals, kindness and cruelty: Research directions and policy implications. Journal of Social Issues, 65(3), 569–587.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beetz, A. M. (2004). Bestiality/zoophilia: A scarcely investigated phenomenon between crime, paraphilia, and love. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 4(2), 1–36.
   Google Scholar
• Beetz, A. M. (2008). Bestiality and zoophilia: A discussion of sexual contact with animals. In F. R. Ascione (Ed.), The international handbook of animal abuse and cruelty: Theory, research, and application, 201–220. Purdue University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Veterinary Medical Association. (2018). Responsibility of veterinary professionals in addressing animal abuse and neglect. Ottawa, ON: CVMA.
   Google Scholar
• Church, W. T., Wakeman, E. E., Miller, S. L., Clements, C. B., & Sun, F. (2008). The community attitudes toward sex offenders scale: The development of a psychometric assessment instrument. Research on Social Work Practice, 18(3), 251–259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comartin, E. B., Kernsmith, R. M., & Kernsmith, P. D. (2013). “Sexting” and sex offender registration: Do age, gender, and sexual orientation matter? Deviant Behavior, 34(1), 38–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conley, T., Hill, K., Church, W. T., Stoeckel, E., & Allen, H. (2011). Assessing probation and community corrections workers’ attitudes toward sex offenders using the Community Attitudes Toward Sex Offenders (CATSO) scale in a rural state. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 18(2), 75–85.
   Google Scholar
• Cornish, A. R., Caspar, G. L., Collins, T., Degeling, C., Fawcett, A., Fisher, A. D., & McGreevy, P. D. (2016). Career preferences and opinions on animal welfare and ethics: A survey of veterinary students in Australia and New Zealand. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education, 43(3), 310–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Criminal Code, R. S. C. (1985). c. C-46.
   Google Scholar
• De Briyne, N., Vidović, J., Morton, D. B., & Magalhães-Sant’Ana, M. (2020). Evolution of the teaching of animal welfare science, ethics and law in European veterinary schools (2012–2019). Animals, 10(7), 1238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donley, L., Patronek, G. J., & Luke, C. (1999). Animal abuse in Massachusetts: A summary of case reports at the MSPCA and attitudes of Massachusetts veterinarians. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 2(1), 59–73.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Edwards, M. J. (2019). Arrest and prosecution of animal sex abuse (bestiality) offenders in the United States, 1975-2015. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 47(3), 335–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endenburg, N., Ryan, S., & van Lith, H. A. (2022). A global survey of companion animal veterinary practitioners on animal welfare teaching–Focus on undergraduate and continuing education, and clients’ sources of information. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 1–48. doi:10.1080/10888705.2022.2047681
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Englar, R. E. (2018). Using a standardized client encounter in the veterinary curriculum to practice veterinarian–employer discussions about animal cruelty reporting. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 45, 45(4), 464–479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estol, L. R. (2004, February). Animal welfare in the veterinary curriculum. In Proceedings of Global conference on Animal Welfare: an OIE initiative (pp. 23–25). Paris: OIE.
   Google Scholar
• Fawcett, A. (2016). Veterinarians need support to break the silence. Animal Sentience: An Interdisciplinary Journal on Animal Feeling, 6(2), 1–3.
   Google Scholar
• Gacek, J., & Jochelson, R. (2017). Placing bestial acts in Canada: Legal meanings of bestiality and judicial engagements with sociality. The Annual Review of Interdisciplinary Justice Research, 6, 236–261.
   Google Scholar
• Gomes, L. B., Paiva, M. T., de Oliveira Lisboa, L., de Oliveira, C. S. F., Garcia, R. D. C. M., & de Magalhães Soares, D. F. (2021). Diagnosis of animal abuse: A Brazilian study. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 194, 105421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, P. C., & Gullone, E. (2005). Knowledge and attitudes of Australian veterinarians to animal abuse and human interpersonal violence. Australian Veterinary Journal, 83(10), 619–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson, B. B., Hensley, C., & Tallichet, S. E. (2011). Childhood animal cruelty methods and their link to adult interpersonal violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(11), 2211–2227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hensley, C., Tallichet, S. E., & Singer, S. D. (2006). Exploring the possible link between childhood and adolescent bestiality and interpersonal violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21(7), 910–923.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewson, C. J., Baranyiová, E., Broom, D. M., Cockram, M. S., Galindo, F., Hanlon, A. J., … Ödberg, F. O. (2005). Approaches to teaching animal welfare at 13 veterinary schools worldwide. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education, 32(4), 422–437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holoyda, B. J. (2022). Bestiality law in the United States: Evolving legislation with scientific limitations. Animals, 12(12), 1525.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holoyda, B., Gosal, R., & Welch, K. M. (2020). Bestiality among sexually violent predators. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 48(3), 358–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, M. (1974). Sexual behavior in the 1970s. Chicago, IL: Playboy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hvozdík, A., Bugarský, A., Kottferová, J., Vargová, M., Ondrašovičová, O. G., Ondrašovič, M., & Sasáková, N. A. (2006). Ethological, psychological and legal aspects of animal sexual abuse. The Veterinary Journal, 172(2), 374–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imbschweiler, I., Kummerfeld, M., Gerhard, M., Pfeiffer, I., & Wohlsein, P. (2009). Animal sexual abuse in a female sheep. The Veterinary Journal, 182(3), 481–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenny, C., Crawford-Jakubiak, J. E., Jenny, C., Crawford-Jakubiak, J. E., Christian, C. W., Crawford-Jakubiak, J. E., & Sege, R. D.; Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect. (2013). The evaluation of children in the primary care setting when sexual abuse is suspected. Pediatrics, 132(2), e558–e567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, J., Collins, T., Degeling, C., Fawcett, A., Fisher, A., Freire, R., … Stafford, K. (2015). The first shared online curriculum resources for veterinary undergraduate learning and teaching in animal welfare and ethics in Australia and New Zealand. Animals, 5(2), 395–406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, E. C. (2013). An examination of counseling professionals/paraprofessionals attitudes toward adolescent sexual offenders. Sage Open, 3(3), 2158244013501330.
   Google Scholar
• Kernsmith, P. D., Craun, S. W., & Foster, J. (2009). Public attitudes toward sexual offenders and sex offender registration. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 18(3), 290–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B., & Martin, C. E. (1948). Sexual behavior in the human male. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.
   Google Scholar
• Kogan, L. R., Schoenfeld-Tacher, R. M., Hellyer, P. W., Rishniw, M., & Ruch-Gallie, R. A. (2017). Survey of attitudes toward and experiences with animal abuse encounters in a convenience sample of US veterinarians. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 250(6), 688–696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lachance, M. (2016). Breaking the silence: The veterinarian’s duty to report. Animal Sentience: An Interdisciplinary Journal on Animal Feeling, 6(1), 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Landau, R. (1999). The veterinarian’s role in recognizing and reporting abuse. In F. R. Ascione & P. Arkow (Eds.), Child abuse, domestic violence, and animal abuse (pp. 241–249). West Lafayette, In Purdue University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Levenson, J. S., Brannon, Y. N., Fortney, T., & Baker, J. (2007). Public perceptions about sex offenders and community protection policies. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 7(1), 137–161.
   Google Scholar
• Lord, L. K., Millman, S. T., Carbone, L., Cook, N., Fisher, A., Morton, D., … Patterson-Kane, E.; AVMA Model Animal Welfare Curriculum Planning Group. (2017). A model curriculum for the study of animal welfare in colleges and schools of veterinary medicine. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 250(6), 632–640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord, L. K., Walker, J. B., Croney, C. C., & Golab, G. C. (2010). A comparison of veterinary students enrolled and not enrolled in an animal-welfare course. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education, 37(1), 40–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marino, A. (2020). The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the practice of avian veterinary medicine. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 34(3), 313–320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxwell, A. (2017). Adult criminal court statistics in Canada, 2014/2015. Statistics Canada catalogue no: 85-002-X. Ottawa, ON.
   Google Scholar
• Merdian, H. L., Curtis, C., Thakker, J., Wilson, N., & Boer, D. P. (2014). The endorsement of cognitive distortions: Comparing child pornography offenders and contact sex offenders. Psychology, Crime & Law, 20(10), 971–993.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mijares, S., Sullivan, P., Cramer, C., Román-Muñiz, N., & Edwards-Callaway, L. (2021). Perceptions of animal welfare and animal welfare curricula offered for undergraduate and graduate students in animal science departments in the United States. Translational Animal Science, 5(4), txab222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miletski, H. (2002). Understanding bestiality-zoophilia. Bethesda, MD: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Millman, S. T., Adams, C. L., & Turner, P. V. (2005). Animal welfare training at the Ontario Veterinary College. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education, 32(4), 447–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monsalve, S., de Souza, P. V., Lopes, A. S., Leite, L. O., Polo, G., & Garcia, R. (2021). Veterinary forensics, animal welfare and animal abuse: Perceptions and knowledge of Brazilian and Colombian veterinary students. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education, 48(6), 640–648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monsalve, S., Pereira, É. L., Leite, L. O., Polo, G., & Garcia, R. (2019). Perception, knowledge and attitudes of small animal practitioners regarding animal abuse and interpersonal violence in Brazil and Colombia. Research in Veterinary Science, 124, 61–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, C. A., & McDonald, M. (2007). Ethical dilemmas in veterinary medicine. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, 37(1), 165–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munro, H. M. C. (2006). Animal sexual abuse: A veterinary taboo? The Veterinary Journal, 172(2), 195–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munro, H. M. C., & Thrusfield, M. V. (2001). ‘Battered pets’: Sexual abuse. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 42(7), 333–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Link Coalition. (2022, July). Immunity for veterinarians reporting suspected animal maltreatment. Etowah, NC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Olver, M. E., & Barlow, A. A. (2010). Public attitudes towards sex offenders and their relationship to personality traits and demographic characteristics. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 28(6), 832–849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson-Kane, E. G., Kogan, L. R., Gupta, M. E., Touroo, R., Niestat, L. N., & Kennedy-Benson, A. (2022). Veterinary needs for animal cruelty recognition and response in the United States center on training and workplace policies. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 1(aop), 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Quain, A., Mullan, S., & Ward, M. P. (2022). Communication challenges experienced by veterinary professionals during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Australian Veterinary Journal, 100(1–2), 79–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiavone, S. K., & Jeglic, E. L. (2009). Public perception of sex offender social policies and the impact on sex offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 53(6), 679–695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharpe, M. S., & Wittum, T. E. (1999). Veterinarian involvement in the prevention and intervention of human violence and animal abuse: A survey of small animal practitioners. Anthrozoös, 12(2), 97–104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shivley, C. B., Garry, F. B., Kogan, L. R., & Grandin, T. (2016). Survey of animal welfare, animal behavior, and animal ethics courses in the curricula of AVMA Council on Education-accredited veterinary colleges and schools. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 248(10), 1165–1170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sims, V. K., Chin, M. G., & Yordon, R. E. (2007). Don't be cruel: Assessing beliefs about punishments for crimes against animals. Anthrozoös, 20(3), 251–259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, S. M., George, Z., Duncan, C. G., & Frey, D. M. (2022). Opportunities for expanding access to veterinary care: Lessons from COVID-19. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 9. doi:10.3389/fvets.2022.804794
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparks, B., & Wormith, J. S. (2021). Assessing attitudes toward juveniles and adults adjudicated for sexual offenses in Canada: Does offender age matter? Journal of Sexual Aggression, 27(1), 81–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, A. W., & Smith-Blackmore, M. (2016). Veterinary forensic pathology of animal sexual abuse. Veterinary Pathology, 53(5), 1057–1066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolt, L. B., Johnson-Ifearulundu, Y. J., & Kaneene, J. B. (1997). Attitudes of veterinarians, animal control directors, and county prosecutors in Michigan regarding enforcement of state animal cruelty legislation. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 211(12), 1521–1523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, V. M., Dale, A. R., Clarke, N., & Garrett, N. K. G. (2008). Animal abuse and family violence: Survey on the recognition of animal abuse by veterinarians in New Zealand and their understanding of the correlation between animal abuse and human violence. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 56(1), 21–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willis, G. M., Levenson, J. S., & Ward, T. (2010). Desistance and attitudes towards sex offenders: Facilitation or hindrance?. Journal of Family Violence, 25(6), 545–556.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Will, D. D., & Whiting, T. L. (2022). Animal protection reporting requirements of Canadian veterinarians: Example case. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 63(3), 301–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zgoba, K. M., & Mitchell, M. M. (2021). The effectiveness of sex offender registration and notification: A meta-analysis of 25 years of findings. Journal of Experimental Criminology, (1–26). doi:10.1007/s11292-021-09480-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zidenberg, A. M., & Olver, M. E. (InPress). Measurement and correlates of zoophilic interest in an online community sample. Archives of Sexual Behaviour doi:10.1007/s10508-022-02429-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar