A mixed-methods analysis of similarities and differences in animal shelter staff, dog behavior professionals, and the public in determining kenneled dog welfare

References

• American Pet Products Association. (2019). APPA 2019-2020 national pet owners survey. American Pet Products Association. https://www.americanpetproducts.org/
   Google Scholar
• Applebaum, J. W., Peek, C. W., & Zsembik, B. A. (2020). Examining U.S. pet ownership using the General Social Survey. The Social Science Journal, 60(1), 1–10. doi:10.1080/03623319.2020.1728507
   Google Scholar
• Arena, L., Berteselli, G. V., Lombardo, F., Candeloro, L., Villa, P. D., & Massis, F. D. (2019). Application of a welfare assessment tool (Shelter Quality Protocol) in 64 Italian long-term dogs’ shelters: Welfare hazard analysis. Animal Welfare, 28(3), 353–363. doi:10.7120/09627286.28.3.353
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASPCA. (2019). Pet Statistics. https://www.aspca.org/animal-homelessness/shelter-intake-and-surrender/pet-statistics
   Google Scholar
• Balzani, A., & Hanlon, A. (2020). Factors that influence farmers’ views on farm animal welfare: A semi-systematic review and thematic analysis. Animals: An Open Access Journal from MDPI, 10(9), 1524. http://dx.doi.org.lib-e2.lib.ttu.edu/10.3390/ani10091524
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barnard, S., Pedernera, C., Candeloro, L., Ferri, N., Velarde, A., & Dalla Villa, P. (2016). Development of a new welfare assessment protocol for practical application in long-term dog shelters. The Veterinary Record, 178(1), 18. doi:10.1136/vr.103336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayvel, A. C. D. (Ed.). (2004). The OIE animal welfare strategic initiative—Progress, priorities and prognosis. In Setting the Scene (pp. 13–17). Office international des epizooties.
   Google Scholar
• Bergamasco, L., Osella, M. C., Savarino, P., Larosa, G., Ozella, L., Manassero, M. … Re, G. (2010). Heart rate variability and saliva cortisol assessment in shelter dog: Human–animal interaction effects. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 125(1), 56–68. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2010.03.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berteselli, G. V., Arena, L., Candeloro, L., Dalla Villa, P., & De Massis, F. (2019). Interobserver agreement and sensitivity to climatic conditions in sheltered dogs’ welfare evaluation performed with welfare assessment protocol (Shelter Quality protocol). Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 29, 45–52. doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2018.09.003
   Google Scholar
• Bir, C., Davis, M., Widmar, N., Zuelly, S., & Erasmus, M. (2019). Perceptions of animal welfare with a special focus on Turkeys. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 6, 413. doi:10.3389/FVETS.2019.00413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birks, M., Chapman, Y., & Francis, K. (2008). Memoing in qualitative research. Journal of Research in Nursing, 13(1), 68–75. doi:10.1177/1744987107081254
   Google Scholar
• Blackwell, E. -J., Bodnariu, A., Tyson, J., Bradshaw, J. W. S., & Casey, R. A. (2010). Rapid shaping of behaviour associated with high urinary cortisol in domestic dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 124(3), 113–120. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2010.02.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boogaard, B. K., Oosting, S. J., & Bock, B. B. (2006). Elements of societal perception of farm animal welfare: A quantitative study in the Netherlands. Livestock Science, 104(1–2), 13–22. doi:10.1016/J.LIVSCI.2006.02.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen, G. A. (2009). Supporting a grounded theory with an audit trail: An illustration. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 12(4), 305–316. doi:10.1080/13645570802156196
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broom, D. M. (2010). Animal welfare: An aspect of care, sustainability, and food quality required by the public. 37(1), 83–88. doi:10.3138/JVME.37.1.83
   Google Scholar
• Broom, D. M., & Johnson, K. G. (2019). One Welfare, One Health, One Stress: Humans and Other Animals. In Stress and Animal Welfare (19th, pp. 1–13). Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32153-6_1
   Google Scholar
• Brown, C. M., & McLean, J. L. (2015). Anthropomorphizing Dogs: Projecting One’s Own Personality and Consequences for Supporting Animal Rights. Anthrozoös, 28(1), 73–86. doi:10.2752/089279315X14129350721975
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, B., Stewart, G. B., Panzone, L. A., Kyriazakis, I., & Frewer, L. J. (2016). A Systematic Review of Public Attitudes, Perceptions and Behaviours Towards Production Diseases Associated with Farm Animal Welfare. Journal of agricultural & environmental ethics, 29(3), 455–478. doi:10.1007/s10806-016-9615-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobb, M. L., Carter, A., Lill, A., & Bennett, P. C. (2022). Perceived importance of specific kennel management practices for the provision of canine welfare. Applied animal behaviour science, 249, 105591. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105591
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobb, M., Lill, A., & Bennett, P. (2020). Not all dogs are equal: Perception of canine welfare varies with context. Animal Welfare, 29(1), 27–35. doi:10.7120/09627286.29.1.027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conley, M. J., Fisher, A. D., & Hemsworth, P. H. (2014). Effects of human contact and toys on the fear responses to humans of shelter-housed dogs. Applied animal behaviour science, 156, 62–69. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2014.03.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W., & Miller, D. L. (2000). Determining Validity in Qualitative Inquiry. Theory Into Practice, 39(3), 124–130. doi:10.1207/s15430421tip3903_2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denham, H. D. C., Bradshaw, J. W. S., & Rooney, N. J. (2014). Repetitive behaviour in kennelled domestic dog: Stereotypical or not?. Physiology & Behavior, 128, 288–294. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.01.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudley, E. S., Schiml, P. A., & Hennessy, M. B. (2015). Effects of repeated petting sessions on leukocyte counts, intestinal parasite prevalence, and plasma cortisol concentration of dogs housed in a county animal shelter. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 247(11), 1289–1298. doi:10.2460/javma.247.11.1289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edinboro, C. H., Ward, M. P., & Glickman, L. T. (2004). A placebo-controlled trial of two intranasal vaccines to prevent tracheobronchitis (kennel cough) in dogs entering a humane shelter. Preventive veterinary medicine, 62(2), 89–99. doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2003.10.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, Sandra (2008). On-Farm Animal Welfare Audits, London Swine Conference – Facing the New Reality, April 1-2 2008, London, England, 145–155. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sandra-Edwards-3/publication/237815682_ON-FARM_ANIMAL_WELFARE_AUDITS/links/0046352cc77ae65a79000000/ON-FARM-ANIMAL-WELFARE-AUDITS.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Farm Animal Welfare Council (FAWC). (1993). Second report on priorities for research and development in farm animal welfare. DEFRA. https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Second+Report+on+Priorities+for+Research+and+Development+in+Farm+Animal+Welfare&author=Farm+Animal+Welfare+Council+FAWC&publication/year=1993
   Google Scholar
• Feuerbacher, E. N., & Wynne, C. D. L. (2014). Most domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) prefer food to petting: Population, context, and schedule effects in concurrent choice. Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 101(3), 385–405. doi:10.1002/jeab.81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feuerbacher, E. N., & Wynne, C. D. L. (2015). Shut up and pet me! Domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) prefer petting to vocal praise in concurrent and single-alternative choice procedures. Behavioural processes, 110, 47–59. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2014.08.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming, P. A., Wickham, S. L., Barnes, A. L., Miller, D. W., & Collins, T. (2020). Varying Opinions about Animal Welfare in the Australian Live Export Industry: A Survey. Animals, 10(10), 1864. doi:10.3390/ANI10101864
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser, D. (2009). Assessing animal welfare: Different philosophies, different scientific approaches. Zoo biology, n/a–n/a. doi:10.1002/zoo.20253
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuente, M. F. D. L., Souto, A., Caselli, C., & Schiel, N. (2018). People’s perception on animal welfare: Why does it matter?. Ethnobiology and Conservation, 6. doi:10.15451/ec2017­10­6.18­1­7.
   Google Scholar
• Goold, C., & Newberry, R. C. (2017). Modelling personality, plasticity and predictability in shelter dogs. Royal Society Open Science, 4(9). doi:10.1098/rsos.170618
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandin, T. (2010). Auditing animal welfare at slaughter plants. Meat science, 86(1), 56–65. doi:10.1016/J.MEATSCI.2010.04.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunter, L. M., Feuerbacher, E. N., Gilchrist, R. J., & Wynne, C. D. L. (2019). Evaluating the effects of a temporary fostering program on shelter dog welfare. PeerJ, 7(3), e6620. doi:10.7717/peerj.6620
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hennessy, M. (1997). Plasma Cortisol Levels of Dogs at a County Animal Shelter. Physiology & Behavior, 62(3), 485–490. doi:10.1016/S0031-9384(97)80328-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennessy, M. B., Voith, V. L., Mazzei, S. J., Buttram, J., Miller, D. D., & Linden, F. (2001). Behavior and cortisol levels of dogs in a public animal shelter, and an exploration of the ability of these measures to predict problem behavior after adoption. Applied animal behaviour science, 73(3), 217–233. doi:10.1016/S0168-1591(01)00139-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiby, E. F., Rooney, N. J., & Bradshaw, J. W. S. (2006). Behavioural and physiological responses of dogs entering re-homing kennels. Physiology and Behavior, 89(3), 385–391. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.07.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz, A. C., & Bekoff, M. (2007). Naturalizing Anthropomorphism: Behavioral Prompts to Our Humanizing of Animals. Anthrozoös, 20(1), 23–35. doi:10.2752/089279307780216650
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, S., Dowling-Guyer, S., Patronek, G. J., Marder, A. R., Segurson D’Arpino, S., & McCobb, E. (2014). Use of Accelerometers to Measure Stress Levels in Shelter Dogs. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 17(1), 18–28. doi:10.1080/10888705.2014.856241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J. (2018). Social Finance Funding Model for Animal Shelter Programs: Public–Private Partnerships Using Social Impact Bonds. Society & Animals, 26(3), 259–276. doi:10.1163/15685306-12341521
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinheksel, A. J., Rockich-Winston, N., Tawfik, H., & Wyatt, T. R. (2020). Demystifying Content Analysis. American journal of pharmaceutical education, 84(1), 7113. doi:10.5688/ajpe7113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krueger, A., Cruickshank, J., Trevisi, E., & Bionaz, M. (2020). Systems for evaluation of welfare on dairy farms. The Journal of dairy research, 87(S1), 13–19. doi:10.1017/S0022029920000461
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lassen, J., Sandøe, P., & Forkman, B. (2006). Happy pigs are dirty! – Conflicting perspectives on animal welfare. Livestock science, 103(3), 221–230. doi:10.1016/J.LIVSCI.2006.05.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenth, R. V. (2016). Least-Squares Means: The R Package lsmeans. Journal of statistical software, 69(1). doi:10.18637/jss.v069.i01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• María, G. A. (2006). Public perception of farm animal welfare in Spain. Livestock science, 103(3), 250–256. doi:10.1016/J.LIVSCI.2006.05.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntire, R. W., & Colley, T. A. (1967). Social Reinforcement in the Dog. Psychological reports, 20(3), 843–846. doi:10.2466/pr0.1967.20.3.843
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mellor, D. J. (2017). Operational Details of the Five Domains Model and Its Key Applications to the Assessment and Management of Animal Welfare. Article 8 Animals, 7(8), 60. doi:10.3390/ani7080060
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendl, M., Brooks, J., Basse, C., Burman, O., Paul, E., Blackwell, E., & Casey, R. (2010). Dogs showing separation-related behaviour exhibit a ‘pessimistic’ cognitive bias. Current Biology, 20(19), R839–840. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.08.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newbury, S., Blinn, M. K., Bushby, P. A., Barker Cox, C., Dinnage, J. D., Griffin, B. , and Spindel, M. (2010). Guidelines for Standards of Care in Animal Shelters. The Association of Shelter Veterinarians. https://www.sheltervet.org/assets/docs/shelter-standards-oct2011-wforward.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Polgár, Z., Blackwell, E. J., & Rooney, N. J. (2019). Assessing the welfare of kennelled dogs—A review of animal-based measures. Applied animal behaviour science, 213, 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2019.02.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter, W. J., & Levine‐donnerstein, D. (1999). Rethinking validity and reliability in content analysis. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 27(3), 258–284. doi:10.1080/00909889909365539
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Protopopova, A. (2016). Effects of sheltering on physiology, immune function, behavior, and the welfare of dogs. Physiology and Behavior, Vol. 159, pp. 95–103. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.03.020
   Google Scholar
• Protopopova, A., Brown, K. M., & Hall, N. J. (2020). A Multi-Site Feasibility Assessment of Implementing a Best-Practices Meet-And-Greet Intervention in Animal Shelters in the United States. Animals, 10(1), Article 1 doi:10.3390/ani10010104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Protopopova, A., Hall, N. J., Brown, K. M., Andrukonis, A. S., & Hekman, J. P. (2019). Behavioral predictors of subsequent respiratory illness signs in dogs admitted to an animal shelter. PloS One, 14(10), e0224252. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Core Team. (2016). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computingle. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
   Google Scholar
• Reeder, D. (2021). Funding Strategies for Nonprofit Animal Shelter Leaders. Walden University]. D.B.Ass. https://www.proquest.com/docview/2504327293/abstract/582F9A6619C84965PQ/1
   Google Scholar
• Riemer, S., Assis, L., Pike, T. W., & Mills, D. S. (2016). Dynamic changes in ear temperature in relation to separation distress in dogs. Physiology & Behavior, 167, 86–91. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.09.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rioja-Lang, F., Bacon, H., Connor, M., & Dwyer, C. M. (2020). Prioritisation of animal welfare issues in the UK using expert consensus. The Veterinary record, 187(12), 490. doi:10.1136/vr.105964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowan, A., & Kartal, T. (2018). Dog population & dog sheltering trends in the United States of America. In Animals (Vol. 8). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). doi:10.3390/ani8050068.
   Google Scholar
• RSPCA. (2021). What are the Five Freedoms of animal welfare? – RSPCA Knowledgebase. https://kb.rspca.org.au/knowledge-base/what-are-the-five-freedoms-of-animal-welfare/
   Google Scholar
• Serpel, J. A. (2019). How happy is your pet? The problem of subjectivity in the assessment of companion animal welfare. Animal Welfare, 28(1), 57–66. doi:10.7120/09627286.28.1.057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiverdecker, M. D., Schiml, P. A., & Hennessy, M. B. (2013). Human interaction moderates plasma cortisol and behavioral responses of dogs to shelter housing. Physiology & Behavior, 109, 75–79. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinclair, M., Zito, S., & Phillips, C. J. C. (2017). The Impact of Stakeholders’ Roles within the Livestock Industry on Their Attitudes to Livestock Welfare in Southeast and East Asia. Article 2 Animals, 7(2), 6. doi:10.3390/ani7020006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, T. W., Davern, M., Freese, J., & Hout, M. (2019). General social survey, 2018. NORC at the University of Chicago. http://gssdataexplorer.norc.org.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, K. D., & Mills, D. S. (2007). The effect of the kennel environment on canine welfare: A critical review of experimental studies. Animal Welfare, 16(4), 435–447. doi:10.1017/S0962728600027378
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuber, D. S., Hennessy, M. B., Sanders, S., & Miller, J. A. (1996). Behavioral and glucocorticoid responses of adult domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) to companionship and social separation. Journal of comparative psychology, 110(1), 103–108. doi:10.1037/0735-7036.110.1.103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USDA. (2021). USDA APHIS AWA Inspection and Annual Reports. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalwelfare/sa_awa/awa-inspection-and-annual-reports
   Google Scholar
• Vanhonacker, F., Verbeke, W., Van Poucke, E., & Tuyttens, F. A. M. (2008). Do citizens and farmers interpret the concept of farm animal welfare differently?. Livestock science, 116(1–3), 126–136. doi:10.1016/J.LIVSCI.2007.09.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velde, H. T., Aarts, N., & Woerkum, C. V. (2002). Dealing with ambivalence: Farmers’ and consumers’ perceptions of animal welfare in livestock breeding. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 15(2), 203–219. doi:10.1023/A:1015012403331
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar