References
- Ac, 2011, Permanent Participants (Arctic Council). Available from: http://www.arctic-council.org/index.php/en/about-us/permanent-participants
- Ac Secretariat, 2013, Kiruna Declaration of 15 May 2013 (Tromsø, Norway: Arctic Council).
- Alexandrov, V., Sandven, S., Wahlin, J., and Johannessen, O.M., 2010, The relation between sea ice thickness and freeboard in the Arctic. The Cryosphere Discussions, 4(2), pp. 641–661. 10.5194/tcd-4-641-2010
- Amsa, 2009, Arctic Maritime Shipping Assessment 2009 Report. Arctic Council. Available from: http://www.pame.is/images/stories/AMSA_2009_Report/AMSA_2009_Report_2nd_print.pdf. Accessed 9 October 2013.
- Associated Press, 2012, China's Snow Dragon icebreaker makes 85-day voyage to become country's first vessel to cross Arctic Ocean. National Post. September 28, 2012. Available from: http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/09/28/chinas-snow-dragon-icebreaker-makes-85-day-voyage-to-become-countrys-first-vessel-to-cross-arctic-ocean. Accessed 17 April 2014.
- Bambulyak, A., Rautio, R., and Grigoriev, M., 2012, Development of Marine Russian-Norwegian Trade Facilities in Northern Norway. Prefeasibility Study (Tromsø, Norway: Report by Akvaplan-niva for Norwegian Barents Secretariat, and Maritimt Forum Nord SA).
- Benjaminsen, C., 2013, Getting broadband in the Arctic. SINTEF.com. Available from: http://www.sintef.no/home/Press-Room/Research-News/Getting-broadband-in-the-Arctic/. Accessed 3 June 2014.
- Berntsen, T., Fuglestvedt, J., Myhre, G., Stordal, F., and Berglen, T., 2006, Abatement of greenhouse gases: Does location matter? Climatic Change, 74(4), pp. 377–411. 10.1007/s10584-006-0433-4
- Bird, K.J., Charpentier, R.R., Gautier, D.L., Houseknecht, D.W., Klett, T.R., Pitman, J.K., Moore, T.E., Schen, C.J., Tennyson, M.E., and Wandrey, C.J., 2008, Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal: Estimates of Undiscovered Oil and Gas North of the Arctic Circle (Reston, VA, USA: US Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey).
- Boyd, A., 2013, Yes to China, No to EU. Barents Observer. 15 May 2013. Available from: http://barentsobserver.com/en/arctic/2013/05/yes-china-no-eu-15-05. Accessed 06 September 2014.
- Brigham, L.W., 2000, The emerging International Polar Navigation Code: Bi-polar relevance? In Protecting the Polar Marine Environment Law and Policy for Pollution Prevention, D. Vidas (Eds.), pp. 244–261 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press).
- Bronk, K., 2013, “Wireless Broadband Networks for e-Navigation – Towards the Future,” oral presentation by Krzysztof Bronk, in e-Navigation Underway 2013 – International Conference on e-Navigation. e-Navigation Portal, Copenhagen, Denmark, 29–31 January 2013.
- Comiso, J.C., 2012, Large decadal decline of the Arctic multiyear ice cover. Journal of Climate, 25(4), pp. 1176–1193. 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00113.1
- Curry, J.A., Rossow, W.B., Randall, D., and Schramm, J.L., 1996, Overview of arctic cloud and radiation characteristics. Journal of Climate, 9, pp. 1731–1764.10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009%3C1731:OOACAR%3E2.0.CO;2
- Davydov, A.N., and Mikhailova, G.V., 2011, Climate change and consequences in the Arctic: Perception of climate change by the Nenets people of Vaigach Island. Global Health Action, 4, p. 8436. doi: 10.3402/gha.v4i0.8436
- de Jong, K., Goode, M., Liu, X., and Stone, M., 2014, Precise GNSS positioning in Arctic Regions, oral presentation by Kees de Jong, in OTC Arctic Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, 10–12 February 2014.
- Deser, C., Walsh, J.E., and Timlin, M.S., 2000, Arctic sea ice variability in the context of recent atmospheric circulation trends. Journal of Climate, 13(3), pp. 617–633.10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013%3C0617:ASIVIT%3E2.0.CO;2
- Dnv, 2013, Winterization for Cold Climate Operation (Tentative) (Bærum, Norway: Dett Norske Veritas AS).
- Duggan, J., 2013, Kunming pollution protest is tip of rising Chinese environmental activism. The Guardian. 16 May. Available from: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/chinas-choice/2013/may/16/kunming-pollution-protest-chinese-environmental-activism. Accessed 9 April 2014.
- Dyomkin, D., 2013, Russia grabs China oil and gas export deals. Reuters. October 22, 2013. Available from: http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/22/china-russia-energy-idUSL5N0IC10F20131022. Accessed April 17, 2014.
- Efimov, Y., Zolotukhin, A., Gudmestad, O.T., and Kornishin, K., 2014, Cluster development of The Barents and Kara Seas HC Mega Basins From the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago, in OTC Arctic Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference.
- Eia, 2013, World energy demand and economic outlook. U.S. Energy Information Administration. Available from: http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/world.cfm. Accessed 9 June 2014.
- Eia, 2014, China (February 4, 2014 report). U.S. Energy Information Administration. Available from: http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=ch. Accessed 9 June 2014.
- Flake, L.E., 2013, Navigating an ice-free Arctic - Russia's policy on the Northern Sea Route in an era of climate change. The RUSI Journal, 158(3), pp. 44–52. 10.1080/03071847.2013.807585
- Fsue, 2013, Стратегия Развития Морской Портовой Инфраструктуры до 2030 года [Strategy of Russian ports infrastructure development up to 2030]. Federal State Unitary Enterprise, Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation. Available from: http://www.rosmorport.ru/uploadify/988-f11a995b44861c9c2b1c7e0f502b433e.pdf. Accessed 5 September 2014.
- Ftsr, 2014, On approval of the tariff rates for provision of icebreaking pilotage services provided by the FSUE «Atomflot» on the Northern Sea Route water area. Federal Tariff Service of Russia. Available from: http://www.arctic-lio.com/docs/nsr/tariffs/NSR_Tariff_Order.pdf. Accessed 23 April 2014.
- Garrett, T.J., and Zhao, C., 2006, Increased Arctic cloud longwave emissivity associated with pollution from mid-latitudes. Nature, 440(7085), pp. 787–789. 10.1038/nature04636
- Gautier, D.L., Bird, K.J., Charpentier, R.R., Grantz, A., Houseknecht, D.W., Klett, T.R., Moore, T.E., Pitman, J.K., Schenk, C.J., Schuenemeyer, J.H., Sørensen, K., Tennyson, M.E., Valin, Z.C., and Wandrey, C.J., 2009, Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas in the Arctic. Science, 324(5931), pp. 1175–1179. 10.1126/science.1169467
- Graczyk, P., 2011, Observers in the Arctic Council – Evolution and prospects. The Yearbook of Polar Law, 3(1), pp. 575–633. 10.1163/22116427-91000071
- Graczyk, P., and Koivurova, T., 2013, A new era in the Arctic Council's external relations? Broader consequences of the Nuuk observer rules for Arctic governance. Polar Record, 50(3), pp. 225–236. 10.1017/S0032247412000824
- Guest, P., and Luke, R., 2005, Vessel icing. NOAA Mariner's Weather Log, 49(3). Available from: http://www.vos.noaa.gov/MWL/dec_05/ves.shtml. Accessed 25 November 2013.
- Guilford, G., 2014, China's “war on pollution” may end up accelerating global warming. Quartz. 6 March. Available from: http://qz.com/184860/chinas-war-on-pollution-may-end-up-accelerating-global-warming. Accessed 17 April 2014.
- Hadley, O.L., and Kirchstetter, T.W., 2012, Black-carbon reduction of snow albedo. Nature Climate Change, 2(6), pp. 437–440. 10.1038/nclimate1433
- Humpert, M., and Raspotnik, A., 2012a, From ‘Great Wall’ to ‘Great White North’: Explaining China's politics in the Arctic. European Geostrategy. Available from: http://europeangeostrategy.ideasoneurope.eu/files/2013/04/Long-Post-2.pdf. Accessed 9 October 2013.
- Humpert, M., and Raspotnik, A., 2012b, The future of Arctic shipping. Port Technology International, 55 (November 25), pp. 10–11. Available from: http://www.porttechnology.org/images/uploads/technical_papers/The_future_of_Arctic_shipping.pdf. Accessed 25 November 2013.
- Iacs, 2011a, Classification Societies – What, Why and How? (International Association of Classification Societies). Available from: http://www.iacs.org.uk/document/public/explained/class_whatwhy&how.pdf. Accessed 11 June 2014
- Iacs, 2011b, Unified Requirements Concerning Polar Class (International Association of Classification Societies). Available from: http://www.iacs.org.uk/document/public/Publications/Unified_requirements/PDF/UR_I_pdf410.pdf. Accessed 11 June 2014.
- Imo, 2002, Guidelines for Ships Operating in Arctic Ice-covered Waters (IMO doc. MSC/Circ.1056 and MEPC/Circ.399, 22 December 2002) (London, UK: International Maritime Organization).
- Imo, 2009, Guidelines for Ships Operating in Polar Waters – Resolution A.1024(26) Adopted on 2 December 2009 (International Maritime Organization). Available from: http://www.imo.org/Publications/Documents/Attachments/Pages%20from%20E190E.pdf. Accessed 9 October 2013.
- Imo, 2011a, Antarctic Fuel Oil Ban and North American ECA MARPOL Amendments Enter into Force on 1 August 2011 (International Maritime Organization). Available from: http://www.imo.org/MediaCentre/PressBriefings/Pages/44-MARPOL-amends.aspx. Accessed 20 November 2013.
- Imo, 2011b, Implementation, Control and Coordination (International Maritime Organization). Available from: http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Safety/Implementation/Pages/Default.aspx. Accessed 13 May 2014.
- International Energy Agency, 2013, Key World Energy Statistics 2013. Available from: http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2013.pdf. Accessed 10 September 2014.
- Intsok, 2012, Russian – Norwegian Oil & Gas industry Cooperation in the High North – Logistics and Transport – Report. (Oslo, Norway: INTSOK - Norwegian Oil and Gas Partners).
- Ipcc, 2013, Observations: Cryosphere (Chapter 4). In David G. Vaughan, Josefino C. Comiso Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. pp. 321 (Geneva, Switzerland: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change).
- Johannessen, O.M., Alexandrov, V.Y., Frolov, I.Y., Bobylev, L.P., Sandven, S., Pettersson, L.H., Kloster, K., Babich, N.G., Mironov, Y.U., and Smirnov, V.G., 2007, Remote Sensing of Sea Ice in the Northern Sea Route: Studies and Applications (Berlin, Germany: Springer-Praxis).
- Karvonen, J., Simila, M., and Heiler, I., 2003, 2003 Ice thickness estimation using SAR data and ice thickness history, oral presentation by J. Karvonen, M. Simila and I. Heiler, in Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2003. IGARSS'03. Proceedings. 2003 IEEE International. IEEE, 1, pp. 74–76.
- Koivurova, T., Tevro, H., and Stepien, A., 2008, Background Paper: Indigenous Peoples in the Arctic (Arctic TRANSFORM, European Commission Directorate General for External Relations). Available from: http://arctic-transform.org/download/IndigPeoBP.pdf
- Kontorovich, A.E., 2009, Oil and gas resources and reserves of the Russian Arctic and the northern seas and the main tasks for their development, oral presentation by A.E. Kontorovich, in Russian Arctic Offshore (RAO) conference. Russian Arctic Offshore, St. Petersburg, September 15–18.
- Kwok, R., and Rothrock, D.A., 2009, Decline in Arctic sea ice thickness from submarine and ICESat records: 1958–2008. Geophysical Research Letters, 36, 15501, doi: 10.1029/2009GL039035
- Larson, C., 2013, China Wants to Cut Down on Coal—And That's Bad for Global Warming. BusinessWeek. September 30, 2013. Available from: http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-09-30/chinas-synthetic-natural-gas-plants-could-accelerate-climate-change. Accessed 17 April 2014.
- Lasserre, F., and Pelletier, S., 2011, Polar super seaways? Maritime transport in the Arctic: An analysis of shipowners' intentions. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(6), pp. 1465–1473. 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.08.006
- Litovkin, D., 2012, Norilsk Nickel's ice-breaking ships reach the Russian ports others can't. The Telegraph. 05 November 2012. Available from: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sponsored/rbth/business/9656023/norilsk-nickel-ice-breaking-fleet.html. Accessed 4 September 2014.
- Liu, M., and Kronbak, J., 2010, The potential economic viability of using the Northern Sea Route (NSR) as an alternative route between Asia and Europe. Journal of Transport Geography, 18(3), pp. 434–444. 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2009.08.004
- Liu, N., 2013, European Union's potential contribution to enhanced governance of Arctic shipping. Zeitschrift Für Ausländisches Öffentliches Recht Und Völkerrecht, 73(4), pp. 705–733.
- Lloyd's List, 2014, Polar Code will be delayed until 2017 at the earliest, says Norwegian official. Lloyd's List. 11 April. Available from: http://www.lloydslist.com/ll/sector/regulation/article439986.ece. Accessed 1 June 2014.
- Martin, T., and Augstein, E., 2000, Large-scale drift of Arctic Sea ice retrieved from passive microwave satellite data. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105(4), pp. 8775–8788. 10.1029/1999JC900270
- Maslanik, J., Stroeve, J., Fowler, C., and Emery, W., 2011, Distribution and trends in Arctic sea ice age through spring 2011. Geophysical Research Letters, 38, 13502, doi:10.1029/2011GL047735
- Mfa Finland, 2013, The Arctic States Sign an Agreement on Marine Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland). Available from: http://www.mfa.is/news-and-publications/nr/7691. Accessed 8 May 2014.
- Ministry of Transport, 2013a, Reyestr morskikh portov Rossiyskoy Federatsii [Federal Agency of the sea and river transport of the Russian Federation] (Russian Federation). Available from: http://www.morflot.ru/reestr_mp/. Accessed 06 September 2014.
- Ministry of Transport, 2013b, RULES of Navigation on the Water Area of the Northern Sea Route (January 17, 2013) (Russian Federation). Available from: http://www.arctic-lio.com/docs/nsr/legislation/20130425185806en-Rules_unof.pdf. Accessed 10 September 2014.
- Mouawad, J., and Werdigier, J., 2007, Warning on impact of China and India oil demand. The New York Times. 7 November. Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/07/business/07cnd-energy.html?_r=0. Accessed 9 April 2014.
- Myers, S.L., 2011, Hillary Clinton takes seat at Arctic Council. The New York Times. 12 May. Available from: http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/05/12/hillary-clinton-takes-seat-at-arctic-council/. Accessed 13 May 2014.
- Myers, S.L., 2013, Arctic Council adds 6 nations as observer states, including China. The New York Times. 15 May. Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/16/world/europe/arctic-council-adds-six-members-including-china.html?_r=0. Accessed 19 November 2013.
- Ndtv, 2014, China to build new icebreaker for polar research expeditions. New Delhi Television Limited. 5 January. Available from: http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/china-to-build-new-icebreaker-for-polar-research-expeditions-467318. Accessed 10 June 2014.
- Norwegian Space Center, ca 2013, Satkom i Arktis (ASK) [Satkom in the Arctic (ASK)] (Norwegian Space Center). Available from: http://www.romsenter.no/Fagomraader/Satellittkommunikasjon/Satkom-i-Arktis-ASK. Accessed 8 May 2014.
- Npd, 2011, FACTS - The Norwegian Petroleum Sector 2011 (Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, Ministry of Petroleum and Energy). Available from: http://www.npd.no/en/Publications/Facts/Facts-2011. Accessed 21 October 2013.
- Nsidc, 2013, Arctic Sea Ice Reaches Lowest Extent for 2013 (National Snow & Ice Data Center). Available from: http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/2013/09/draft-arctic-sea-ice-reaches-lowest-extent-for-2013. Accessed 23 April 2014.
- Nsidc, 2014a, Arctic Sea Ice at Fifth Lowest Annual Maximum (National Snow & Ice Data Center). Available from: https://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/2014/04/arctic-sea-ice-at-fifth-lowest-annual-maximum. Accessed May 1 2014.
- Nsidc, 2014b, In the Arctic, Winter's Might Doesn't Have Much Bite (National Snow & Ice Data Center). Available from: http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/2014/03/in-the-arcitc-winters-might-doesnt-have-much-bite. Accessed 8 May 2014.
- Nsr Information Office, 2013, Search and Rescue (Northern Sea Route Information Office). Available from: http://www.arctic-lio.com/nsr_searchandrescue2013
- Nsr Information Office, 2014, NSR Transit 2013 (Northern Sea Route Information Office). Available from: http://www.arctic-lio.com/nsr_transits. Accessed 8 May 2014.
- Ødemark, K., Dalsøren, S.B., Samset, B.H., Berntsen, T.K., Fuglestvedt, J.S., and Myhre, G., 2012, Short-lived climate forcers from current shipping and petroleum activities in the Arctic. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 12(4), pp. 1979–1993. 10.5194/acp-12-1979-2012
- Østreng, W., Eger, K.M., Fløistad, B., Jørgensen-Dahl, A., Lothe, L., Mejlænder-Larsen, M., and Wergeland, T., 2013. Shipping in Arctic Waters: A Comparison of the Northeast, Northwest and Trans Polar Passages (Berlin, Germany: Springer).
- Overland, J.E., and Wang, M., 2010, Large-scale atmospheric circulation changes are associated with the recent loss of Arctic sea ice. Tellus A, 62(1), pp. 1–9. 10.1111/j.1600-0870.2009.00421.x
- Perkowski, J., 2013, Shale gas: China's untapped resource. Forbes. 13 June. Available from: http://www.forbes.com/sites/jackperkowski/2013/06/13/shale-gas-chinas-untapped-resource. Accessed 9 April 2014.
- Perovich, D., Meier, W., Tschudi, M., Gerland, S., and Richter-Menge, J., 2012, Arctic report card – Sea ice. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), (Update for 2012)
- Pettersen, T., 2011, Russia to have ten Arctic rescue centers by 2015. Barents Observer. 18 November. Available from: http://barentsobserver.com/en/topics/russia-have-ten-arctic-rescue-centers-2015
- Pettersen, T., 2014, New advisory for navigating the Northern Sea Route. Barents Observer. 31 January. Available from: http://barentsobserver.com/en/arctic/2014/01/new-advisory-navigating-northern-sea-route-31-01. Accessed 1 June 2014.
- Ragner, C.L. (Ed.), 2000, The 21st Century-turning Point for the North Sea Route? (Berlin, Germany: Springer).
- Ragner, C.L., 2008, Den norra sjövägen [The Northern Sea Route]. In Barents – ett gränsland i Norden [The Barents – A Nordic Borderland], T. Hallberg (Ed.), pp. 114–127 (Stockholm, Sweden: Arena Norden).
- Rasmussen, E.A., and Turner, J., 2003. Polar Lows: Mesoscale Weather Systems in the Polar Regions (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press).
- Rayfuse, Rosemary G., 2008, Warm Waters and Cold Shoulders: Jostling for Jurisdiction in Polar Oceans (September 19, 2008). UNSW Law Research Paper No. 2008-56. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1402390orhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1402390
- Reuters, 2010, Egypt's Suez canal H1 revenue, traffic up; upgrade helps. Reuters. 26 July. Available from: http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/07/26/ozabs-suezcanal-egypt-idAFJOE66P09P20100726. Accessed 25 November 2013.
- Reuters, 2013, Northern Sea route slated for massive growth. Moscow Times. 4 June. Available from: http://www.themoscowtimes.com/article/northern-sea-route-slated-for-massive-growth/481093.html. Accessed 04 September 2014.
- Reuters, 2014, China, Russia sign $1.6Bln deal on Siberian LNG project. Reuters. 10 July. Available from: http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/china-russia-sign-16bln-deal-on-siberian-lng-project/503249.html. Accessed 9 September 2014.
- Ritter, K., 2013, Greenpeace's Arctic sunrise vessel blocked from Northern Sea Route by Russian authorities. Huffington Post. 21 August. Available from: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/21/greenpeace-arctic-sunrise-russia_n_3789726.html. Accessed 5 June 2014.
- Russian Federation, 2008, Osnovy gosudarstvennoj politiki Rossijskoj Federacii v Arktike na period do 2020 goda i dal'nejshuju perspektivu [Foundations of the Russian Federation's state policy in the Arctic until 2020 and beyond]. Available from: http://icr.arcticportal.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1791%3. Accessed 21 October 2013.
- Russian Federation, 2012, O vnesenii izmeneniy v otdel'nyye zakonodatel'nyye akty Rossiyskoy Federatsii v chasti gosudarstvennogo regulirovaniya torgovogo moreplavaniya v akvatorii Severnogo morskogo puti [Federal law on amendments to specific legislative acts of the Russian Federation Concerning the state regulation of merchant shipping in the water area of the NSR]. Russian Federation. Available from: http://kremlin.ru/acts/16075. Accessed 10 September 2014.
- Sandven, S., Zygmuntowska, M., and Kloster, K., 2011, CryoSat Sea Ice Validation and Process Studies in the European Arctic 2008–2010. Technical Report no. 320. Bergen, Norway: Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center. Available from: http://www.nersc.no/sites/www.nersc.no/files/CryoSat-seaice-validation-Finalreport-2011.pdf. Accessed 2 June 2014.
- Sao, 2011, Senior Arctic Official Report to the Ministers (Nuuk, Greenland: Arctic Council). Available from: http://library.arcticportal.org/1251/1/SAO_Report_to_Ministers_Nuuk_Ministerial_Meeting_May_2011.pdf
- Ship-Technology, 2013, Port of Sabetta, Yamal Peninsula, Russia. Ship-Technology. Available from: http://www.ship-technology.com/projects/-port-sabetta-yamal-peninsula-russia. Accessed 31 May 2014.
- Simmons, B.A., 2005, Rules over real estate trade, territorial conflict, and international borders as institution. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 49(6), pp. 823–848.10.1177/0022002705281349
- Smith, A., 2009, Global warming reopens the Northeast passage. Time. 17 September. Available from: http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1924410,00.html. Accessed 25 November 2013.
- Snow, N., 2014, Countries moving geopolitically on Arctic energy. Oil & Gas Journal. Available from: http://www.ogj.com/articles/2014/01/countries-moving-geopolitically-on-arctic-energy-wilson-forum-told.html. Accessed April 17, 2014.
- Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., and Averyt, K.B., 2007, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Available from: http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4_wg1_full_report.pdf
- Solski, J., 2013, New developments in Russian regulation of navigation on the Northern sea route. Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2013(1), pp. 90–120.
- Staalesen, A., 2012, In Russian Arctic, a new major sea port. Barents Observer. 6 August. Available from: http://barentsobserver.com/en/energy/russian-arctic-new-major-sea-port-06-08. Accessed 31 May 2014.
- Stephenson, S.R., Brigham, L.W., and Smith, L.C., 2013a, Marine accessibility along Russia's Northern Sea Route. Polar Geography, 37(2), pp. 111–133.
- Stephenson, S.R., Smith, L.C., Brigham, L.W., and Agnew, J.A., 2013b, Projected 21st-century changes to Arctic marine access. Climatic Change, 118(3–4), pp. 885–899. 10.1007/s10584-012-0685-0
- Stroeve, J.C., Kattsov, V., Barrett, A., Serreze, M., Pavlova, T., Holland, M., and Meier, W.N., 2012, Trends in Arctic sea ice extent from CMIP5, CMIP3 and observations. Geophysical Research Letters, 39, 16502, doi:10.1029/2012GL052676
- Suez Canal Authority, 2009, Canal Characteristics (Ismaïlia). Available from: http://www.suezcanal.gov.eg/sc.aspx?show=12. Accessed 10 September 2014.
- Suez Canal Authority, 2013, Yearly Number & Net Tone by Ship Type,Direction & Ship Status (2012) (Ismaïlia). Available from: http://www.suezcanal.gov.eg/TRstat.aspx?reportId=3. Accessed 10 September 2014.
- Trafi, 2010, Ice Class Regulations and the Application Thereof, TRAFI/31298/03.04.01.00/2010 (Transportation Safety Authority). Available from: http://www.finlex.fi/data/normit/36441-36441-Jaaluokkamaaraykset_TRAFI_31298_03_04_01_00_2010_EN_corr_20_Dec_2010.pdf. Accessed 11 June 2014.
- Uscg, 2013, Major Icebreakers in the World (U.S. Coast Guard). Available from: http://www.uscg.mil/hq/cg5/cg552/docs/20130718%20Major%20Icebreaker%20Chart.pdf. Accessed 08 September 2014.
- Usdod, 2007, Global Position System – Standard Positioning Service Performance Standard. US Department of Defense & GPS NAVSTAR. Available from: http://www.gps.gov/technical/ps/2008-SPS-performance-standard.pdf
- Verny, J., and Grigentin, C., 2009, Container shipping on the northern sea route. International Journal of Production Economics, 122(1), pp. 107–117. 10.1016/j.ijpe.2009.03.018
- Watt, L., and Isachenkov, V., 2014, China signs 30-year gas deal with Russia's Gazprom. Huffington Post. 21 May 2014. Available from: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/05/21/china-russia-gas-deal-gazprom_n_5364004.html. Accessed 9 September 2014.
- Watts, J., 2009, Further anti-pollution riots break out in China. The Guardian. 2 September. Available from: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/sep/02/anti-pollution-riot-china. Accessed 13 May 2014.
- Wilkman, G., & Mattsson, T., 2014, Development of Icebreaking Ships, in OTC Arctic Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference.
- Winther, M., Christensen, J.H., Plejdrup, M.S., Ravn, E.S., Eriksson,Ó.F., and Kristensen, H.O., 2014, Emission inventories for ships in the Arctic based on satellite sampled 1 AIS data 2. Atmospheric Environment, 91, pp. 1–14. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.03.006
- Yoshikawa, K., Leuschen, C., Ikeda, A., Harada, K., Gogineni, P., Hoekstra, P., Hinzman, L., Sawada, Y., and Matsuoka, N., 2006, Comparison of geophysical investigations for detection of massive ground ice (pingo ice). Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets (1991–2012), 111(6).
- Young, O.R., 2009, Whither the Arctic? Conflict or cooperation in the circumpolar north. Polar Record, 45(1), pp. 73–82. 10.1017/S0032247408007791
- Zakhvatkina, N.Y., Alexandrov, V.Y., Johannessen, O.M., Sandven, S., and Frolov, I.Y., 2013, Classification of Sea Ice types in ENVISAT synthetic aperture radar images. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 51(5), pp. 2587–2600. 10.1109/TGRS.2012.2212445