A Long-Term Field Study of In Situ Bioremediation in a Fractured Conglomerate Trichloroethene Source Zone

REFERENCES

• California Environmental Protection Agency State Water Resources Control Board (Cal EPA–SWRCB). 2013. A compilation of water quality goals. Rancho Cordova, CA. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/water_quality_goals/(accessedNovember2,2013).
   Google Scholar
• Christiansen, C. M., I. Damgaard, M. Broholm, T. Kessler, K. E. Klint, B. Nilsson, and P. Bjerg. 2010. Comparison of delivery methods for enhanced in situ remediation in clay till. Ground Water Monit. Remediat. 30:107–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman, M. L., T. J. Shepherd, J. J. Durham, J. E. Rouse, and G. R. Moore. 1982. Reduction of water with zinc for hydrogen isotope analysis. Anal. Chem. 54:993–995.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coplen, T. B. 1993. Uses of environmental isotopes. In Regional ground-water quality, ed. W. M. Alley, 227–254. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
   Google Scholar
• Coplen, T. B., J. D. Wildman, and J. Chen. 1991. Improvements in the gaseous hydrogen-water equilibration technique for hydrogen isotope ratio analysis. Anal. Chem. 63:910–912.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damgaard, I., P. L. Bjerg, C. S. Jacobsen, A. Tsitonaki, H. Kerrn-Jespersen, and M. M. Broholm. 2013. Performance of full-scale enhanced reductive dechlorination in clay till. Groundwater Monit. Remediat. 33:48–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dybas, M. J., D. W. Hyndman, R. Heine, J. Tiedje, K. Linning, D. Wiggert, T. Voice, X. Zhao, L. Dybas, and C. S. Criddle. 2002. Development, operation, and long-term performance of a full-scale biocurtain utilizing bioaugmentation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36:3635–3644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, D. E., E. J. Lutz, J. M. Odom, R. J. Buchanan Jr., C. L. Bartlett, M. D. Lee, M. R. Harkness, and K. A. Deweerd. 2000. Bioaugmentation for accelerated in situ anaerobic bioremediation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34:2254–2260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein, S., and T. K. Mayeda. 1953. Variation of O-18 content of waters from natural sources. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 4:213–224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faure, G. 1986. Principles of isotope geology, 2nd ed., 429–459. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Fennell, D. E., J. M. Gossett, and S. H. Zinder. 1997. Comparison of butyric acid, ethanol, lactic acid, and propionic acid as hydrogen donors for the reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethene. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31:918–926.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonfiantini, R. 1978. Standards for stable isotope measurements in natural compounds. Nature 271:534–536.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, Y. T., A. G. Fitzmaurice, A. Bilgin, S. Choi, P. O’Day, J. Horst, J. Harrington, H. J. Reisinger, D. R. Burris, and J. G. Hering 2010. Geochemical processes controlling arsenic mobility in groundwater: A case study of arsenic mobilization and natural attenuation. Appl. Geochem. 25:69–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Interstate Technology Regulatory Council (ITRC). 2010. Use and measurement of mass flux and mass discharge. Washington, DC: ITRC. http://www.itrcweb.org/Guidance/ListDocuments?TopicID=14&SubTopicID=11(accessedNovember3,2011).
   Google Scholar
• Lendvay, J. M., F. E. Löffler, M. Dollhopf, M. R. Aiello, G. Daniels, B. Z. Fathepure, M. Gebhard, R. Heine, R. Helton, J. Shi, R. Krajmalnik-Brown, C. L. Major Jr., M. J. Barcelona, E. Petrovskis, R. Hickey, J. M. Tiedje, and P. Adriaens. 2003. Bioreactive barriers: A comparison of bioaugmentation and biostimulation for chlorinated solvent remediation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37:1422–1431.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, X., J. T. Wilson, and D. H. Kampbell. 2006a. Relationship between Dehalococcoides DNA in ground water and rates of reductive dechlorination at field scale. Water Res. 40:3131–3140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, X., J. T. Wilson, and D. H. Kampbell. 2006b. Relationship between geochemical parameters and the occurrence of Dehalococcoides DNA in contaminated aquifers. Water Resour. Res. 42:W08427. doi: 10.1029/2005WR004283.
   Google Scholar
• Major, D. W., M. L. McMaster, E. E. Cox, E. A. Edwards, S. M. Dworatzek, E. R. Hendrickson, M. G. Starr, J. Payne, and L. W. Buonamici. 2002. Field demonstration of successful bioaugmentation to achieve dechlorination of tetrachloroethene to ethene. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36:5106–5116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean, J. E., R. R. Dupont, and D. L. Sorensen. 2006. Iron and arsenic release from aquifer solids in response to biostimulation. J. Environ. Qual. 35:1193–1203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, T. R., M. P. Franklin, and R. U. Halden. 2007. Bacterial community analysis of shallow groundwater undergoing sequential anaerobic and aerobic chloroethene biotransformation. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 60:299–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison, J., T. Brockwell, T. Merren, F. Fourel, and A. M. Phillips. 2001. On-line high-precision stable hydrogen isotopic analyses on nanoliter water samples. Anal. Chem. 73:3570–3575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, J. A., B. M. Rosner, G. von Abendroth, G. Meshulam-Simon, P. L. McCarty, and A. M. Spormann. 2004. Molecular identification of the catabolic vinyl chloride reductase from Dehalococcoides sp. strain VS and its environmental distribution. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:4880–4888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, B. L., S. W. Chapman, and J. A. Cherry. 2010. Plume persistence in fractured sedimentary rock after source zone removal. Ground Water 48:799–803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, B. L., S. W. Chapman, and M. A. Guilbeault. 2008. Plume persistence caused by back diffusion from thin clay layers in a sand aquifer following TCE source-zone hydraulic isolation. J. Contam. Hydrol. 102:86–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahm, B. G., S. Chauhan, V. F. Holmes, T. W. Macbeth, K. S. Sorenson Jr., and L. Alvarez-Cohen. 2006. Molecular characterization of microbial populations at two sites with differing reductive dechlorination abilities. Biodegradation 17:523–534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, W. D., D. E. Elrick, and G. C. Topp. 1983. A reexamination of the constant head well permeameter method for measuring saturated hydraulic conductivity above the water table. Soil Sci. 136:250–268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozen, S., and H. J. Skaletsky. 2008. Primer3 on the WWW for general users and for biologist programmers. In Bioinformatics methods and protocols: Methods in molecular biology, ed. S. Krawetz and S. Misener, 365–386. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.
   Google Scholar
• Scheutz, C., M. M. Broholm, N. D. Durant, E. Begtrup Weeth, T. H. Jørgensen, P. Dennis, C. S. Jacobsen, E. E. Cox, J. C. Chambon, and P. L. Bjerg. 2010. Field evaluation of biological enhanced reductive dechlorination of chlorethenes in clayey till. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44:5134–5141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheutz, C., N. D. Durant, P. Dennis, M. Heisterberg Hansen, T. Jørgensen, R. Jakobsen, E. E. Cox, and P. L. Bjerg. 2008. Concurrent ethene generation and growth of Dehalococcoides containing vinyl chloride reductive dehalogenase genes during an enhanced reductive dechlorination field demonstration. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42:9302–9309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffan, R. J., K. L. Sperry, M. T. Walsh, S. Vainberg, and C. W. Condee. 1999. Field-scale evaluation of in situ bioaugmentation for remediation of chlorinated solvents in groundwater. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33:2771–2781.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strong, M., C. Sprinkle, D. Ewing, D. Owens, B. Ventura, L. Smith, and J. J. Liskowitz. 2004. Comparison of pneumatic and hydraulic fracturing for emplacement of treatment materials in low permeability formations. In Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds—2004. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, ed. A. R. Gavaskar and A. S. C. Chen, paper 5B–07. Columbus, OH: Battelle Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stroo, H. F., and C. H. Ward (eds.) 2010. In situ remediation of chlorinated solvent plumes. New York: Springer Science and Business Media.
   Google Scholar
• Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program–Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (SERDP–ESTCP). 2011. SERDP and ESTCP workshop on investment strategies to optimize research and demonstration impacts in support of DoD restoration goals. Alexandria, VA: SERDP-ESTCP. http://www.serdp.org/News-and-Events/News-Announcements/Program-News/DoD-cleanup-goals-drive-workshop-to-address-future-restoration-challenges(accessedNovember3,2013).
   Google Scholar
• Takeuchi, M., Y. Kawabe, E. Watanabe, T. Oiwa, M. Takahashi, K. Nanba, Y. Kamagata, S. Hanada, Y. Ohko, and T. Komai. 2011. Comparative study of microbial dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes in an aquifer and a clayey aquitard. J. Contam. Hydrol. 124:14–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valett, J., V. Dibley, V. Madrid, and L. Ferry. 2012. Five-Year Review Report for the Building 834 Operable Unit at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Site 300. LLNL-AR-499272. Livermore, CA: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. http://www-erd.llnl.gov/library/LLNL_AR_499272_B834_5YR_Review_2012.pdf(accessed June 21, 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Van der Zaan, B., F. Hannes, N. Hoekstra, H. Rijnaarts, W. M. de Vos, H. Smidt, and J. Gerritse. 2010. Correlation of Dehalococcoides 16S rRNA and chloroethene-reductive dehalogenase genes with geochemical conditions in chloroethene-contaminated groundwater. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76:843–850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waller, A. S., R. Krajmalnik-Brown, F. E. Löffler, and E. A. Edwards. 2005. Multiple reductive-dehalogenase-homologous genes are simultaneously transcribed during dechlorination by Dehalococcoides-containing cultures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:8257–8264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeager, C. M., J. L. Kornosky, D. C. Housman, E. E. Grote, J. Belnape, and C. R. Kuske. 2004. Diazotrophic community structure and function in two successional stages of biological soil crusts from the Colorado plateau and Chihuahuan Desert. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:973–983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, C., and S. M. Gorelick. 2003. Analysis of solute transport in flow fields influenced by preferential flowpaths at the decimeter scale. Ground Water 41:142–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar