“I'm in this world for a reason”: Resilience and recovery among American Indian and Alaska Native two-spirit women

References

• Adams, D. W. (1995). Education for extinction: American Indians and the boarding school experience, 1875–1928. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
   Google Scholar
• Allen, J., Hopper, K., Wexler, L., Kral, M., Rasmus, S., & Nystad, K. (2014). Mapping resilience pathways of Indigenous youth in five circumpolar communities. Transcultural Psychiatry, 51(5), 601–631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, R. (1998). Intuitive inquiry: A transpersonal approach. In Braud, W. & Anderson, R. (eds.), Transpersonal research methods for the social sciences: Honoring human experience. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc., pp. 69–94.
   Google Scholar
• ———. (2004). Intuitive inquiry: An epistemology of the heart for scientific inquiry. The Humanistic Psychologist, 32(4), 307–341.
   Google Scholar
• ———. (2007). Thematic content analysis: Descriptive presentation of qualitative data. Retrieved from http://www.wellknowingconsulting.org/publications/pdfs/ThematicContentAnalysis.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Anguksuar, R. L. (1997). A postcolonial perspective on Western [mis]conceptions of the cosmos and the restoration of indigenous taxonomies. In Jacobs, S.-E., Thomas, W., & Lang, S. (eds.), Two-spirit people: Native American gender identity, sexuality, and spirituality. Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press, pp. 217–222.
   Google Scholar
• Armenta, B., Whitbeck, L., & Habecker, P. (2015). The historical loss scale: Longitudinal measurement equivalence and prospective links to anxiety among North American Indigenous adolescents. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, Advance online publication. doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000049.
   Google Scholar
• Balsam, K. F., Huang, B., Fieland, K. C., Simoni, J. M., & Walters, K. L. (2004). Culture, trauma, and wellness: A comparison of heterosexual and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and two-spirit Native Americans. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 10(3), 287–301. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.10.3.287.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Balsam, K. F., Molina, Y., Beadnell, B., Simoni, J., & Walters, K. (2011). Measuring multiple minority stress: The LGBT people of color microaggressions scale. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 17(2), 163–174. doi:10.1037/a0023244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barreiro, J. (1992). Indian roots of American democracy. Ithaca, NY: Akwe:kon Press, Cornell University.
   Google Scholar
• Bishop, R. (2005). Freeing ourselves from neocolonial domination in research: A Kaupapa Maori approach to creating knowledge. In Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S. (eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (3rd edition). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc., pp. 109–138.
   Google Scholar
• Brave Heart, M. Y. H. (2003). The historical trauma response among Natives and its relationship with substance abuse: A Lakota illustration. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 35(1), 7–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ———. (1999). Gender differences in the historical trauma response among the Lakota. Journal of Health and Social Policy, 10(4), 1–21. doi:10.1300/J045v10n04_01.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Browne, A. J., & Fiske, J. A. (2001). First Nations women's encounters with mainstream health care services. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 23(2), 126–147. doi:10.1177/019394590102300203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cajete, G. (1994). Look to the mountain: An ecology of Indigenous education (1st edition). Durango, CO: Kivaki Press.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, M. C. (2007). American Indians, the Irish, and government schooling: A comparative study. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=184858.
   Google Scholar
• Cross, T. (1998). Understanding family resiliency from a relational worldview. In McCubbin, H. I., Thompson, E. A., Thompson, A. I., & Fromer, J. E. (eds.) Resiliency in Native American and immigrant families. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, pp. 143–157.
   Google Scholar
• Cross, T. L., Simmons, D., & Earle, K. A. (2000). Child abuse and neglect in Indian country: Policy issues. Families in Society, 81(1), 49–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dedoose Version 5.1.29, web application for managing, analyzing, and presenting qualitative and mixed method research data (2014). Los Angeles, CA: SocioCultural Research Consultants, LLC (www.dedoose.com).
   Google Scholar
• Duran, B., Sanders, M., Skipper, B., Waitzkin, H., Malcoe, L. H., Paine, S., & Yager, J. (2004). Prevalence and correlates of mental disorders among Native American women in primary care. American Journal of Public Health, 94(1), 71–77. doi:10.2105/AJPH.94.1.71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eastman, E. G. (1935). Pratt, the red man's Moses. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
   Google Scholar
• Evans-Campbell, T. (2008). Historical trauma in American Indian/Native Alaska communities: A multilevel framework for exploring impacts on individuals, families, and communities. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23(3), 316–338. doi:10.1177/0886260507312290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans-Campbell, T., & Walters, K. L. (2006). Indigenist practice competencies in child welfare practice: A decolonization framework to address family violence and substance abuse among First Nations peoples. In Fong, R., McRoy, R., & Ortiz Hendricks, C. (eds.), Intersecting child welfare, substance abuse, and family violence: Culturally competent approaches. Washington, DC: CSWE Press, pp. 266–290. doi:10.3109/00952990.2012.701358.
   Google Scholar
• Evans-Campbell, T., Walters, K. L., Pearson, C. R., & Campbell, C. D. (2012). Indian boarding school experience, substance use, and mental health among urban two-spirit American Indian/Alaska Natives. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 38(5), 421–427. doi:10.3109/00952990.2012.701358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fieland, K. C., Walters, K. L., & Simoni, J. M. (2007). Determinants of health among two-spirit American Indians and Alaska Natives. In Meyer, I. H. & Northridge, M. E. (eds.), The health of sexual minorities: Public health perspectives on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations. New York: Springer, pp. 268–300.
   Google Scholar
• Garmezy, N. (1991). Resiliency and vulnerability to adverse developmental outcomes associated with poverty. American Behavioral Scientist, 34(4), 416–430. doi:10.1177/0002764291034004003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrett, M. T., Parrish, M., Williams, C., Grayshield, L., Portman, T. A. A., Torres Rivera, E., & Maynard, E. (2014). Invited commentary: Fostering resilience among Native American youth through therapeutic intervention. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(3), 470–490. doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-0020-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, L. J. (1997). Why the need for the Indian Child Welfare Act? Journal of Multicultural Social Work, 5(3–4), 165–175.
   Google Scholar
• Gilligan, C., Spencer, R., Weinberg, K. M., & Bertsch, T. (2003). On the listening guide: A voice-centered relational model. In Camic, P. M., Rhodes, J. E., & Yardley, L. (eds.), Qualitative research in psychology: Expanding perspectives in methodology and design. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, pp. 157–172.
   Google Scholar
• Graham, B. L. (2001). Resilience among American Indian youth: First Nations' youth resilience study. (Doctoral dissertation). Dissertation Abstracts International. 62, 1615.
   Google Scholar
• Grandbois, D. M., & Sanders, G. F. (2012). Resilience and stereotyping: The experiences of Native American elders. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 23(4), 389–396. doi.org/10.1177/1043659612451614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ———. (2009). The resilience of Native American elders. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 30, 569–580.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Green, J., & Thorogood, N. (2009). Qualitative methods for health research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Heavy Runner, I., & Marshall, K. (2003). Miracle survivors: Promoting resilience in Indian students. Tribal College Journal of American Indian Higher Education, 14(4), 15–17.
   Google Scholar
• Herne, M. A., Bartholomew, M. L., & Weahkee, R. L. (2014). Suicide mortality among American Indians and Alaska Natives, 1999–2009. American Journal of Public Health, 104 Suppl., S336–42. doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301929.
   Google Scholar
• Ida, D. J. (2007). Cultural competency and recovery within diverse populations. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 31(1), 49–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, S.-E., Thomas, W., & Lang, S. (1997). Introduction. In Jacobs, S.-E., Thomas, W., & Lang, S. (eds.), Two-spirit people: Native American gender identity, sexuality, and spirituality. Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press, pp. 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Juster, R. P., McEwen, B. S., & Lupien, S. J. (2010). Allostatic load biomarkers of chronic stress and impact on health and cognition. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(1), 2–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khanlou, N., & Wray, R. (2014). A whole community approach toward child and youth resilience promotion: A review of resilience literature. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 12, 64–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirmayer, L. J., Dandeneau, S., Marshall, E., Phillips, M. K., & Williamson, K. J. (2011). Rethinking resilience from indigenous perspectives. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 56(2), 84–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaFromboise, T. D., Hoy, D. R., Oliver, L., & Whitbeck, L. B. (2006). Family, community, and school influences on resilience among American Indian adolescents in the upper Midwest. Journal of Community Psychology, 34(2), 193–209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehavot, K., Walters, K. L., & Simoni, J. M. (2009). Abuse, mastery, and health among lesbian, bisexual, and two-spirit American Indian and Alaska Native women. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 15(3), 275–284. doi:10.1037/a0013458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, J. P., & Allen, J. (in review). Alaska Native elders in recovery: Linkages between indigenous cultural generativity and sobriety to promote successful aging. Submitted to Journal of Cross Cultural Gerontology.
   Google Scholar
• Long, C. R., & Nelson, K. (1999). Honoring diversity: The reliability, validity, and utility of a scale to measure Native American resilience. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 2, 91–107.
   Google Scholar
• Lowe, J. (2002). Cherokee self-reliance. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 13(4), 287–295. doi:10.1177/104365902236703.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McEwen, B. S. (1998). Stress, adaptation, and disease: Allostasis and allostatic load. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 840, 33–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahan, E. M., & Rogers, K. L. (eds.). (2013). Interactive oral history interviewing. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mohatt, G. V., Rasmus, S. M., Thomas, L., Allen, J., Hazel, K., & Marlatt, G. A. (2008). Risk, resilience, and natural recovery: A model of recovery from alcohol abuse for Alaska Natives. Addiction, 103(2), 205–215. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02057.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, J. F., Waldo, C. R., & Rothblum, E. D. (2001). A model of predictors and outcomes of outness among lesbian and bisexual women. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71(1), 61–71. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.71.1.61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moustakas, C. (1990). Heuristic research: Design, methodology, and applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Health Statistics. (2014). Health, United States, 2013: With special feature on prescription drugs. Hyattsville, MD. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK209225/.
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Health Statistics. (2012). Health, United States, 2011: With special feature on socioeconomic status and health. Hyattsville, MD.
   Google Scholar
• National Resource Center on Child Sexual Abuse. (1990). Enhancing child sexual abuse services to minority cultures. Salt Lake City, UT: National Resource Center on Child Sexual Abuse.
   Google Scholar
• Reaman, G. (1967). The trail of the Iroquois Indians: How the Iroquois nation saved Canada for the British Empire. New York: Barnes & Noble.
   Google Scholar
• Rice, P., & Ezzy, D. (1999). Qualitative research methods: A health focus. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shiner, R. L., & Masten, A. S. (2012). Childhood personality as a harbinger of competence and resilience in adulthood. Development & Psychopathology, 24(2), 507–528. doi:10.1017/S0954579412000120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southwick, S. M., Bonanno, G. A., Masten, A. S., Panter-Brick, C., & Yehuda, R. (2014). Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: Interdisciplinary perspectives. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5, 25338, 1–14. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v5.25338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stajduhar, K. L., Funk, L., Shaw, A., Botorff, J. L., & Johnson, J. (2009). Resilience from the perspective of the illicit injection drug user: An exploratory descriptive study. International Journal of Drug Policy, 20(4), 309–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tebes, J. K., Irish, J. T., Puglisi Vasquez, M. J., & Perkins, D. V. (2004). Cognitive transformation as a marker of resilience. Substance Use & Misuse, 39(5), 769–788. doi:10.1081/JA-120034015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tugade, M. M., Fredrickson, B. L., & Barrett, L. F. (2004). Psychological resilience and positive emotional granularity: Examining the benefits of positive emotions on coping and health. Journal of Personality, 72(6), 1161–1190. doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00294.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuhiwai Smith, L. (2005). On tricky ground: Researching the Native in the age of uncertainty. In Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S. (eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (3rd edition). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, pp. 85–107.
   Google Scholar
• Ungar, M. (2011). The social ecology of resilience: Addressing contextual and cultural ambiguity of a nascent construct. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 81(1), 1–17. doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01067.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2014). Results from the 2013 national survey on drug use and health: Summary of national findings. Substance abuse and mental health services administration. Retrieved from http://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUHresultsPDFWHTML2013/Web/NSDUHresults2013.htm.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services, & National Institute of Mental Health. (2001). Mental health care for American Indians and Alaska Natives. In Mental health: Culture, race, and ethnicity, a supplement to mental health: A report of the Surgeon General, pp. 79–104. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44242/.
   Google Scholar
• Walls, M. L., & Whitbeck, L. B. (2012). Advantages of stress process approaches for measuring historical trauma. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 38(5), 416–420. doi:10.3109/00952990.2012.694524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters, K. L. (1998). Negotiating conflicts in allegiances among lesbians and gays of color: Reconciling divided selves and communities. In Mallon, G. P. (ed.), Foundations of social work practice with lesbian and gay persons. New York: Haworth Press, pp. 47–75. doi.apa.org/psycinfo/1997-36830-003.
   Google Scholar
• Walters, K. L., Evans-Campbell, T., Simoni, J. M., Ronquillo, T., & Bhuyan, R. (2006). “My Spirit in My Heart”: Identity experiences and challenges among American Indian two-spirit women. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 10(1–2), 125–149. doi:10.1300/J155v10n01_07.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walters, K. L., Horwath, P. F., & Simoni, J. M. (2001). Sexual orientation bias experiences and service needs of gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgendered, and two-spirited American Indians. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 13(1–2), 133–149. doi:10.1300/J041v13n01_10.
   Google Scholar
• Walters, K. L., Mohammed, S. A., Evans-Campbell, T., Beltrán, R. E., Chae, D. H., & Duran, B. (2011). Bodies don't just tell stories, They tell histories. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 8(1), 179–189. doi:10.1017/S1742058X1100018X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters, K. L., & Simoni, J. M. (2002). Reconceptualizing Native women's health: An “indigenist” stress-coping model. American Journal of Public Health, 92(4), 520–524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters, K. L., Simoni, J. M., & Evans-Campbell, T. (2002). Substance use among American Indians and Alaska natives: Incorporating culture in an “indigenist” stress-coping paradigm. Public Health Reports, 117 (Suppl. 1), S104–S117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wexler, L. (2014). Looking across three generations of Alaska Natives to explore how culture fosters Indigenous resilience. Transcultural Psychiatry, 51(1), 73–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wexler, L., Jernigan, C., Mazzotti, J., Baldwin, E., Griffin, M., Joule, L., Garoutte, J., Jr., & CIPA Team. (2014). Lived challenges and getting through them: Alaska Native youth narratives as a way to understand resilience. Health Promotion Practice, 15(1), 10–17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whitbeck, L. B., Hoyt, D. R., McMorris, B. J., Chen, X., & Stubben, J. B. (2001). Perceived discrimination and early substance abuse among American Indian children. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 42(4), 405–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitesell, N. R., Beals, J., Mitchell, C. M., Manson, S. M., & Turner, R. J. (2009). Childhood exposure to adversity and risk of substance-use disorder in two American Indian populations: The meditational role of early substance-use initiation. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 70(6), 971–981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, A. (1996). How we find ourselves: Identity development and two spirit people. Harvard Educational Review, 66(2), 303–318.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan, N., Duran, B., Walters, K., Pearson, C., & Evans-Campbell, T. (2014). Alcohol misuse and associations with childhood maltreatment and out-of-home placement among urban two-spirit American Indian and Alaska native people. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(10), 10461–10479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar