A review of the role of Malawi’s law reform agency in criminalization and decriminalization of female same-sex sexual conduct

References

• Auchmuty, Rosemary, Sheila Jeffreys, and Elaine Miller. 1992. “Lesbian History and Gay Studies: Keeping a Feminist Perspective.” Women’s History Review 1 (1): 89–108.
   Google Scholar
• Australian Law Reform Commission. 1994. “Equality before the Law: Justice for Women (ALRC Report 69 Part 1).” Sydney: Australian Law Reform Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Byrnes, Andrew. 2012. “Article 1.” In The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women: A Commentary, edited by M. A. Freeman, B. Rudolf, and C. Chinkin, 51–70. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chigawa, Msaiwale. 2006. “The Fundamental Values of the Republic of Malawi Constitution of 1994.” In Constitutional Review Conference, 2006. Accessed 31 March 2019. https://acjr.org.za/resource-centre/fundamental_values_constitution_full.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Chirwa, Danwood Mzikenge. 2011. Human Rights under the Malawian Constitution. Cape Town, South Africa: Juta & Co.
   Google Scholar
• Cook, Rebecca J., and Simone Cusack. 2010. Gender Stereotyping: Transnational Legal Perspectives. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dunphy, Richard. 2000. Sexual Politics: An Introduction. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburg University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fredman, S. 2011. Discrimination Law. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Han, Enze, and Joseph O’Mahoney. 2014. “British Colonialism and the Criminalization of Homosexuality.” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 27 (2): 268–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland, Janet, Caroline Ramazanoglu, Sue Sharpe, and Rachel Thomson. 1994. “Power and Desire: The Embodiment of Female Sexuality.” Feminist Review 46: 21–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holtmaat, Rikki, and Paul Post. 2015. “Enhancing LGBTI Rights by Changing the Interpretation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women?” Nordic Journal of Human Rights 33 (4): 319–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Human Dignity Trust. 2016. Breaking the Silence: Criminalization of Lesbians and Bisexual Women and its Impacts. London: Human Dignity Trust.
   Google Scholar
• Hunter, Nan D. 2001. “The Sex Discrimination Argument in Gay Rights Cases.” Journal of Law and Policy 9 (2): 397–416.
   Google Scholar
• International Women’s Rights Action Watch Asia Pacific. 2007. “Exploring the Potential of the UN Treaty Body System in Addressing Sexuality Rights.” 11. Occasional Papers Series. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Kendall, Limakatso K. 1998. “‘When a Woman Loves a Woman’: In Lesotho: Love, Sex, and the (Western) Construction of Homophobia.” In Boy-Wives and Female Husbands: Studies of African Homosexualities., edited by Stephen O. Murray and William Roscoe, 223–41. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.
   Google Scholar
• Koppelman, Andrew. 1994. “Why Discrimination against Lesbians and Gay Men is Sex Discrimination.” New York University Law Review 69: 197–287.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowen, Danielle, and Jo Davies. 2006. “Opaque Young Lives: Experiences of Lesbian Youth.” Agenda 20 (67): 80–92.
   Google Scholar
• Law, Sylvia A. 1988. “Homosexuality and the Social Meaning of Gender.” Wisconsin Law Review 1988 (2): 187–235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malawi Law Commission. 2000. Report of the Law Commission on Criminal Justice Reform on the Review of the Penal Code (CAP. 7:01). Zomba, Malawi: Malawi Law Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Malawi Law Commission. 2003. “Overview and Issue of Gender-Based Law Reform in Malawi.” Lilongwe, Malawi: Malawi Law Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Malawi Law Commission. 2011. Report of the Law Commission on the Development of the Gender Equality Act. Lilongwe, Malawi: Malawi Law Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Morris, Henry Francis. 1974. “A History of the Adoption of Codes of Criminal Law and Procedure in British Colonial Africa, 1876–1935.” Journal of African Law 18 (1): 6–23.
   Google Scholar
• Msibi, Thabo. 2011. “The Lies We Have Been Told: On (Homo) Sexuality in Africa.” Africa Today 58 (1): 55–77.
   Google Scholar
• Murry, Stephen O., and William Roscoe, eds. 1998. Boy-Wives and Female Husband: Studies of African Homosexualities. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mutharika, A. Peter. 1996. “The 1995 Democratic Constitution of Malawi.” Journal of African Law 40 (2): 205–20.
   Google Scholar
• Panapress. 2010. “Minister Expels ‘Suspected’ Lesbian.” Panapress, January 21, 2010. Accessed 3 April 2018. http://www.panapress.com/Minister-expels-suspected-lesbian-in-Malawi–13-532477-17-lang4-index.html.
   Google Scholar
• Tamale, S. 2007. “Out of the Closet: Unveiling Sexuality Discourses in Uganda.” In Africa after Gender, edited by Catherine M. Cole, Takyiwaa Manuh, and Stephen Miescher, 17–29. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tembo, Arkangel. 2014. “Same-Sex Relationship Denies 2 Girls Education in Malawi.” Nyasa Times, June 30, 2014. Accessed 14 August 2018. https://www.nyasatimes.com/same-sex-relationship-denies-2-girls-education-in-malawi/.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. 2016. Out in the Open: Education Sector Responses to Violence Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity/Expression. Paris, France: UNESCO.
   Google Scholar
• wa Tushabe, Tushabe. 2017. “Sexual Rights in Uganda and the Struggle for Meaning in Community.” Journal of Lesbian Studies 21 (2): 169–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waites, Matthew. 2005. The Age of Consent: Young People, Sexuality and Citizenship. Hampshire, England: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Weeks, Jeffrey. 1977. Coming Out: Homosexual Politics in Britain from the Nineteenth Century to the Present. London, England: Quartet Books.
   Google Scholar
• Weeks, Jeffrey. 2012. Sex, Politics and Society: The Regulation of Sexuality Since 1800. 3rd ed. London, England: Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• WLSA-Malawi, and University of Malawi. 2015. “UN Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) CSOs Shadow Report for Malawi 2015.” Lilongwe, Malawi. Accessed 31 March 2019. https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CEDAW/Shared%20Documents/MWI/INT_CEDAW_NGO_MWI_21948_E.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Xaba, Makhosazana, and Crystal Biruk, eds. 2016. Proudly Malawian: Life Stories from Lesbian and Gender-Nonconforming Individuals. Braamfontein, South Africa: MaThoko’s Books.
   Google Scholar