E ND - TIDAL C ARBON D IOXIDE M ONITORING IN THE P REHOSPITAL S ETTING

References

• Gravenstein JS, Paulus DA, Hayes TJ. Clinical indications. In: Gravenstein JS, Paulus DA, Hayes TJ (eds). Capnography in Clinical Practice. Stoneham, MA: Butterworth, 1989, pp 43–49.
   Google Scholar
• Bhende MS. Capnography in the pediatric emergency depart-ment. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1999;15(2):1–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Birmingham PK, Cheney FVV, Ward RJ. Esophageal intubation: a review of detection techniques. Anesth Analg. 1986;65:886–91.
   Google Scholar
• Vaghadia H, Jenkins LC, Ford RW. Comparison of end-tidal carbon-dioxide, oxygen saturation and clinical signs for the detection of oesophageal intubation. Can J Anaesth. 198956: 560–4.
   Google Scholar
• Szaflarski NL, Cohen NH. Use of capnography in critically ill adults. Heart Lung. 1991;20:363–72.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sanders AB. Capnometry in emergency medicine. Ann Emerg Med. 1989;18:1287–90.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ward KR, Yealy D. End-tidal CO2 monitoring in emergency medicine. Part I: Basic principles. Acad Emerg Med. 1998;5: 628–36.
   Google Scholar
• Falk JL. End-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring during cardiopul-monary resuscitation. Adv Anesth. 1993;10:275–85.
   Google Scholar
• Colman Y, Krauss B. Microstream capnography technology: a new approach to an old problem. J Clin Monit. 1999;15:403–9.
   Google Scholar
• Nobel II. Carbon dioxide monitors: exhaled gas, capnopgraphs, capnometers, end-tidal CO2 monitors. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1993;9:244–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nellcor. EasyCap ETCO2 detector product information. Hayward, CA: Nellcor, Inc., 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Bhende MS. Colorimetric end-tidal carbon dioxide detector. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1995;11:58–61.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ward KR, Yealy DM. End-tidal CO2 monitoring in emergency medicine. Part 2: Clinical applications. Acad Emerg Med. 1998;5: 637–46.
   Google Scholar
• Ornato J, Shipley J, Racht EM, et al. Multicentre study of a portable, hand-size, colorimetric end-tidal carbon dioxide detection device. Ann Emerg Med. 1992;21:518–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falk JL, Sayre MR. Confirmation of airway placement. Consensus presentation. Prehosp Emerg Care. 1999;3:273–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roberts WA, Maniscalco WM, Cohen AR, Littman RS, Chibber RA. The use of capnography for recognition of esophageal intu-bation in the neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995;19:262–8.
   Google Scholar
• Bhende MS, Thompson AE. Evaluation of an end-tidal CO2 detector during pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Pediatrics. 1995;95:395–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Katz SH, Falk JL, Wash M. Misplaced endotracheal tubes by paramedics in an urban emergency medical service system [abstract]. Acad Emerg Med. 19985: 429.
   Google Scholar
• Aijan P, Tsai A, Knopp R, Kallsen GW. Endotracheal intubation of pediatric patients by paramedics. Ann Emerg Med. 1989;18:489–94.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pointer JE. Clinical characteristics of paramedics' performance of pediatric endotracheal intubation. Am J Emerg Med. 1989;7:364–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakayama DK, Gardner ML Rowe MI. Emergency endotracheal intubation in pediatric trauma. Ann Surg. 1990;211:218–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gausche M, Lewis RJ, Stratton SJ, et al. Effect of out-of-hospital pediatric endotracheal intubation on survival and neurological outcome. JAMA. 2000;283:783–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapp S, Kofler J, Stoiser B, et al. The assessment of four differ-ent methods to verify tracheal tube placement in the critical care setting. Anesth Analg. 1999;88:766–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poirier MP, Gonzalez Del-Rey JA, McAneney CM, DiGiulio GA. Utility of monitoring capnography, pulse codmetry, and vital signs in the detection of airway mishaps: a hyperoxemic animal model. Am J Emerg Med. 1998;16:350–2.
   Google Scholar
• Bhende MS, Thompson AE, Howland DF. Validity of a dispos-able end-tidal CO2 detector in verifying endotracheal tube posi-tion in piglets. Crit Care Med. 1991;19: 566–8.
   Google Scholar
• Bhende MS, Thompson AE, Cook DR, Saville AL. Validity of a disposable end-tidal CO2 detector in verifying endotracheal tube placement in infants and children. Ann Emerg Med. 1992;21:142–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhende MS, Thompson, AE, Orr RA. Utility of an end-tidal CO2 detector during stabilization and transport of critically ill chil-dren. Pediatrics. 1992;89:1042–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MacLeod BA, Heller MB, Gerard J, Yealy DM, Menegazzi JJ. Verification of endotracheal tube placement with colorimetric end-tidal CO2 detection. Ann Emerg Med. 1991;20: 267–70.
   Google Scholar
• Cummins RO, Hazinski MF. New guidelines on tracheal tube confirmation and prevention of dislodgement. Circulation. 2000;102(suppl I): 1–380–1–384.
   Google Scholar
• American Society of Anesthesiology. Standards for Basic Anesthetic Monitoring. Directory of Members. Park Ridge, IL: Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation, 1994, pp 735–6.
   Google Scholar
• O'Connor RE, Scoor RA. Verification of endotracheal tube placement following intubation [position paper]. National Association of EMS Physicians. Prehosp Emerg Care. 1999;3: 248–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhende MS, Karr VA, Wiltsie D, Orr RA. Evaluation of a portable infrared end-tidal carbon dioxide monitor during pedi-atric inter-hospital transport. Pediatrics. 1995;95:875–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Palmon SC, Liu M, Moore LE, Kirsch JR. Capnography facili- tates tight control of ventilation during transport. Crit Care Med. 1996;24:608–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sheinberg M, Kantor MJ, Robertson CS, Contant CF, Narayan RK, Grossman RG. Continuous monitoring of jugular venous oxygen saturation in head injury patients. J Neurosurg. 1993;76:212–21.
   Google Scholar
• Falk JL, Rackow ED, Well MH. End-tidal carbon dioxide con-centration during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Engl J Med. 1998318: 607–11.
   Google Scholar
• Garnett AR, Ornato JP, Gonzalez ER, Johnson EB. End-tidal car-bon dioxide monitoring during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. JAMA. 1987;257:512–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weil MH, Bisera J, Trevino RP, Rackow EC. Cardiac output and end-tidal carbon dioxide. Crit Care Med. 1985;13:907–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders AB, Atlas M, Ewy GA, Kern KB, Bragg S. Expired PCO2 as an index of coronary perfusion pressure. Am J Emerg Med. 19853: 147–9.
   Google Scholar
• Sanders AB, Ewy GA, Bragg S, Atlas M, Kern KB. Expired PCO2 as a prognostic indicator of successful resuscitation from car-diac arrest. Ann Emerg Med. 1985;14: 948–52.
   Google Scholar
• Bhende MS, Gavula DP, Menegazzi II. Evaluation of an end-tidal CO2 detector during CPR in pediatric canine asphyxial arrest model. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1995;11: 365–9.
   Google Scholar
• Varon AL Morrina J1–1, Civetta JM. Clinical utility of a colon-metric end-tidal CO2 detector in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency intubations. J Clin Monit. 1991;7: 289–93.
   Google Scholar
• Nakatani K, Yukioka H, Fujimori M, et al. Utility of colorimetric end-tidal carbon dioxide detector for monitoring during pre-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Am J Emerg Med. 1999;17:203–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cantineau JP, Lambert Y, Merckx P, et al. End-tidal carbon diox-ide during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in humans present-ing mostly with asystole: a predictor of outcome. Crit Care Med. 1996;24:791–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine RL, Wayne MA, Miller CC. End-tidal carbon dioxide and outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:301–6.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis LM, Ruoff B, Rush C, Stothert JC Jr. Is emergency depart-ment resuscitation of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims who arrive pulseless worthwhile? Am J Emerg Med. 1990;8:118–20.
   Google Scholar
• Thaxton JN, Kyle J, Thomas J, Fouty T, Tyler W. Initiation of capnography in a rural EMS system. Prehosp Emerg Care. 1999;3:23–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar