REFERENCES
- Aprahamian C, Darin J C, Thompson B M, Mateer J R, Tucker J F. Traumatic cardiac arrest: scope of paramedic services. Ann Emerg Med 1985; 14: 583–6, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Aslanyan S, Weir C J, Diener H C, Kaste M, Lees K R. Pneumonia andurinary tract infection after acute ischemic stroke: a tertiary analysis of the GAIN International trial. Eur J Neurol 2004; 11: 49–53, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Atherton G L, Johnson J C. Ability of paramedics to use the Combitube in prehospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22: 1263–8, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Hatley T, Ma O J, Weaver N, Strong D. Flight paramedic scope of practice: current level andbreadth. J Emerg Med 1998; 16: 731–5, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Smith J P, Bodai B I. The urban paramedic's scope of practice. JAMA 1985; 253: 544–8, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Vadeboncoeur T F, Davis D P, Ochs M, Poste J C, Hoyt D B, Vilke G M. The predictive value of paramedic assessment of aspiration in patients undergoing prehospital rapid sequence intubation. J Emerg Med 2004, [CSA]
- Falcone R E, Herron H, Dean B, Werman H. Emergency scene endotracheal intubation before andafter the introduction of a rapid sequence induction protocol. Air Med J 1996; 15: 163–7, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Garza A G, Gratton M C, Coontz D, Noble E, Ma O J. Effect of paramedic experience on orotracheal intubation success rates. J Emerg Med 2003; 25: 251–6, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Harrison T H, Thomas S H, Wedel S K. Success rates of pediatric intubation by a non-physician-staffed critical care transport service. Pediatr Emerg Care 2004; 20: 101–7, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Hedges J R, Dronen S C, Feero S, Hawkins S, Syverud S A, Shultz B. Succinylcholine-assisted intubations in prehospital care. Ann Emerg Med 1988; 17: 469–72, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Ochs M, Davis D, Hoyt D, Bailey D, Marshall L, Rosen P. Paramedic-performed rapid sequence intubation of patients with severe head injuries. Ann Emerg Med 2002; 40: 159–67, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Pace S A, Fuller F P. Out-of-hospital succinylcholine-assisted endotracheal intubation by paramedics. Ann Emerg Med 2000; 35: 568–72, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Sing R F, Rotondo M F, Zonies D H, Schwab C W, Kauder D R, Ross S E, Brathwaite C C. Rapid sequence induction for intubation by an aeromedical transport team: a critical analysis. Am J Emerg Med 1998; 16: 598–602, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Syverud S A, Borron S W, Storer D L, Hedges J R, Dronen S C, Braunstein L T, Hubbard B J. Prehospital use of neuromuscular blocking agents in a helicopter ambulance program. Ann Emerg Med 1988; 17: 236–42, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Vilke G M, Hoyt D B, Epperson M, Fortlage D, Hutton K C, Rosen P. Intubation techniques in the helicopter. J Emerg Med 1994; 12: 217–24, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Vilke G M, Steen P J, Smith A M, Chan T C. Out-of-hospital pediatric intubation by paramedics: the San Diego experience. J Emerg Med 2002; 22: 71–4, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Wayne M A, Friedland E. Prehospital use of succinylcholine: a 20-year review. Prehosp Emerg Care 1999; 3: 107–9, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Winchell R J, Hoyt D B. Endotracheal intubation in the field improves survival in patients with severe head injury. Trauma Research andEducation Foundation of San Diego. Arch Surg 1997; 132: 592–7, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Wang H E, O'Connor R E, Schnyder M E, Barnes T A, Megargel R E. Patient status andtime to intubation in the assessment of prehospital intubation performance. Prehosp Emerg Care 2001; 5: 10–18, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Sagarin M J, Chiang V, Sakles J C, Barton E D, Wolfe R E, Vissers R J, Walls R M. Rapid sequence intubation for pediatric emergency airway management. Pediatr Emerg Care 2002; 18: 417–23, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Sivilotti M LA, Filbin M R, Murray H E, Slasor P, Walls R M. Does the sedative agent facilitate emergency rapid sequence intubation?. Acad Emerg Med 2003; 10: 612–20, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Aufderheide T P, Lurie K G. Death by hyperventilation: a common andlife-threatening problem during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 2004; 32: S345–51, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Aufderheide T P, Sigurdsson G, Pirrallo R G, et al. Hyperventilation-induced hypotension during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation 2004; 109: 1960–5, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Bochicchio G V, Ilahi O, Joshi M, Bochicchio K, Scalea T M. Endotracheal intubation in the field does not improve outcome in trauma patients who present without lethal traumatic brain injury. J Trauma 2003; 54: 307–11, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Davis D P, Hoyt D B, Ochs M, Fortlage D, Holbrook T, Marshall L K, Rosen P. The effect of paramedic rapid sequence intubation on outcome in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. J Trauma 2003; 54: 444–53, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Davis D P, Ochs M, Stern J, Holbrook T, Fortlage D, Rosen P, Hoyt D B. Factors associated with head-injury mortality following paramedic rapid sequence intubation: a final analysis of the San Diego Paramedic RSI Trial. J Trauma 2005, [CSA]
- Davis D P, Peay J, Sise M J, Vilke G M, Kennedy F, Eastman A B, Velky T, Hoyt D B. The impact of prehospital endotracheal intubation on outcome in moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. J Trauma 2005; 58: 933–9, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Eckstein M, Chan L, Schneir A, Palmer R. Effect of prehospital advanced life support on outcomes of major trauma patients. J Trauma 2000; 48: 643–8, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Gausche M, Lewis R J, Stratton S J, et al. Effect of out-of-hospital pediatric endotracheal intubation on survival andneurological outcome: a controlled clinical trial. JAMA 2005; 283: 783–90, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Murray J A, Demetriades D, Berne T V, et al. Prehospital intubation in patients with severe head injury. J Trauma 2000; 49: 1065–70, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Wang H E, Peitzman A D, Cassidy L D, Adelson P D, Yealy D M. Out-of-hospital endotracheal intubation andoutcome after traumatic brain injury. Ann Emerg Med 2004; 44: 439–50, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Wenzel V, Idris A H, Dorges V, et al. The respiratory system during resuscitation: a review of the history, risk of infection during assisted ventilation, respiratory mechanics, andventilation strategies for patients with an unprotected airway. Resuscitation 2001; 49: 123–34, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Dunford J V, Davis D P, Ochs M, Doney M, Hoyt D B. Incidence of transient hypoxia andpulse rate reactivity during paramedic rapid sequence intubation. Ann Emerg Med 2003; 42: 721–28, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Pepe P, Raedler C, Lurie K G, Wigginton J G. Emergency ventilatory management in hemorrhagic states: elemental or detrimental?. J Trauma 2003; 54: 1048–55, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Davis D P, Vadeboncoeur T F, Ochs M, Poste J C, Vilke G M, Hoyt D B. The association between field Glasgow Coma Scale score andoutcome in patients undergoing paramedic rapid sequence intubation. J Emerg Med 2005; 29: 391–7, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Sehra R, Underwood K, Checchia P. End tidal CO2 is a quantitative measure of cardiac arrest. PACE 2003; 26: 515–7, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Chawla R, Kumarvel V, Girdhar K K, Sethi A K, Indrayan A, Bhattacharya A. Can pulse oximetry be used to measure systolic blood pressure?. Anesth Analg 1992; 74: 196–200, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- International consensus on science. Guidelines 2000 for cardiopulmonary resuscitation andemergency cardiovascular care. Resuscitation 2005; 46: 1–447, Delete[CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Langbaum M, Eyal F G. A practical andreliable method of measuring blood pressure in the neonate by pulse oximetry. J Pediatr 1994; 125: 591–5, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Lawson D, Norley I, Korbon G, Loeb R, Ellis J. Blood flow limits andpulse oximeter signal detection. Anesthesiology 1987; 67: 599–603, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Mateer J R, Olson D W, Stueven H A, Aufderheide T P. Continuous pulse oximetry during emergency endotracheal intubation. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22: 675–9, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Katz S H, Falk J L. Misplaced endotracheal tubes by paramedics in an urban emergency medical services system. Ann Emerg Med 2001; 37: 32–7, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Silvestri S, Ralls G A, Krause B, et al. The effectiveness of out-of-hospital use of continuous end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring on the rate of unrecognized misplaced intubation within a regional emergency medical services system. Ann Emerg Med 2005; 45: 497–503, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Levine R L, Wayne M A, Miller C C. End-tidal carbon dioxide andoutcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Engl J Med 1997; 337: 301–6, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Ochs M, Vilke G M, Chan T C, Moats T, Buchanan J. Successful prehospital airway management by EMT-Ds using the combitube. Prehosp Emerg Care 2000; 4: 333–7, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Dorges V, Wenzel V, Knacke P, Gerlach K. Comparison of different airway management strategies to ventilate apneic, nonpreoxygenated patients. Crit Care Med 2003; 31: 800–4, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Dorges V, Hartmut O, Hagelberg S, Wenzel V, Idris A H, Schmucker P. Smaller tidal volumes with room-air are not sufficient to ensure adequate oxygenation during bag-value-mask ventilation. Resuscitation 2000; 44: 37–41, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Doerges V, Sauer C, Ocker H, et al. Airway management during cardiopulmonary resuscitation—a comparative study of bag-value-mask, laryngeal mask airway andcombitube in a bench model. Resuscitation 1995; 41: 63–9, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Barker S J, Hyatt J, Shah N K, Kao Y J. The effect of sensor malpositioning on sensor accuracy during hypoxemia. Anesthesiology 1993; 79: 248–54, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Jay G D, Hughes L, Renzi F P. Pulse oximetry is accurate in acute anemia from hemorrhage. Ann Emerg Med 1994; 24, [CSA]
- Severinghaus J W, Koh S O. Effect of anemia on pulse oximeter accuracy at low saturation. J Clin Monitoring 1990; 6: 85–8, [CSA]
- Barton C W, Hemphill J C, Morabito D, Manley G. A novel method of evaluating the impact of secondary brain insults on functional outcomes in traumatic brain-injured patients. Acad Emerg Med 2005; 12: 1–6, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Davis D P, Dunford J V, Hoyt D B, Ochs M, Holbrook T, Fortlage D. The impact of hypoxia andhyperventilation on outcome following paramedic rapid sequence intubation of patients with severe traumatic brain injury. J Trauma 2004, [CSA]
- Manley G, Knudson M M, Morabito D, Damron S, Erickson V, Pitts L. Hypotension, hypoxia, andhead injury: frequency, duration, andconsequences. Arch Surg 2001; 136: 1118–23, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]