Contributing Factors andIssues Associated with Rural Ambulance Crashes: Literature Review andAnnotated Bibliography

References

• Zagaroli L, Taylor A. Ambulance driver fatigue a danger: distractions pose risks to patients, EMTs, traffic. Detroit News Washington Bureau, Washington, DC 2003; 1–8
   Google Scholar
• Levick N R, Swanson J. Managing risk andreducing crashes: Implementing a driver performance-measuring device in ground ambulances. Abstract. Prehosp Emerg Care 2005; 9(1)108
   Google Scholar
• Weiss S J, Ellis R, Ernst A A, Land R F, Garza A. A comparison of rural andurban ambulance crashes. Am J Emerg Med 2001; 19(1)52–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control andPrevention. Ambulance crash-related injuries among emergency medical services workers—United States, 1991–2002. Morbidity andMortality Weekly Review 2003; 52(8)154–156
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eckstein M. Primum non nocere—first do no harm: An imperative for emergency medical services. Prehosp Emerg Care 2004; 8(4)444–446
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Erich J. Wheels of fortune. Every time you hit the streets, you take your life in your hands—how can you improve your chances?. Emerg Med Serv 2000; 29(11)43–46; 49–50; 52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maguire B J, Hunting K L, Smith G S, Levick N R. Occupational fatalities in emergency medical services: a hidden crisis. Ann Emerg Med 2002; 40(6)625–632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Association of EMS Physicians andthe National Association of State EMS Directors. Use of warning lights andsiren in emergency medical vehicle response andpatient transport. Prehosp Disast Med 1994; 9(2)133–136
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pratt S G. NIOSH Hazard Review. Work-related roadway crashes: challenges andopportunities for prevention. Department of Health andHuman Services, Centers for Disease Control andPrevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety andHealth, Washington, DC 2003; 1–92
   Google Scholar
• Proudfoot S. Ambulance crashes: fatality factors for EMS workers. Emerg Med Serv 2005; 34(6)71, 73–74
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ray A M, Kupas D E. Comparison of crashes involving ambulances with those of similar-sized vehicles. Prehosp Emerg Care 2005; 9(4)412–415
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Institute of Medicine. Quality through collaboration: the future of rural health. National Academies Press, Washington, DC 2005
   Google Scholar
• Thompson A M. Rural emergency medical volunteers andtheir communities: A demographic comparison. J Comm Health 1993; 18(6)379–392
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chng C L, Collins J, Eaddy S. A comparison of rural andurban emergency medical systems (EMS) personnel: a Texas study. Prehosp Disast Med 2001; 16(3)117–123
   Google Scholar
• Custalow C, Gravitz C. Emergency medical vehicle collisions andpotential for preventive intervention. Prehosp Emerg Care 2004; 8(2)175–184
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kahn C, Pirrallo R, Kuhn E. Characteristics of fatal ambulance crashes in the United States: an 11-year retrospective analysis. Prehosp Emerg Care 2001; 5(3)261–269
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Larmon B, Le Gassick T, Schriger D. Differential front andback seat safety belt use by prehospital care providers. Am J Emerg Med 1993; 11(6)595–599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsey J T. The effects of computer simulation andlearning styles on emergency vehicle drivers' competency in training course. Doctoral dissertation, University of South Florida. 2004
   Google Scholar
• Barishansky R M. Next generation ambulance puts safety first. Emerg Med Serv 2005; 30: 34
   Google Scholar
• De Graeve K, Deroo K, Calle P, Vanhaute O, Buylaert W. How to modify the risk-taking behaviour of emergency medical services drivers?. Eur J Emer Med 2003; 10(2)111–116
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whiting J, Dunn K, March J, Brown L. EMT knowledge of ambulance traffic laws. Prehosp Emerg Care 1998; 2(2)136–140
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ho J, Casey B. Time saved with use of emergency warning lights andsirens during response to requests for emergency medical aid in an urban environment. Ann Emerg Med 1998; 32(5)585–588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt R C, Brown L H, Cabinum E S, Whitley T W, Prasad N H, Owens C F. Is ambulance transport time with lights andsiren faster than that without?. Ann Emerg Med 1995; 25(4)507–511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupas D F, Dula D J, Pino B J. Patient outcome using medical protocol to limit “lights andsirens” transport. Prehospital andDisaster Medicine 1994; 9(4)226–229
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Brien D J, Price T G, Adams P. The effectiveness of lights andsiren use during ambulance transport by paramedics. Prehosp Emerg Care 1999; 3(2)127–130
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baker S P, Whitfield R A, O'Neill B B. Geographic variations in mortality from motor vehicle crashes. N Engl J Med 1987; 316(22)1384–1387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunjadi D. From provider to patient. Emerg Med Serv 2005; 34(8)157–160
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levick N R. An optimal solution for enhancing ambulance safety: implementing a driver performance feedback andmonitoring device in ground emergency medical services vehicles. Ann Proc/Assoc Advanc Automot Med 2005; 49: 35–50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maio R, Green P, Becker M, Burney R, Compton C. Rural motor vehicle crash mortality: The role of crash severity andmedical resources. Accid Anal Prev 1992; 24(6)631–642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira J, Hignett S. Reviewing ambulance design for clinical efficiency andparamedic safety. Appl Ergonom 2004; 36: 97–105
   Google Scholar
• Ray A M, Kupas D F. Comparison of rural andurban ambulance crashes in Pennsylvania. Abstract. Prehosp Emerg Care 2007; 11(4)416–420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moretti F. Fatalities on rural roads—‘Main Street’ for millions of Americans—occur at a rate two-and-a-half times greater than on all other routes. TRIP (a national transportation research group), Washington, DC 2005, [press release]
   Google Scholar
• National Safety Council. Estimating the costs of unintentional injuries, 2005. Statistics Department, National Safety Council, andChildren's Safety Network, Economics andData Analysis Resource Center, Itasca, IL 2005
   Google Scholar
• Rice D P, MacKenzie E J. Associates. Cost of injury in the United States: a report to Congress, 1989. Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 1989
   Google Scholar
• Vukmir R B. Medical malpractice: managing the risk. Med Law 2004; 23(3)495–513
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Swanson J, Levick N. Device improves ambulance drivers' performance: cuts crashes andreduces costs for tires andmaintenance. EMS Insider 2005; 32(3)3
   Google Scholar
• Jones C. Systems warn drivers of deer in headlights. 2006, USA TODAY. October 5
   Google Scholar
• Lacher M E, Bausher J C. Lights andsiren in pediatric 911 ambulance transports: are they being misused?. Ann Emerg Med 1997; 29(2)223–227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown L H, Whitney C L, Hunt R C, Addario M, Hogue T. Do warning lights andsirens reduce ambulance response times?. Prehosp Emerg Care 2000; 4(1)70–74
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Auerback P S, Morris J A, Phillips J B, Redlinger S R, Vaughn W K. An analysis of ambulance accidents in Tennessee. J Am Med Assoc 1987; 258(11)1487–1490
   Google Scholar
• Christoffel T, Gallagher S S. Injury prevention andpublic health: practical knowledge, skills, andstrategies. Aspen Publishers, Gaithersburg, MD 1999; 139–160
   Google Scholar
• Cook R T, Meador S A, Buckingham B D, Groff L V. Opportunity for seatbelt usage by ALS providers. Prehosp Disast Med 1991; 6(4)469–471
   Google Scholar