Multicenter Evaluation of Prehospital Opioid Pain Management in Injured Children

References

• McLean SA, Maio RF, Domeier RM. The epidemiology of pain in the prehospital setting. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2002;6:402–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McManus JG Jr, Sallee DR Jr. Pain management in the prehospital environment. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2005;23:415–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordell WH, Keene KK, Giles BK, et al. The high prevalence of pain in emergency medical care. Am J Emerg Med. 2002;20:165–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennes H, Kim MK, Pirrallo RG. Prehospital pain management: a comparison of providers’ perceptions and practices. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2005;9:32–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Megel ME, Houser CW, Gleaves LS. Children's responses to immunizations: lullabies as a distraction. Issues Compr Pediatr Nurs. 1998;21:129–45.
   Google Scholar
• Pate JT, Blount RL, Cohen LL, Smith AJ. Childhood medical experience and temperament as predictors of adult functioning in medical situations. Child Health Care. 1996;25:281–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anand KJ. Pain, plasticity, and premature birth: A prescription for permanent suffering? Nat Med. 2000;6:971–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard RF. Current status of pain management in children. JAMA. 2003;290:2464–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisman SJ, Bernstein B, Schechter NL. Consequences of inadequate analgesia during painful procedures in children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1998;152:147–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne LR, Studnek JS, Shah MIet al. Prehospital opioid administration in the emergency care of children. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2016;20:59–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swor R, McEachin CM, Seguin D, Grall KH. Prehospital pain management in children suffering traumatic injury. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2005;9:40–3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Izsak E, Moore JL, Stringfellow K, et al. Prehospital pain assessment in pediatric trauma. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2008;12:182–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogovik AL, Goldman RD. Prehospital use of analgesics at home or en route to the hospital in children with extremity injuries. Emerg Med Ausralas. 2007;25:400–5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins N. Paediatric prehospital analgesia in Auckland. Paediatric Emerg Med. 2006;18:51–6.
   Google Scholar
• Rutkowska A, Skotnicka-Klonowicz G. Prehospital pain management in children with traumatic injuries. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2015;31:317–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonso-Serra HM, Wesley K for the National Association of EMS Physicians Standards and Clinical Practices Committee. Prehospital Pain Management. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2003;7:482–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gausche-Hill M, Brown KM, Oliver ZJ, et al. An evidence-based guideline for prehospital analgesia in trauma. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2014;18 Suppl 1:25–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine (U.S.) Committee on the Future of Emergency Care in the United States Health System. Emergency Medical Services: At the Crossroads. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Lang ES, Spaite DW, Oliver ZJ, et al. A national model for developing, implementing, and evaluating evidence-based guidelines for prehospital care. Acad Emerg Med. 2012;19(2): 201–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin-Gill C, Gaither JB, Bigham BL, et al. National prehospital evidence-based guidelines strategy: a summary for EMS stakeholders. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2016;20:175–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau. State & County QuickFacts..census.gov. Accessed February 9, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Rahman A, Curtis S, DeBruyne B, et al. Emergency medical services provider comfort with prehospital analgesia administration in children. Prehosp Disaster Med 2015;30:66–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drendel AL, Brousseau DC, Gorelick MH. Pain assessment for pediatric patients in the emergency department. Pediatrics. 2006;117:1511–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malviya S, Voepel-Lewis T, Burke C, Merkel S, Tait AR. The revised FLACC observational pain tool: improved reliability and validity for pain assessment in children with cognitive impairment. Paediatr Anaesth. 2006;16:258–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsze DS, von Baeyer CL, Bulloch B, Dayan PS. Validation of self-reported pain scales in children. Pediatrics. 2013;132: e971–9.
   Google Scholar
• Bailey B, Daoust R, Doyon-Trottier E, Dauphin-Pierre S, Gravel J. Validation and properties of the verbal numeric scale in children with acute pain. Pain. 2010;149:216–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams DM, Rindal KE, Cushman JT, Shah MN. Barriers to and enablers for prehospital analgesia for pediatric patients. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2012;16:519–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berben SAA, Meijs THJM, van Grunsven PM, et al. Facilitators and barriers in pain management for trauma patients in the chain of emergency care. Injury. 2012;43:1397–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas SH, Shewakramani S. Prehospital trauma analgesia. J Emerg Med. 2008;1:47–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fein JA, Zempsky WT, Cravero JP. Relief of pain and anxiety in pediatric patients in emergency medical systems. Pediatrics. 2012;130:e1391–1405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy A, Barrett M, Cronin J, et al. A qualitative study of the barriers to prehospital management of acute pain in children. Emerg Med J. 2014;31:493–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders M, Adelgais K, Nelson D. Use of intranasal fentanyl for the relief of pediatric orthopedic trauma pain. Acad Emerg Med. 2010;17:1155–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy A, O'Sullivan R, Wakai A, et al. Intranasal fentanyl for the management of acute pain in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014, Issue 10. Art. No: CD009942. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD0009942.pub2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsen APH, Pedersen DMB, Trautner S, Dahl J, Hansen M. Safety of intranasal fentanyl in the out-of-hospital setting: a prospective observational study. Ann Emerg Med. 2014;63:699–703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bingham BL, Aufderheide TP, Davis DP, et al. Knowledge translation in emergency medical services: a qualitative survey of barriers to guideline implementation. Resuscitation. 2010;81:836–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen JL, Petrie DA, Cain E, Travers AH. The Canadian Prehospital Evidence-Based Protocols Project: knowledge translation in emergency medical services care. Acad Emerg Care. 2009;16:668–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cone DC. Knowledge translation in the emergency medical services: a research agenda for advancing prehospital care. Acad Emerg Med. 2007;14:1052–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah MI, Carey JM, Rapp SE, et al. Impact of high-fidelity pediatric simulation on paramedic seizure management. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2016; 8:1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of Care. Available at: http://epoc.cochrane.org./ Accessed on May 19, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Cochrane Library, Prehospital emergency pathways for people with suspected stroke. Available at: http://www. cochrane.org/CD005611/EPOC_pre-hospital-emergency-path- ways-for-people-with-suspected-stroke. Accessed on May 19, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• KT Clearinghouse. Available at: http://ktclearinghouse.ca/. Accessed on May 19, 2016.
   Google Scholar