Weather and Temporal Factors Associated with Use of Emergency Medical Services

References

• Wang HE, Mann NC, Jacobson KE, Dai M, Mears G, Smyrski K, Yealy DM. National characteristics of emergency medical services responses in the United States. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2013;17(1):8–14. doi: 10.3109/10903127.2012.722178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munjal KG, Silverman RA, Freese J, Braun JD, Kaufman BJ, Isaacs D, Werner A, Webber M, Hall CB, Prezant DJ. Utilization of emergency medical services in a large urban area: description of call types and temporal trends. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2011;15(3):371–80. doi: 10.3109/10903127.2011.561403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowthian JA, Cameron PA, Stoelwinder JU, Curtis A, Currell A, Cooke MW, McNeil JJ. Increasing utilisation of emergency ambulances. Aust Heal Rev. 2011;35(1):63–9. doi: 10.1071/AH09866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peacock PJ, Peacock JL, Victor CR, Chazot C. Changes in the emergency workload of the London Ambulance Service between 1989 and 1999. Emerg Med J. 2005;22(1):56–9. doi: 10.1136/emj.2004.016741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overton J. Reimbursement in emergency medical services: how to adapt in a changing environment. Prehosp Emerg Care. 6(1):137–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wright S, Department of Health and Human Services. Utilization of Medicare ambulance transports, 2002-2011. 2013 [accessed 2018 Jul 26]. https://oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-09-12-00350.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Hagen TM. The value of EMS. The time to change EMS reimbursement models is now. EMS World. 2012;41(9):60.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Millin MG, Brown LH, Schwartz B. EMS provider determinations of necessity for transport and reimbursement for EMS response, medical care, and transport: combined resource document for the National Association of EMS physicians position statements. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2011;15(4):562–9. doi: 10.3109/10903127.2011.598625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Association of EMS Physicians. Reimbursement for EMS response, medical care, and transport. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2011;15(4):545. doi: 10.3109/10903127.2011.598624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostermayer DG, Brown CA, Fernandez WG, Couvillon E. Areas of potential impact of the patient protection and affordable care act on EMS: A synthesis of the literature. West J Emerg Med. 2017;18(3):446–53. doi: 10.5811/westjem.2017.1.32997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortez EJ, Panchal AR, Davis JE, Keseg DP. The effect of ambulance staffing models in a metropolitan, fire-based EMS system. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(02):175–9. doi: 10.1017/S1049023X16001539.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Risavi BL, Mahmood S, Andryc K, Libonati J, Terrell MA. Reduction in unavailable-for-response episodes in a private emergency medical services agency. J Emerg Manag. 2016;14(1):79–84. doi: 10.5055/jem.2016.0274.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kunkel A, McLay LA. Determining minimum staffing levels during snowstorms using an integrated simulation, regression, and reliability model. Health Care Manag Sci. 2013;16(1):14–26. doi: 10.1007/s10729-012-9206-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantwell K, Dietze P, Morgans AE, Smith K. Ambulance demand: random events or predicable patterns? Emerg Med J. 2013;30(11):883–7. doi: 10.1136/emermed-2012-201852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandeventer S, Studnek JR, Garrett JS, Ward SR, Staley K, Blackwell T. The association between ambulance hospital turnaround times and patient acuity, destination hospital, and time of day. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2011;15(3):366–70. doi: 10.3109/10903127.2011.561412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin L-W, Lin H-Y, Hsu C-Y, Rau H-H, Chen P-L. Effect of weather and time on trauma events determined using emergency medical service registry data. Injury. 2015;46(9):1814–20. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2015.02.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam SSW, Nguyen FNHL, Ng YY, Lee VP-X, Wong TH, Fook-Chong SMC, Ong MEH. Factors affecting the ambulance response times of trauma incidents in Singapore. Accid Anal Prev. 2015;82:27–35. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2015.05.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calkins MM, Isaksen TB, Stubbs BA, Yost MG, Fenske RA. Impacts of extreme heat on emergency medical service calls in King County, Washington, 2007–2012: relative risk and time series analyses of basic and advanced life support. Environ Heal. 2016;15(1):13. doi: 10.1186/s12940-016-0109-0.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• United States Census Bureau. U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. n.d. [accessed 2018 Apr 27]. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/alleghenycountypennsylvania/PST045216.
   Google Scholar
• National Weather Service. National Weather Service annual climate reports. 2014. [accessed 2018 Jun 28]. http://w2.weather.gov/climate/index.php?wfo=pbz.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Commerce. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. n.d. [accessed 2018 May 4]. http://www.noaa.gov/.
   Google Scholar
• Federal Aviation Administration. FAR/AIM 2018: Up-to-date FAA regulations/Aeronautical Information Manual (FAR/AIM Federal Aviation Regulations). New York, NY: Skyhorse Publishing; 2017. p. 1356.
   Google Scholar
• Perry AH, Symons L. Highway meteorology. London: CRC Press; 2002. p. 209.
   Google Scholar
• McIlveen R. Fundamentals of weather and climate. 2nd ed. New York: OUP Oxford; 2010. p 632.
   Google Scholar
• Sariyer G, Ataman MG, Akay S, Sofuoglu T, Sofuoglu Z. An analysis of emergency medical services demand: time of day, day of the week, and location in the city. Turk J Emerg Med. 2017;17(2):42–7; doi: 10.1016/j.tjem.2016.12.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friede KA, Osborne MC, Erickson DJ, Roesler JS, Azam A, Croston JK, McGonigal MD, Ney AL. Predicting trauma admissions: the effect of weather, weekday, and other variables. Minn Med. 2009;92(11):47–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parsons N, Odumenya M, Edwards A, Lecky F, Pattison G. Modelling the effects of the weather on admissions to UK trauma units: a cross-sectional study. Emerg Med J. 2011;28(10):851–5. doi: 10.1136/emj.2010.091058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord D, Geedipally SR. The negative binomial–Lindley distribution as a tool for analyzing crash data characterized by a large amount of zeros. Accid Anal Prev. 2011;43(5):1738–42. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2011.04.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey (ACS). n.d. [accessed 2018 Jun 25]. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau. 2014 U.S. Gazetteer files record layouts. 2015. [accessed 2018 Dec 17]. https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/gazetteer2014.html.
   Google Scholar
• Venebles WN, Ripley BD. Modern applied statistics with S. 4th ed. New York: Springer; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Kue RC, Dyer KS. The impact of heat waves on transport volumes in an urban emergency medical services system: a retrospective review. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(06):610–5. doi: 10.1017/S1049023X13008960.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saha S, Schramm P, Nolan A, Hess J. Adverse weather conditions and fatal motor vehicle crashes in the United States, 1994-2012. Environ Heal. 2016;15(1):104. doi: 10.1186/s12940-016-0189-x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Golden JS, Hartz D, Brazel A, Luber G, Phelan P. A biometeorology study of climate and heat-related morbidity in Phoenix from 2001 to 2006. Int J Biometeorol. 2008;52(6):471–80. doi: 10.1007/s00484-007-0142-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitschke M, Tucker GR, Hansen AL, Williams S, Zhang Y, Bi P. Impact of two recent extreme heat episodes on morbidity and mortality in Adelaide, South Australia: a case-series analysis. Environ Heal. 2011;10(1):42. doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-10-42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schaffer A, Muscatello D, Broome R, Corbett S, Smith W. Emergency department visits, ambulance calls, and mortality associated with an exceptional heat wave in Sydney, Australia, 2011: a time-series analysis. Environ Heal. 2012;11(1):3. doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-11-3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dolney TJ, Sheridan SC. The relationship between extreme heat and ambulance response calls for the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Environ Res. 2006;101(1):94–103. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2005.08.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassil KL, Cole DC, Moineddin R, Lou W, Craig AM, Schwartz B, Rea E. The relationship between temperature and ambulance response calls for heat-related illness in Toronto, Ontario, 2005. J Epidemiol Community Heal. 2011;65(9):829–31. doi: 10.1136/jech.2009.101485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunetti ND, Amoruso D, De Gennaro L, Dellegrottaglie G, Di Giuseppe G, Antonelli G, Di Biase M. Hot spot: impact of July 2011 heat wave in southern Italy (Apulia) on cardiovascular disease assessed by emergency medical service and telemedicine support. Telemed J E Health. 2014;20(3):272–81. doi: 10.1089/tmj.2013.0086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng CFS, Ueda K, Ono M, Nitta H, Takami A. Characterizing the effect of summer temperature on heatstroke-related emergency ambulance dispatches in the Kanto area of Japan. Int J Biometeorol. 2014;58(5):941–8. doi: 10.1007/s00484-013-0677-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerutti B, Tereanu C, Domenighetti G, Cantoni E, Gaia M, Bolgiani I, Lazzaro M, Cassis I. Temperature related mortality and ambulance service interventions during the heat waves of 2003 in Ticino (Switzerland). Soz Praventivmed. 2006;51(4):185–93. doi: 10.1007/s00038-006-0026-z.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ho AFW, Wah W, Earnest A, Ng YY, Xie Z, Shahidah N, Yap S, Pek PP, Liu N, Lam SSW, et al. Health impacts of the Southeast Asian haze problem—a time-stratified case crossover study of the relationship between ambient air pollution and sudden cardiac deaths in Singapore. Int J Cardiol. 2018;271:352–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.04.070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho AFW, Zheng H, De Silva DA, Wah W, Earnest A, Pang YH, Xie Z, Pek PP, Liu N, Ng YY, et al. The relationship between ambient air pollution and acute ischemic stroke: a time-stratified case-crossover study in a city-state with seasonal exposure to the southeast Asian haze problem. Ann Emerg Med. 2018;72(5):591–601. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2018.06.037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate Change 2014: synthesis report. Core Writing Team, Pachauri R, Meyer L, editors. Geneva (Switzerland): IPCC; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Turner LR, Connell D, Tong S. Exposure to hot and cold temperatures and ambulance attendances in Brisbane, Australia: a time-series study. BMJ Open. 2012;2(4):e001074. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornes JE, Fisher PA, Rayment-Bishop T, Smith C. Ambulance call-outs and response times in Birmingham and the impact of extreme weather and climate change. Emerg Med J. 2014;31(3):220–8. doi: 10.1136/emermed-2012-201817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee W-K, Lee H-A, Hwang S-S, Kim H, Lim Y-H, Hong Y-C, Ha E-H, Park H. Does temperature modify the effects of rain and snow precipitation on road traffic injuries? J Epidemiol. 2015;25(8):544–52. doi: 10.2188/jea.JE20140244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrew E, Nehme Z, Bernard S, Abramson MJ, Newbigin E, Piper B, Dunlop J, Holman P, Smith K. Stormy weather: a retrospective analysis of demand for emergency medical services during epidemic thunderstorm asthma. BMJ. 2017;359:j5636.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giang WCW, Donmez B, Ahghari M, MacDonald RD. The impact of precipitation on land interfacility transport times. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(06):593–9. doi: 10.1017/S1049023X14001149.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Macgregor DM. Effect of weather on attendance with injury at a paediatric emergency department. Emerg Med J. 2003;20(2):204–5. doi: 10.1136/emj.20.2.204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingston KS, Miller PE, Lierhaus A, Matheney TH, Mahan ST. Does weather matter? the effect of weather patterns and temporal factors on pediatric orthopedic trauma volume. Open Orthop J. 2016;10:550–8. doi: 10.2174/1874325001610010550.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Park MS, Chung CY, Choi IH, Kim TW, Sung KH, Lee SY, Lee SH, Kwon DG, Park JW, Kim TG, et al. Incidence patterns of pediatric and adolescent orthopaedic fractures according to age groups and seasons in South Korea: a population-based study. Clin Orthop Surg. 2013;5(3):161. doi: 10.4055/cios.2013.5.3.161.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rose B, Floehr E. Analysis of high temperature forecast accuracy of consumer weather forecasts from 2005-2016. 2005 [accessed 2018 Jun 30]. https://www.forecastwatch.com/wp-content/uploads/High_Temperature_Accuracy_Study_12_Years.pdf.
   Google Scholar