EMS Curriculum Should Educate Beyond a Technical Scope of Practice: Position Statement and Resource Document

References

• National Research Council (US). Committee on Trauma, National Research Council (US). Committee on Shock: Accidental death and disability: the neglected disease of modern society. US Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Health Services and Mental…, 1970.
   Google Scholar
• Spaite DW, Bobrow BJ, Keim SM, Barnhart B, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Sherrill D, Denninghoff KR, Mullins T, Adelson D, et al. Association of statewide implementation of the prehospital traumatic brain injury treatment guidelines with patient survival following traumatic brain injury: the excellence in prehospital injury care (EPIC) study. JAMA Surg. 2019;July 17;154(7):e191152. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2019.1152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin CB, Peterson ED, Smith EE, Saver JL, Liang L, Xian Y, Olson DM, Shah BR, Hernandez AF, Schwamm LH, et al. Emergency medical service hospital prenotification is associated with improved evaluation and treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2012;5(4):514–22. doi:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.112.965210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayaraman MV, Hemendinger ML, Baird GL, Yaghi S, Cutting S, Saad A, Siket M, Madsen TE, Williams K, Rhodes J, et al. Field triage for endovascular stroke therapy: a population-based comparison. J NeuroIntervent Surg. 2020;12(3):233–9. doi:10.1136/neurintsurg-2019-015033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granger CB, Bates ER, Jollis JG, Antman EM, Nichol G, O'Connor RE, Gregory T, Roettig ML, Peng SA, Ellrodt G, et al. Improving care of STEMI in the United States 2008. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(1):8. doi:10.1161/JAHA.118.008096.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daya MR, Schmicker RH, Zive DM, Rea TD, Nichol G, Buick JE, Brooks S, Christenson J, MacPhee R, Craig A, Rittenberger JC, et al. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival improving over time: results from the resuscitation outcomes consortium (ROC). Resuscitation. 2015;91:108–15. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.02.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas B, Stukel TA, Gomez D, Zagorski B, De Mestral C, Sharma S, Rubenfeld GD, Nathens AB. The mortality benefit of direct trauma center transport in a regional trauma system: a population-based analysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;72(6):1510–7. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e318252510a.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruelas OS, Tschautscher CF, Lohse CM, Sztajnkrycer MD. Analysis of prehospital scene times and interventions on mortality outcomes in a national cohort of penetrating and blunt trauma patients. Prehos Emerg Care. 2018;22(6):691–7. doi:10.1080/10903127.2018.1448494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiell IG, Nesbitt LP, Pickett W, Munkley D, Spaite DW, Banek J, Field B, Luinstra-Toohey L, Maloney J, Dreyer J, et al. The OPALS Major Trauma Study: impact of advanced life-support on survival and morbidity. Can Med Assoc J. 2008;178(9):1141–52. doi:10.1503/cmaj.071154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunau B, Kime N, Leroux B, Rea T, Van Belle G, Menegazzi JJ, Kudenchuk PJ, Vaillancourt C, Morrison LJ, Elmer J, et al. Association of intra-arrest transport vs continued on-scene resuscitation with survival to hospital discharge among patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA. 2020;324(11):1058. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.14185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bomba PA, Orem K. Lessons learned from New York’s community approach to advance care planning and MOLST. Ann Palliat Med. 2015;4(1):10–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldrop DP, McGinley JM, Dailey MW, Clemency B. Decision-making in the moments before death: challenges in prehospital care. Prehos Emerg Care. 2019;23(3):356–63. doi:10.1080/10903127.2018.1518504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heaton J, Kohn MD. EMS Inter-Facility Transport. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Defining quality in EMS. Prehos Emerg Care. 2018;22(6):782–3. doi:10.1080/10903127.2018.1448495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durant E, Fahimi J. Factors associated with ambulance use among patients with low-acuity conditions. Prehos Emerg Care. 2012;16(3):329–37. doi:10.3109/10903127.2012.670688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iv AJB, Moscati R, Janicke D, Lerner EB, Seymour J, Olsson D. A multisite survey of factors contributing to medically unnecessary ambulance transports. Acad Emerg Med. 1996;November;3(11):1046–50. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.1996.tb03352.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cone DC, Ahern J, Lee CH, Baker D, Murphy T, Bogucki S. A descriptive study of the “lift-assist” call. Prehos Emerg Care. 2013;17(1):51–6. doi:10.3109/10903127.2012.717168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leggatt L, Van Aarsen K, Columbus M, Dukelow A, Lewell M, Davis M, McLeod S. Morbidity and mortality associated with prehospital “lift-assist” calls. Prehos Emerg Care. 2017;September 3;21(5):556–62. doi:10.1080/10903127.2017.1308607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams JG, Bachman MW, Lyons MD, Currie BB, Brown LH, Jones AW, Cabanas JG, Kronhaus AK, Myers JB. Improving decisions about transport to the emergency department for assisted living residents who fall. Ann Intern Med. 2018;168(3):179. doi:10.7326/M17-0969.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munjal KG, Margolis GS, Kellermann AL. Realignment of EMS reimbursement policy: new hope for patient-centered out-of-hospital care. JAMA. 2019;322(4):303. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.7488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi BY, Blumberg C, Williams K. Mobile integrated health care and community paramedicine: an emerging emergency medical services concept. Ann Emerg Med. 2016;67(3):361–6. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2015.06.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter AJE, Arab M, Harrison M, Goldstein J, Stewart B, Lecours M, Sullivan J, Villard C, Crowell W, Houde K, et al. Paramedics providing palliative care at home: a mixed-methods exploration of patient and family satisfaction and paramedic comfort and confidence. CJEM. 2019;21(4):513–22. doi:10.1017/cem.2018.497.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jensen JL, Marshall EG, Carter AJE, Boudreau M, Burge F, Travers AH. Impact of a novel collaborative long-term care –EMS model: a before-and-after cohort analysis of an extended care paramedic program. Prehos Emerg Care. 2016;20(1):111–6. doi:10.3109/10903127.2015.1051678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nejtek VA, Aryal S, Talari D, Wang H, O'Neill L. A pilot mobile integrated healthcare program for frequent utilizers of emergency department services. Am J Emerg Med. 2017;35(11):1702–5. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2017.04.061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mobile Healthcare Programs - an Overview. Available at https://www.medstar911.org/mobile-healthcare-programs. Accessed January 26, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Siddle J, Pang PS, Weaver C, Weinstein E, O'Donnell D, Arkins TP, Miramonti C. Mobile integrated health to reduce post-discharge acute care visits: A pilot study. Am J Emerg Med. 2018;36(5):843–5. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2017.12.064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agenda E. 2050. Technical Expert Panel. EMS Agenda 2050: A People-Centered Vision for the Future of Emergency Medical Services Report No DOT HS 812. 664.
   Google Scholar
• Rivard MK, Cash RE, Mercer CB, Chrzan K, Panchal AR. Demography of the national emergency medical services workforce: a description of those providing patient care in the prehospital setting. Prehos Emerg Care. 2021;25(2):213–220. doi:10.1080/10903127.2020.1737282.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Association of State EMS Officials: National EMS Scope of Practice Model 2019. (Report No. DOT HS 812-666).
   Google Scholar
• Federal Interagency Committee on Emergency Medical Services: 2011. National EMS Assessment.
   Google Scholar
• Sporer KA, Youngblood GM, Rodriguez RM. The ability of emergency medical dispatch codes of medical complaints to predict als prehospital interventions. Prehos Emerg Care. 2007;11(2):192–8. doi:10.1080/10903120701205984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sporer KA, Johnson NJ, Yeh CC, Youngblood GM. Can emergency medical dispatch codes predict prehospital interventions for common 9-1-1 call types? Prehos Emerg Care. 2008;12(4):470–8. doi:10.1080/10903120802290877.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah MN, Bishop P, Lerner EB, Fairbanks RJ, Davis EA. Validation of using EMS dispatch codes to identify low-acuity patients. Prehos Emerg Care. 2005;9(1):24–31. doi:10.1080/10903120590891651.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Committee on Accreditation of the Allied Health Professions.: Standards and Guidelines for the Accreditation of Educational Programs in the Emergency Medical Services Professions. 2015.
   Google Scholar
• National Registered Paramedics | National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians. Available at https://nremt.org. Accessed February 16, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Cash RE, Clay CE, Leggio WJ, Camargo CA. Geographic Distribution of Accredited Paramedic Education Programs in the United States. Prehos Emerg Care. doi:10.1080/10903127.2020.1856984. (Epub ahead of print).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CAAHEP - Find an Accredited Program. Available at https://www.caahep.org/Students/Find-a-Program.aspx. Accessed February 16, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Caffrey SM, Barnes LC, Olvera DJ. Joint position statement on degree requirements for paramedics. Prehos Emerg Care. 2019;23(3):434–7. doi:10.1080/10903127.2018.1519006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Texas Administrative Code. Available at https://texreg.sos.state.tx.us/public/readtac$ext.TacPage?sl=R&app=9&p_dir=&p_rloc=&p_tloc=&p_ploc=&pg=1&p_tac=&ti=25&pt=1&ch=157&rl=40. Accessed February 26, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• US Department of, Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (DOT HS 808 441): Emergency Medical Services Agenda for the Future. 1996.
   Google Scholar
• French A. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) notes. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;35(6):0623-4. doi:10.1067/mem.2000.106831.
   Google Scholar
• Michael J, French A. EMS education agenda for the future: a vision for the future of EMS education. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;35(6):623–5. doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(00)70038-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuhlmiller DFE, Clark JR, Caffrey S, Betterton M, Nollette C, Raynovich W. National Association of EMS Educator’s Position Paper on the Critical Care Paramedic. Prehos Emerg Care. 2019;23(4):593–5. doi:10.1080/10903127.2018.1536772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• https://www.iafc.org/about-iafc/positions/position/oppose-proposed-degree-requirements-for-accredited-paramedic-programs. Accessed February 16, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Leggio WJ, Neeley King K, Gienapp A, Bergsten D, Yu Y, Gausche-Hill M. Executive summary of educational content from EMS agenda 2050. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2019;23(5):708–11. doi:10.1080/10903127.2019.1584257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leggio WJ, D'Alessandro KJ. Support for Interdisciplinary Approaches in Emergency Medical Services Education. CJIL. 2015;1(1):60. doi:10.17062/cjil.v1i1.11.
   Google Scholar
• Leggio WJ, Rosenberger P, Perdziola S. Position paper on degree requirements for EMS educators. Prehos Emerg Care. 2020;24(5):730–2. doi:10.1080/10903127.2020.1737283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanko S, Eckstein M. Mobile integrated health care in Los Angeles: upstream solutions to mitigate the covid-19 pandemic. NEJM Catalyst. 2021;2(2):CAT.20.0383. doi:10.1056/CAT.20.0383.
   Google Scholar
• EMS Education Standards. Available at https://www.ems.gov/projects/ems-education-standards.html. Accessed February 16, 2021.
   Google Scholar