Linkage of Emergency Medical Services and Hospital Data: A Necessary Precursor to Improve Understanding of Outcomes of Prehospital Care

References

• Callaham M. Quantifying the scanty science of prehospital emergency care. Ann Emerg Med. 1997;30(6):785–90. doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(97)70049-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah MN. The formation of the emergency medical services system. Am J Public Health. 2006;96(3):414–23. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.048793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen JL, Bigham BL, Blanchard IE, Dainty KN, Socha D, Carter A, et al. The Canadian National EMS Research Agenda: a mixed methods consensus study. CJEM. 2013;15(2):73–82. doi:10.2310/8000.2013.130894.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jensen JL, Blanchard IE, Bigham BL, Carter A, Brown R, Socha D, et al. The Canadian National EMS Research Agenda: Impact and Feasibility of Implementation of Previously Generated Recommendations. CJEM. 2015;17(5):484–90. doi:10.1017/cem.2015.29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sayre MR, White LJ, Brown LH, McHenry SD. Implementation Symposium Participants National EMS research agenda: proceedings of the implementation symposium. Acad Emerg Med. 2003;10(10):1100–8. doi:10.1197/S1069-6563(03)00362-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sayre MR, White LJ, Brown LH, McHenry SD, National EMS Agenda Writing Team. National EMS Research Agenda. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2002;6(3 Suppl):S1–S43. (3 Suppl):
   Google Scholar
• Sayre MR, White LJ, Brown LH, McHenry SD, National EMS Research Agenda Writing Team. The National EMS Research Agenda executive summary. Emergency Medical Services. Ann Emerg Med. 2002;40(6):636–43. National EMSRAWT. The doi:10.1067/mem.2002.129241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dainty KN, Jensen JL, Bigham BL, Blanchard IE, Brown LH, Carter AJE, Socha D, Morrison LJ. Developing a Canadian emergency medical services research agenda: a baseline study of stakeholder opinions. CJEM. 2013;15(2):83–9. doi:10.2310/8000.2013.131022.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jensen JL, Blanchard IE, Bigham BL, Dainty KN, Socha D, Carter A, et al. Methodology for the development of a Canadian national EMS research agenda. BMC Emerg Med. 2011;11:15. doi:10.1186/1471-227X-11-15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gunderson MR, Florin A, Price M, Reed J. NEMSMA position statement and white paper: process and outcomes data sharing between EMS and receiving hospitals. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2021;25(2):307–313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herzog T, Scheuren F, Winkler W. Data quality and record linkage techniques. New York (NY): Springer; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Dusetzina S, Tyree S, Meyer A, Meyer A, Green L, Carpenter W. Linking data for health services research: A framework and instructional guide. Rockville (MD): University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Benchimol EI, Langan S, Guttmann A, Committee RS, RECORD Steering Committee. Call to RECORD: the need for complete reporting of research using routinely collected health data. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013;66(7):703–5. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2012.09.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randall S. Enabling health research using administrative data: methodological improvements. Australia: Curtin University; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Carroll T, Muecke S, Simpson J, Irvine K, Jenkins A. Quantification of NSW Ambulance Record Linkages with Multiple External Datasets. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2015;19(4):504–15. doi:10.3109/10903127.2015.1025154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cone DC, Irvine KA, Middleton PM. The methodology of the Australian Prehospital Outcomes Study of Longitudinal Epidemiology (APOStLE) project. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2012;16(4):505–12. doi:10.3109/10903127.2012.689929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chikani V, Blust R, Vossbrink A, Wightman P, Bissell S, Graw J, Martinez R, Fisher B. Improving the continuum of care by bridging the gap between prehospital and hospital discharge data through stepwise deterministic linkage. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2020;24(1):1–7. doi:10.1080/10903127.2019.1604925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newgard CD. Validation of probabilistic linkage to match de-identified ambulance records to a state trauma registry. Acad Emerg Med. 2006;13(1):69–75. doi:10.1197/j.aem.2005.07.029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seymour CW, Kahn JM, Martin-Gill C, Callaway CW, Angus DC, Yealy DM. Creating an infrastructure for comparative effectiveness research in emergency medical services. Acad Emerg Med. 2014;21(5):599–607. doi:10.1111/acem.12370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waien SA. Linking large administrative databases: a method for conducting emergency medical services cohort studies using existing data. Acad Emerg Med. 1997;4(11):1087–95. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.1997.tb03684.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji C, Quinn T, Gavalova L, Lall R, Scomparin C, Horton J, et al. Feasibility of data linkage in the PARAMEDIC trial: a cluster randomised trial of mechanical chest compression in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. BMJ Open. 2018;8(7):e021519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajagopal S, Booth SJ, Brown TP, Ji C, Hawkes C, Siriwardena AN, et al. Data quality and 30-day survival for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the UK out-of-hospital cardiac arrest registry: a data linkage study. BMJ Open. 2017;7(11):e017784. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohensky MA, Jolley D, Sundararajan V, Evans S, Pilcher DV, Scott I, Brand CA. Data linkage: a powerful research tool with potential problems. BMC Health Serv Res. 2010;10:346. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-10-346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harron K, Dibben C, Boyd J, Hjern A, Azimaee M, Barreto ML, Goldstein H. Challenges in administrative data linkage for research. Big Data Soc. 2017;4(2):2053951717745678. doi:10.1177/2053951717745678.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swor R, Qu L, Putman K, Sawyer KN, Domeier R, Fowler J, Fales W. Challenges of using probabilistic linkage methodology to characterize post-cardiac arrest care in Michigan. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018;22(2):208–13. doi:10.1080/10903127.2017.1362086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zegre-Hemsey JK, Asafu-Adjei J, Fernandez A, Brice J. Characteristics of prehospital electrocardiogram use in North Carolina using a novel linkage of emergency medical services and emergency department data. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2019;23(6):772–9. doi:10.1080/10903127.2019.1597230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calgary Zone Stats Alberta, Canada. Calgary Zone Stats Alberta, Canada: Alberta Health Services; 2021 [cited 2021 July 24]. Available from: https://www.albertahealthservices.ca/assets/Zone/ahs-zn-calgary-map-brochure.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• About the College Alberta, Canada. About the College Alberta, Canada: Alberta College of Paramedics; 2017. [cited 2018 October 10]. Available from: https://www.collegeofparamedics.org/the-college/.
   Google Scholar
• Emergency Health Services Alberta, Canada. Emergency Health Services Alberta, Canada: Alberta Health; 2018. [cited 2018 October 10]. Available from: http://www.health.alberta.ca/services/EHS.html.
   Google Scholar
• Emergency Medical Services Alberta, Canada. Emergency Medical Services Alberta, Canada: Alberta Health Services Emergency Medical Services; 2018. [cited 2018 October 10]. Available from: https://www.albertahealthservices.ca/ems/ems.aspx.
   Google Scholar
• Alberta Health Services, Emergency Medical Services. Medical Control Protocols. https://apps.apple.com/ca/app/ahs-ems/id413312484. Alberta, Canada; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• EDW (AHSDRR) Metadata. Alberta, Canada: Alberta Health Services; 2018. [cited 2018 Ocotber 10]. Available from: https://insite.albertahealthservices.ca/dimr/Page4773.aspx.
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Institute for Health Information. NACRS abstracting manual, 2014–2015 edition. Ottawa, Ontairio: Canadian Institute for Health Information; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Runiform - uniform and nonuniform pseudorandom variates. https://www.stata.com/manuals13/m-5runiform.pdf. College Station, Texas: STATA.
   Google Scholar
• Blanchard IE, Doig CJ, Hagel BE, Anton AR, Zygun DA, Kortbeek JB, et al. Emergency medical services response time and mortality in an urban setting. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2012;16(1):142–51. doi:10.3109/10903127.2011.614046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EMS Trend Report 2019: How Will EMS Advance at Current Pace of Change?: EMS1.com and Fitch and Associates; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• EMS Agenda 2050: A People-Centered Vision for the Future of Emergency Medical Services. Downloaded from: https://www.ems.gov/pdf/EMS-Agenda-2050.pdf. Washington, DC, USA: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA); 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Taking Healthcare to the Patient: Transforming NHS Ambulance Services. Downloaded from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329949112_Taking_Healthcare_to_the_Patient_Transforming_NHS_Ambulance_Services. London, UK: Department of Health; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Public Health England and Association of Ambulance Chief Executives. Developing a Public Health Approach within the Ambulance Sector: Discussion Paper. England: Association of Ambulance Chief Executives; 2021.
   Google Scholar