Explaining the Effects of Powerless Language Use on the Evaluative Listening Process: A Theory of Implicit Prototypes

References

• Anderson , C. A. , Lepper , M. R. and Ross , L. 1980 . Perseverance of social theories: The role of explanation in the persistence of discredited information . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 39 : 1037 – 1049 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradac , J. and Mulac , A. 1984a . Attributional consequences of powerful and powerless speech styles in a crisis-intervention context . Journal of Language and Social Psychology , 3 : 1 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Bradac , J. and Mulac , A. 1984b . A molecular view of powerful and powerless speech styles: Attributional consequences of specific language features and communicator intentions . Communication Monographs , 51 : 307 – 319 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradac , J. and Street , R. L. Powerful and powerless styles revisited: A theoretical analysis of language and impression formation . Paper presented at the Speech Communication Association convention . Boston , MA .
   Google Scholar
• Cantor , N. and Mischel , W. 1979 . “ Prototypes in person perception ” . In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. II , Edited by: Berkowitz , L. 3 – 52 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , C. E. 1981 . Person categories and social perception: Testing some boundaries of the processing effects of prior knowledge . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 40 : 441 – 452 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson , B. , Lind , E. , Johnson , A. and O'Barr , W. 1978 . Speech style and impression formation in a court setting: The effects of “powerful” and “powerless” speech . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 14 : 266 – 279 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiske , S. T. and Taylor , S. E. 1984 . Social cognition , Reading , MA : Addison-Wesley . Ch. 6
   Google Scholar
• Green , J. O. and Geddes , D. 1988 . Representation and processing in the self-system: An action-oriented approach to self and self-relevant phenomena . Communication Monographs , 55 : 287 – 314 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins , E. T. and King , G. A. 1981 . “ Accessibility of social constructs: Information-processing consequences of individual and contextual variability ” . In Personality, Cognition, and Social Interaction , Edited by: Cantor , N. and Kihlstrom , J. F. 69 – 122 . Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Higgins , E. T. , Rholes , W. S. and Jones , C. R. 1977 . Category accessibility and impression formation . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 13 : 141 – 154 .
   Google Scholar
• Hosman , L. and Wright , J. 1987 . The effects of hedges and hesitations on impression formation in a simulated courtroom context . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 51 : 173 – 188 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , C. and Vinson , L. 1987 . “Damned if you do, damned if you don't?”: Status, powerful speech and evaluations of female witnesses . Women's Studies in Communication , 10 : 37 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , C. and Vinson , L. 1990 . Placement and frequency of powerless speech and impression formation . Communication Quarterly , 38 : 1 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , C. , Vinson , L. , Hackman , M. and Hardin , T. 1989 . The effects of an instructor's use of hesitation forms on student ratings of quality, recommendations to hire, and lecture listening . Journal of the International Listening Association , 3 : 32 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Lord , R. G. and Foti , R. 1986 . “ Schema theories, information processing, and organization behavior ” . In The Thinking Organization , Edited by: Sims , H. P. 20 – 48 . San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Pavitt , C. and Haight , L. 1986 . Implicit theories of communicative competence: Situational and competence level differences in judgements of prototype and target . Communication Monographs , 53 : 221 – 235 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips , J. S. 1984 . The accuracy of leadership ratings: A cognitive categorization perspective . Organizational Behavior and Human Performance , 33 : 125 – 138 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosch , E. 1975 . Cognitive reference points . Cognitive Psychology , 1 : 532 – 547 .
   Google Scholar
• Ross , L. , Lepper , M. R. and Hubbard , M. 1975 . Perseverance in self-perceptions and social perceptions: Biased attribution processes in the debriefing paradigm . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 32 : 880 – 892 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SPSS . 1990 . SPSS: Reference Guide , Chicago , IL : SPSS Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Srull , R. K. and Wyer , R. S. 1979 . The role of category accessibility in the interpretations of information about persons: Some determinants and implications . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 37 : 1660 – 1672 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinson , L. and Johnson , C. 1990 . The relationship between the use of hesitations and/or hedges and lecture listening: The role of perceived importance as a mediating variable . Journal of the International Listening Association , 4 : 116 – 127 .
   Google Scholar
• Witkin , B. R. 1990 . Listening theory and research: The state of the art . Journal of the International Listening Association , 4 : 7 – 32 .
   Google Scholar