References
- Bachman , L. 1990 . Fundamental considerations in language testing , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- Broukal , M. 1995 . The Heinle & Heinle TOEFL test assistant: Listening , Boston , MA : Heinle & Heinle Publishers .
- Buck , G. 1991 . The testing of listening comprehension: An introspective study . Language Testing , 8 ( 1 ) : 67 – 91 .
- Buck , G. 1992 . Listening comprehension construct validity and trait characteristics . Language Learning , 42 : 313 – 357 .
- Dandonoli , P. and Henning , G. 1990 . An investigation of the construct validity of the ACTFL proficiency guidelines and oral interview procedure . Foreign Language Annals , 23 : 11 – 22 .
- Dunkel , P. , Henning , G. and Chaudron , C. 1993 . The assessment of an L2 listening comprehension construct: A tentative model for test specification and development . The Modern Language Journal , 77 : 180 – 191 .
- Duzer , C. V. 1997 . Improving ESL learners’ listening skills: At the workplace and beyond , Project in Adult Immigrant Education, National Center for ESL Literacy Education . Retrieved October 19, 2003, from http://www.cal.org/ncle/DIGESTS/LISTENQA.HTM
- Henning , G. 1992 . “ Analysis of a content-word-recall approach to the testing of listening and reading comprehension ” . In Comprehension-based second language teaching , Edited by: Courchene , R. , Glidden , J. , St. John , J. and Therien , C. 339 – 349 . Ottawa , Ontario : University of Ottawa .
- Hildyard , A. and Olson , D. 1982 . “ On the comprehension and memory of oral versus written discourse ” . In Spoken and written language , Edited by: Tannen , D. 19 – 32 . Norwood , NJ : Ablex Publishing .
- Jensen , C. and Hansen , C. 1995 . The effect of prior knowledge on EAP listening-test performance . Language Testing , 12 ( 1 ) : 99 – 119 .
- Lund , R. J. 1990 . A taxonomy for teaching second language listening . Foreign Language Annals , 23 ( 2 ) : 105 – 115 .
- Messick , S. Meaning and values in test validation: The science and ethics of assessment . Paper presented at the AERA Convention . New Orleans .
- O'Malley , J. M. , Chamot , A. U. and Kupper , L. 1989 . Listening comprehension strategies in second language acquisition . Applied Linguistics , 10 : 418 – 437 .
- Richards , J. C. 1983 . Listening comprehension: Approach, design, procedure . TESOL Quarterly , 17 : 219 – 240 .
- Shohamy , E. 1991 . Validation of listening comprehension tests: The effect of text and question type . Language Testing , 8 ( 1 ) : 23 – 40 . 16
- Van Dijk , T. and Kintsh , W. 1983 . Strategies of discourse comprehension , NY : Academic Press .
- Witkin , B. 1990 . Listening theory and research: The state of the art . Journal of the International Listening Association , 4 : 7 – 32 .
- Wolff , D. 1987 . Some assumptions about second language text comprehension . Studies in Second Language Acquisition , 9 : 307 – 326 .