Advances in micro electro discharge machining of biomaterials: a review on processes, industrial applications, and current challenges

References

• Abidi, M.H.; Al-Ahmari, A.M.; Umer, U.; Rasheed, M.S. (2018) Multi-objective optimization of micro-electrical discharge machining of nickel-titanium-based shape memory alloy using MOGA-II. Measurement, 125: 336–349. doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2018.04.096
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abraham, A.M.; Venkatesan, S. (2022) A review on application of biomaterials for medical and dental implants. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications, 237(2): 249–273. doi:10.1177/14644207221121981
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afshari, A.; Ali Mosaddad, S.; Alam, M.; Abbasi, K.; Darestani, M.N. (2022) Biomaterials and biological parameters for fixed-prosthetic implant-supported restorations: a review study. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2022:1–16. doi:10.1155/2022/2638166
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aherwar, A.; Singh, K.A.; Patnaik, A. (2015) Current and future biocompatibility aspects of biomaterials for hip prosthesis. AIMS Bioengineering, 3(1): 23–43. doi:10.3934/bioeng.2016.1.23
   Google Scholar
• Akhtar, S.N. (2015) Micromachining of thin films and surfaces of metals and polymers using excimer laser. PhD Thesis, Indian institute of technology kanpur. 40.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Amin, M.; Abdul Rani, A.M.; Abdu Aliyu, A.A.; Abdul Razak, M.A.; Hastuty, S.; Bryant, M.G. (2020) Powder mixed-EDM for potential biomedical applications: a critical review. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 35(16): 1789–1811. doi:10.1080/10426914.2020.1779939
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Amin, M.; Abdul-Rani, A.M.; Ahmed, R.; Rao, T.V. (2021) Multiple-objective optimization of hydroxyapatite-added EDM technique for processing of 316L-steel. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 36(10): 1134–1145. doi:10.1080/10426914.2021.1885715
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Amin, M.; Abdul-Rani, A.M.; Rana, M.; Hastuty, S.; Danish, M.; Rubaiee, S.; Mahfouz, A. b (2022) Evaluation of modified 316L surface properties through HAp suspended EDM process for biomedical application. Surfaces and Interfaces, 28: 101600. doi:10.1016/j.surfin.2021.101600
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alavi, F.; Jahan, M.P. (2017) Optimization of process parameters in micro-EDM of Ti-6Al-4V based on full factorial design. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 92(1-4): 167–187. doi:10.1007/s00170-017-0103-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, M.Y.; Banu, A.; Rahman, M.A. (n.d.) Micro dry wire EDM : Kerf investigation using response surface methodology micro dry wire EDM : kerf investigation using response surface methodology. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/926/1/012002
   Google Scholar
• Ali, M.Y.; Banu, A.; Shaffiq, M.; Rahman, M.A.; Konneh, M.; Salehan, M. (2019) Investigation of taper angle in dry micro wire EDM. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research, 8(5): 725–728. doi:10.18178/ijmerr.8.5.725-728
   Google Scholar
• Al-Shalawi, F.D.; Mohamed Ariff, A.H.; Jung, D.-W.; Mohd Ariffin, M.K.A.; Seng Kim, C.L.; Brabazon, D.; Al-Osaimi, M.O. (2023) Biomaterials as implants in the orthopedic field for regenerative medicine: Metal versus synthetic polymers. Polymers, 15(12): 2601. doi:10.3390/polym15122601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asad, A.B.M.A.; Masaki, T.; Rahman, M.; Lim, H.S.; Wong, Y.S. (2007). Tool-based micro-machining. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 193: 204–11. doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.04.038
   Google Scholar
• Axinte, D.; Guo, Y.; Liao, Z.; Shih, A.J.; M’Saoubi, R.; Sugita, N. (2019) Machining of biocompatible materials—recent advances. CIRP Annals, 68(2): 629–652. doi:10.1016/j.cirp.2019.05.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ay, M.; Çaydaş, U.; Hasçalık, A. (2013) Optimization of micro-EDM drilling of inconel 718 superalloy. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 66(5-8): 1015–1023. doi:10.1007/s00170-012-4385-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bains, P.S.; Bahraminasab, M.; Singh Sidhu, S.; Singh, G. (2020) On the machinability and properties of Ti–6Al–4V biomaterial with n-HAp Powder–mixed ED machining. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of Engineering in Medicine, 234(2): 232–242. doi:10.1177/0954411919891887
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellotti, M.; Qian, J.; Reynaerts, D. (2018) Enhancement of the micro-EDM process for drilling through-holes. Procedia CIRP, 68(April): 610–615. doi:10.1016/j.procir.2017.12.123
   Google Scholar
• Beukema, G.P. (n.d) Electrical B Re Akdown in vacuum.
   Google Scholar
• Biesiekierski, A.; Munir, K.; Li, Y.; Wen, C. (2021) Titanium alloys. Structural Biomaterials: Properties, Characteristics, and Selection 46 157–187. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-818831-6.00004-5
   Google Scholar
• Biswas, S.; Rahul  .. 2022. The outcome of dielectric fluids in electrical discharge machining performance: a review. Materials Today: Proceedings, 56: 56–59. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.12.138
   Google Scholar
• Bohn, R.E. (2005) From art to science in manufacturing: The evolution of technological knowledge. Foundations and Trends® in Technology, Information and Operations Management, 1(2): 1–82. doi:10.1561/0200000002
   Google Scholar
• Butt, M.A.; Tyszkiewicz, C.; Karasiński, P.; Zięba, M.; Kaźmierczak, A.; Zdończyk, M.; Duda, Ł.; Guzik, M.; Olszewski, J.; Martynkien, T.; Bachmatiuk, A.; Piramidowicz, R. (2022) Optical thin films fabrication techniques—towards a low-cost solution for the integrated photonic platform: A review of the current status. Materials, 15(13): 4591. doi:10.3390/ma15134591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Čapek, J.; Machová, M.; Fousová, M.; Kubásek, J.; Vojtěch, D.; Fojt, J.; Jablonská, E.; Lipov, J.; Ruml, T. (2016) Highly porous, low elastic modulus 316L stainless steel scaffold prepared by selective laser melting. Materials Science & Engineering. C, Materials for Biological applications, 69: 631–639. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2016.07.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakraborty, S.; Dey, V.; Ghosh, S.K. (2015) A review on the use of dielectric fluids and their effects in electrical discharge machining characteristics. Precision Engineering, 40: 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.precisioneng.2014.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, D.; Liu, S.; Yin, S.; Liang, J. (2017) Light-addressable potentiometric sensor with the micro blind holes substrate. IET Science, Measurement & Technology, 11(1): 57–62. doi:10.1049/iet-smt.2016.0175
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, J. (n.d) Simulation Research on the Thermal Phase Transition of EDM and the Formation Mechanism of Remelted Layer in Single Pulse Spark Discharge Crater Simulation Research on the Thermal Phase Transition of EDM and the Formation Mechanism of Remelted Layer in Sin. 0–30.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Q.; Thouas, G.A. (2015) Metallic implant biomaterials. Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, 87: 1–57. doi:10.1016/j.mser.2014.10.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong, E.T.J.; Ng, J.W.; Lee, P.C. (2023) Classification and Medical Applications of Biomaterials–A Mini Review. BIOI, 4(2): 54–61. doi:10.15212/bioi-2022-0009
   Google Scholar
• Chu, X.; Zhu, K.; Wang, C.; Hu, Z.; Zhang, Y. (2016) A study on plasma channel expansion in micro-EDM. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 31(4): 381–390. doi:10.1080/10426914.2015.1059445
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Urso, G.; Giardini, C.; Quarto, M. (2018) Characterization of surfaces obtained by micro-EDM milling on steel and ceramic components. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 97(5-8): 2077–2085. doi:10.1007/s00170-018-1962-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Urso, G.; Maccarini, G.; Quarto, M.; Ravasio, C.; Caldara, M. (2016) Micro-electro discharge machining drilling of stainless steel with copper electrode: the influence of process parameters and electrode size. Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 8(12): 168781401667642. doi:10.1177/1687814016676425
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Urso, G.; Maccarini, G.; Ravasio, C. (2014) Process performance of micro-EDM drilling of stainless steel. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 72(9-12): 1287–1298. doi:10.1007/s00170-014-5739-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, R.; Singh, A.; Debnath, K.; Jackson, M.J.; Soares, P.; Amorim, F.L.; Dutta, H. (2021a). Effect of powder particle concentration and tool electrode material amid zinc powder-mixed ΜEDM of biocompatible Mg Alloy AZ91D. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 30(8): 5704–5718. doi:10.1007/s11665-021-05788-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, R.; Singh, A.; Debnath, K.; Maia, R.; Popat, K.; Rosa, L.; Soares, P. (2021b) Surface & coatings technology machining characteristics of Zn powder mixed- µ -EDM” 425 (July).
   Google Scholar
• Davis, R.; Singh, A.; Debnath, K.; Soares, P.; Och, S.H.; Keshri, A.K.; Sopchenski, L.; Terryn, H.A. (2022a) Enhanced abrasive - mixed - µ - EDM performance towards improved surface characteristics of Biodegradable Mg AZ31B alloy. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 124(7-8): 2685–2700. doi:10.1007/s00170-022-10673-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, R.; Singh, A.; Jackson, M.J.; Coelho, R.T.; Prakash, D.; Charalambous, C.P.; Ahmed, W.; da Silva, L.R.R.; Lawrence, A.A. (2022b) A comprehensive review on metallic implant biomaterials and their subtractive manufacturing. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 120(3-4): 1473–1530. doi:10.1007/s00170-022-08770-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deris, A.M.; Zain, A.M.; Sallehuddin, R.; Sharif, S. (2017) Harmony search optimization in dimensional accuracy of die sinking EDM process using SS316L stainless steel. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 892(1): 012003. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/892/1/012003
   Google Scholar
• Descoeudres, A. (2006) Characterization of electrical discharge machining plasmas. 3542.
   Google Scholar
• Disegi, J.A.; Eschbach, L. (2000) Stainless steel in bone surgery. Injury, 31(SUPPL. 4): D2–D6. doi:10.1016/S0020-1383(00)80015-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dornfeld, D.; Min, S.; Takeuchi, Y. (2006) Recent advances in mechanical micromachining. CIRP Annals, 55(2): 745–768. doi:10.1016/j.cirp.2006.10.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutta, S.; Sarma, D.K. (2022) Multi-response optimisation of machining parameters to minimise the overcut and circularity error during micro-EDM of nickel-titanium shape memory alloy. Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies, 1–21. doi:10.1080/2374068X.2022.2090787
   Google Scholar
• Elnashar, M. (2010) Review article: immobilized molecules using biomaterials and nanobiotechnology. Journal of Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology, 01(01): 61–77. doi:10.4236/jbnb.2010.11008
   Google Scholar
• Farooq, M.U.; Ali Bhatti, H.; Asad, M.; Kumar, M.S.; Zahoor, S.; Khan, A.M. (2022) Surface generation on titanium alloy through powder-mixed electric discharge machining with the focus on bioimplant applications. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 122(3-4): 1395–1411. doi:10.1007/s00170-022-09927-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu, Y.; Miyamoto, T.; Natsu, W.; Zhao, W.; Yu, Z. (2016) Study on influence of electrode material on hole drilling in micro-EDM. Procedia CIRP, 42: 516–520. doi:10.1016/j.procir.2016.02.243
   Google Scholar
• Gabor, R.; Cvrček, L.; Doubková, M.; Nehasil, V.; Hlinka, J.; Unucka, P.; Buřil, M.; Podepřelová, A.; Seidlerová, J.; Bačáková, L. (2022) Hybrid coatings for orthopaedic implants formed by physical vapour deposition and microarc oxidation. Materials & Design, 219: 110811. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110811
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaikwad, M.U.; Krishnamoorthy, A.; Jatti, V.S. (2019) Investigation and optimization of process parameters in Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) process for NiTi 60. Materials Research Express, 6(6): 065707. doi:10.1088/2053-1591/ab08f3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaikwad, V.; Kumar, V.; Jatti, S. (2018) Optimization of material removal rate during electrical discharge machining of cryo-treated NiTi alloys using taguchi’s method. Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences, 30(3): 266–272. doi:10.1016/j.jksues.2016.04.003
   Google Scholar
• Geetha, M.; Singh, A.K.; Asokamani, R.; Gogia, A.K. (2009) Ti based biomaterials, the ultimate choice for orthopaedic implants - a review. Progress in Materials Science, 54(3): 397–425. doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2008.06.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, J.; Chandan, R.; Manu, R.; Mathew, J. (2021) Experimental investigation of silicon powder mixed EDM using graphene and CNT nano particle coated electrodes. Silicon, 13(11): 3835–3851. doi:10.1007/s12633-020-00658-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghiculescu, D.; Marinescu, N.; Pirnau, C. (2017) Some aspects of finite element modelling of ultrasonically aided micro-EDM of CoCr alloys. MATEC Web of Conferences 112 03005. doi:10.1051/matecconf/201711203005
   Google Scholar
• Gradišar Centa, U.; Mihelčič, M.; Bobnar, V.; Remškar, M.; Slemenik Perše, L. (2022) The effect of PVP on thermal, mechanical, and dielectric properties in PVDF-HFP/PVP thin film. Coatings, 12(9): 1241. doi:10.3390/coatings12091241
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grover, T.; Pandey, A.; Tiwari Kumari, S.; Awasthi, A.; Singh, B.; Dixit, P.; Singhal, P.; Saxena, K.K. (2020) Role of titanium in bio implants and additive manufacturing: an overview. Materials Today: Proceedings, 26: 3071–3080. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.636
   Google Scholar
• Gurule, N.B.; Pansare, S.A. (2013) Potentials of micro-EDM. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE), 50–55. www.iosrjournals.org.
   Google Scholar
• Hamidi, M.F.F.A.; W.S.W.; Harun, M.; Samykano; S.A.C. Ghani, Z.; Ghazalli, F.; Ahmad.; A.B.; Sulong. (2017) A review of biocompatible metal injection moulding process parameters for biomedical applications. Materials Science & Engineering. C, Materials for Biological applications 78 1263–1276. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2017.05.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heamawatanachai, S.; Solzbacher, F. (2009). Fabrication of Compliant High Aspect Ratio Silicon Microelectrode Arrays Using Micro-Wire Electrical Discharge Machining Fabrication of Compliant High Aspect Ratio Silicon Microelectrode Arrays Using Micro-Wire Electrical Discharge Machining. doi:10.1007/s00542-009-0792-7.
   Google Scholar
• Herath, I.; Davies, J.; Will, G.; Tran, P.A.; Velic, A.; Sarvghad, M.; Islam, M.; Paritala, P.K.; Jaggessar, A.; Schuetz, M.; Chatterjee, K.; Yarlagadda, P.K. (2022) Anodization of medical grade stainless steel for improved corrosion resistance and nanostructure formation targeting biomedical applications. Electrochimica Acta, 416: 140274. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140274
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, K.H.; Newman, S.T. (2003) State of the art Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM). International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 43(13): 1287–1300. doi:10.1016/S0890-6955(03)00162-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hole, P.; Ashok, P.D.P.; Rajiv, B. (2020) Investigation of response parameters on vibration Assisted Micro-Edm on Ti – 6Al – 4V Alloy.
   Google Scholar
• Hou, S.; Bai, J.; Tian, B.; Liu, H. (2022) Experimental investigation to improve the efficiency and surface integrity of deep micro-hole machined by micro-EDM. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 123(7-8): 2249–2259. doi:10.1007/s00170-022-10272-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hourmand, M.; Sarhan, A.A.D.; Mohd, N. (2017) Development of new fabrication and measurement techniques of micro-electrodes with high aspect ratio for micro EDM using typical EDM machine. Measurement, 97: 64–78. doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2016.11.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, C.H.; Yang, A.B.; Hsu, C.Y. (2018) The optimization of micro EDM milling of Ti–6Al–4V using a grey taguchi method and its improvement by electrode coating. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 96(9-12): 3851–3859. doi:10.1007/s00170-018-1841-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hung, W. N. P.; Corliss, M. (2019) Micromachining of advanced materials. In Micromachining, Z. Stanimirović and I. Stanimirović, (Eds.), 1–31. Rijeka: Intechopen. doi:10.5772/intechopen.89432.
   Google Scholar
• Huu, Phan Nguyen, Muthuramalingam T, Dong Pham Van, Shailesh Shirguppikar, Dung Hoang Tien, Thien Nguyen Van, and Ly Nguyen Trong. 2022. Multi-objects optimization in µ-EDM Using AlCrNi-coated tungsten carbide electrode for Ti-6AL-4 V. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology122 (5-6): 2267–2276. doi:10.1007/s00170-022-10022-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huynh, K-h.; Pham, X-h.; Kim, J.; Lee, S.H.; Chang, H.; Rho, W-y.; Jun, B-h (n.d) Synthesis, properties, and biological applications of metallic alloy nanoparticles. 1–29.
   Google Scholar
• Ishfaq, K.; Rehman, M.; Wang, Y. (2022) Toward the targeted material removal with optimized surface finish during EDM for the repair applications in dies and molds. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 48(3): 2653–2669. doi:10.1007/s13369-022-07006-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivanov, A.; Lahiri, A.; Baldzhiev, V.; Trych‐wildner, A. (2021) Suggested research trends in the area of micro‐edm—study of some parameters affecting micro‐EDM. Micromachines, 12(10): 1184. doi:10.3390/mi12101184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahan, M.P.; Y.S.; Wong.; M.; Rahman. (2009b) A Study on the quality micro-hole machining of tungsten carbide by micro-EDM process using transistor and RC-type pulse generator. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 209(4): 1706–1716. doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2008.04.029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahan, M.P.; A., Bakar Md Ali Asad; M. Rahman, Y. San Wong; T.; Masaki. (2011) Micro-Electro Discharge Machining (ΜEDM). In Micro-Manufacturing: Design and Manufacturing of Micro-Products, 301–346. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/9781118010570.ch10.
   Google Scholar
• Jahan, M.P.; Alavi, F. (2019) A Study on the surface composition and migration of materials and their effect on surface microhardness during micro-EDM of Ti-6Al-4V. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 28(6): 3517–3530. doi:10.1007/s11665-019-04120-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahan, M.P.; Rahman, M.; Wong, Y.S. (2014). Micro-Electrical Discharge Machining (Micro-EDM): Processes, Varieties, and Applications. Comprehensive Materials Processing (Vol. 11). Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-096532-1.01107-9
   Google Scholar
• Jahan, M.P.; Wong, Y.S.; Rahman, M. (2009a) A study on the fine-finish die-sinking micro-EDM of tungsten carbide using different electrode materials. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 209(8): 3956–3967. doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2008.09.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain, S.; Parashar, V. (2021) Critical review on the impact of EDM process on biomedical materials. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 36(15): 1701–1724. doi:10.1080/10426914.2021.1942907
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorge, J.R.P.; Barão, V.A.; Delben, J.A.; Faverani, L.P.; Queiroz, T.P.; Assunção, W.G. (2013) Titanium in dentistry: Historical development, state of the art and future perspectives. Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society, 13(2): 71–77. doi:10.1007/s13191-012-0190-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jose, J.; Paul, L. (2022) Experimental analysis of the influence of discharge gap on EDM performance. Materials Today: Proceedings, 55: 394–398. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.10.515
   Google Scholar
• Joyce, K.; Fabra, G.T.; Bozkurt, Y.; Pandit, A. (2021) Bioactive potential of natural biomaterials: identification, retention and assessment of biological properties. Signal Transduction and Targeted therapy, 6(1): 122. doi:10.1038/s41392-021-00512-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung, J.H.; Kwon, W.T. (2010) Optimization of EDM process for multiple performance characteristics using taguchi method and grey relational analysis. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 24(5): 1083–1090. doi:10.1007/s12206-010-0305-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadirvel, A.; Hariharan, P.; Gowri, S. (2013) Experimental investigation on the electrode specific performance in micro-EDM of die-steel. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 28(4): 390–396. doi:10.1080/10426914.2013.763959
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanmani Subbu, S.; Karthikeyan, G.; Ramkumar, J.; Dhamodaran, S. (2011) Plasma characterization of dry µ -EDM. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 56(1-4): 187–195. doi:10.1007/s00170-011-3162-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kar, S.; Patowari, P.K. (2018) Electrode Wear phenomenon and its compensation in micro electrical discharge milling: A review. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 33(14): 1491–1517. doi:10.1080/10426914.2018.1453144
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur, M.; Singh, K. (2019) Review on Titanium and titanium based alloys as biomaterials for orthopaedic applications. Materials Science & Engineering. C, Materials for Biological applications 102 844–862. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2019.04.064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khoshaim, A.B.; Muthuramalingam, T.; Moustafa, E.B.; Elsheikh, A. (2023) Influences of tool electrodes on machinability of titanium α- β Alloy with ISO energy pulse generator in EDM Process. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 63: 465–474. doi:10.1016/j.aej.2022.07.059
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kibria, G.; Bhattacharyya, B. (2017) Microelectrical Discharge Machining of Ti-6Al-4V: Implementation of Innovative Machining Strategies. Microfabrication and Precision Engineering: Research and Development. Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/B978-0-85709-485-8.00004-8
   Google Scholar
• Kibria, G.; Sarkar, B.R.; Pradhan, B.B.; Bhattacharyya, B. (2010) Comparative study of different dielectrics for micro-EDM performance during microhole machining of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 48(5-8): 557–570. doi:10.1007/s00170-009-2298-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishawy, H.A.; Hosseini, A. (2019) Machining Difficult-to-Cut Materials: Basic Principles and Challenges.
   Google Scholar
• Kowalczyk, M.; Niżankowski, C. (2017) Comparative analysis of machinability of nitinol alloy using weighted radar diagram. Management and Production Engineering Review, 8(4): 74–81. doi:10.1515/mper-2017-0038
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, K.; Singh, V.; Katyal, P.; Sharma, N. (2019) EDM µ-drilling in Ti-6Al-7Nb: Experimental investigation and optimization using NSGA-II. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 104(5-8): 2727–2738. doi:10.1007/s00170-019-04012-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, L.; Kumar, K.; Chhabra, D. (2022) Experimental investigations of electrical discharge micro-drilling for Mg-Alloy and multi-response optimization using MOGA-ANN. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 38: 774–786. doi:10.1016/j.cirpj.2022.06.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, R.; Singh, I. (2018) Productivity improvement of micro EDM process by improvised tool. Precision Engineering, 51: 529–535. doi:10.1016/j.precisioneng.2017.10.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, S.; Singh, R.; Batish, A.; Singh, T.P. (2017) Modeling the tool wear rate in powder mixed electro-discharge machining of titanium alloys using dimensional analysis of cryogenically treated electrodes and workpiece. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering, 231(2): 271–282. doi:10.1177/0954408915593875
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunčická, L.; Kocich, R.; Lowe, T.C. (2017) Advances in metals and alloys for joint replacement. Progress in Materials Science, 88: 232–280. doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.04.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunieda, M.; Lauwers, B.; Rajurkar, K.P.; Schumacher, B.M. (2005) Advancing EDM through fundamental insight into the process. CIRP Annals, 54(2): 64–87. doi:10.1016/S0007-8506(07)60020-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunieda, M.; Yoshida, M.; Taniguchi, N. (1997) Electrical discharge machining in gas. CIRP Annals, 46(1): 143–146. doi:10.1016/S0007-8506(07)60794-X
   Google Scholar
• Kuriachen, B.; Mathew, J. (2016a) Effect of powder mixed dielectric on material removal and surface modification in microelectric discharge machining of Ti-6Al-4V. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 31(4): 439–446. doi:10.1080/10426914.2015.1004705
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuriachen, B.; Mathew, J. (2016b) Spark radius modeling of resistance-capacitance pulse discharge in micro-electric discharge machining of Ti-6Al-4V: An experimental study. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 85(9-12): 1983–1993. doi:10.1007/s00170-015-7999-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H.H.; Yang, M.Y.; Shin, W.C.; Ro, S.K.; Park, J.K. (2011) Compact high-precision optical sensor for three-dimensional tool-origin compensation. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, 12(3): 543–549. doi:10.1007/s12541-011-0068-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Z.; Bai, J.; Cao, Y.; Wang, Y.; Zhu, G. (2019) Fabrication of microelectrode with large aspect ratio and precision machining of micro-hole array by micro-EDM. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 268: 70–79. doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2019.01.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Z.; Tang, J.; Bai, J. (2020) A novel micro-EDM method to improve microhole machining performances Using Ultrasonic Circular Vibration (UCV) electrode. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 175:105574. doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2020.105574
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lian, M.-Q.; Lei, J.-G.; Wu, X.-Y.; Luo, F.; Luo, H.-X.; Xu, B. (2022) Micro-EDM of 3D microstructure on micro-shaft based on the rotation of micro-shaft. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 121(7-8): 5537–5548. doi:10.1007/s00170-022-09772-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liew, P.J.; Yan, J.; Kuriyagawa, T. (2014) Fabrication of deep micro-holes in reaction-bonded SiC by ultrasonic cavitation assisted micro-EDM. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 76: 13–20. doi:10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2013.09.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, H.S.; Wong, Y.S.; Rahman, M.; Edwin Lee, M.K. (2003) A study on the machining of high-aspect ratio micro-structures using micro-EDM. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 140(1-3): 318–325. doi:10.1016/S0924-0136(03)00760-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Q.; Zhang, Q.; Zhu, G.; Wang, K.; Zhang, J.; Dong, C. (2016) Effect of electrode size on the performances of micro-EDM. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 31(4): 391–396. doi:10.1080/10426914.2015.1059448
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, W.; Jia, Z.; Zou, S.; Zheng, X. (2014) A new measurement method of relative volume wear ratio based on discharge debris composition analysis in micro-EDM. Advances in Mechanical Engineering 6 479609. doi:10.1155/2014/479609
   Google Scholar
• Liu, W.; Liu, S.; Wang, L. (2019) Surface modification of biomedical titanium alloy: micromorphology, microstructure evolution and biomedical applications. Coatings, 9(4): 249. doi:10.3390/coatings9040249
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, H.; Qin, G.; Dang, Z.; Qu, S.; Chen, L.; Geng, P. (2022) Interfacial microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of inertia friction welded aluminium alloy/stainless steel joint with preheat treatment. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 836(January): 142671. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2022.142671
   Google Scholar
• Mahajan, A.; Sidhu, S.S. (2018) Surface modification of metallic biomaterials for enhanced functionality: a review. Materials Technology, 33(2): 93–105. doi:10.1080/10667857.2017.1377971
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahajan, A.; Sidhu, S.S. (2019) In vitro corrosion and hemocompatibility evaluation of electrical discharge treated cobalt-chromium implant. Journal of Materials Research, 34(08): 1363–1370. doi:10.1557/jmr.2019.73
   Google Scholar
• Maity, K.P.; Singh, R.K. (2012) An optimisation of micro-EDM operation for fabrication of micro-hole. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 61(9-12): 1221–1229. doi:10.1007/s00170-012-4098-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manivannan, R.; Kumar, M.P. (2016) Multi-response optimization of micro-edm process parameters on AISI304 steel using TOPSIS. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 30(1): 137–144. doi:10.1007/s12206-015-1217-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maradia, U.; Knaak, R.; Dal Busco, W.; Boccadoro, M.; Wegener, K. (2015) A strategy for low electrode wear in meso-micro-EDM. Precision Engineering, 42: 302–310. doi:10.1016/j.precisioneng.2015.06.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marashi, H.; Sarhan, A.A.D.; Maher, I.; Sayuti, M. (2017) Techniques to Improve EDM Capabilities: A Review. Comprehensive Materials Finishing (Vol. 1–3). Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.09153-0
   Google Scholar
• Maskrey, J.T.; Dugdale, R.A. (1966) The role of inclusions and surface contamination arc initiation at low pressures. British Journal of Applied Physics, 17(8): 1025–1034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonnell, B. (2010) Jesters to the revolution - a history of Cartoon Archetypical Slogan Theatre (CAST), 1965 - 85. Theatre Notebook, 64(2): 96–111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meena, V.K.; Azad, M.S.; Singh, S.; Singh, N. (2017) Micro-EDM multiple parameter optimization for Cp titanium. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 89(1-4): 897–904. doi:10.1007/s00170-016-9130-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirzaeifar, R.; Gall, K.; Zhu, T.; Yavari, A.; Desroches, R. (2014) Structural transformations in NiTi shape memory alloy nanowires. Journal of Applied Physics, 115(19): 0–8. doi:10.1063/1.4876715
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohd Jani, J.; Leary, M.; Subic, A.; Gibson, M.A. (2014) A review of shape memory alloy research, applications and opportunities. Materials & Design (1980-2015) 56: 1078–1113. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2013.11.084
   Google Scholar
• Morinaga, M. (2019) Titanium alloys. In A Quantum Approach to Alloy Design, 77–94. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814706-1.00005-4.
   Google Scholar
• Narasimhan, J.; Yu, Z.; Rajurkar, K.P. (2005) Tool Wear Compensation and Path Generation in Micro and Macro EDM. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 7(1): 75–82. doi:10.1016/S1526-6125(05)70084-0
   Google Scholar
• Nas, E. (2022) Optimization of EDM Machinability of Hastelloy C22 Super Alloys.
   Google Scholar
• Nasab, M.; Bahrami, M.R.;   Hassan.; B.; Bin Sahari. (2010) Metallic biomaterials of knee and Hip - a review. Trends in Biomaterials and Artificial Organs, 24(2): 69–82.
   Google Scholar
• Navarro, M.; Michiardi, A.; Castaño, O.; Planell, J.A. (2008) Biomaterials in orthopaedics. Journal of the Royal Society, Interface, 5(27): 1137–1158. doi:10.1098/rsif.2008.0151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naveen Anthuvan, R.; Krishnaraj, V. (2020) Effect of coated and treated Electrodes on Micro-EDM characteristics of Ti-6Al-4V. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 42(10): 1–16. doi:10.1007/s40430-020-02578-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen Huu, P.; Nguyen Trong, L. (2023) Multi-objective optimization in micro-electrical discharge machining using titanium nitride coated WC electrode. International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM)17(1): 187–196. doi:10.1007/s12008-022-01121-7
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen, H.P.; Van Dong, P.; Ngo, N.V. (2018) Application of TOPSIS to taguchi method for multi-characteristic optimization of electrical discharge machining with titanium powder mixed into dielectric fluid. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 98(5-8): 1179–1198. doi:10.1007/s00170-018-2321-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niculescu, A.; Gabriela, C.; Chircov, A.C.;   Bîrcă.; A.M.; Grumezescu. (2021) Fabrication and applications of microfluidic devices: a review. International Journal of Molecular sciences, 22(4): 2011. doi:10.3390/ijms22042011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palanikumar, K.; Davim, J.P. (2013) Electrical Discharge Machining: Study on Machining Characteristics of WC/Co Composites. Machining and Machine-Tools. Woodhead Publishing Limited. doi:10.1533/9780857092199.135
   Google Scholar
• Paul, G.; North, G.T.R.; Bengal, W.; Ghatak, S.; Sarkar, S. (2011) Investigation on the effect of spark gap in dry µ-electro discharge machining of SiC-10BN nano-composite. International Journal of Manufacturing Technology, 24: 71–87.
   Google Scholar
• Paul, G.; Roy, S.; Sarkar, S.; Hanumaiah, N. (2013). Investigations on influence of process variables on crater dimensions in micro-EDM of γ -titanium aluminide alloy in dry and oil dielectric media. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 65:1009–17. doi:10.1007/s00170-012-4235-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul, L.; Jose, I.; Jose, J. (2021) Effect of discharge gap on EDM using desirability function analysis. Materials Today: Proceedings, 47: 5302–5307. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.06.051
   Google Scholar
• Pellegrini, G.; Ravasio, C. (2020) A sustainability index for the micro-EDM drilling process. Journal of Cleaner Production, 247: 119136. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119136
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellegrini, G.; Ravasio, C. (2023) Study of the law motion of the micro-EDM drilling process. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing, 7(5): 165. doi:10.3390/jmmp7050165
   Google Scholar
• Pesode, P.; Barve, S. (2023) A review—metastable β titanium alloy for biomedical applications. Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 70(1): 1–36. doi:10.1186/s44147-023-00196-7
   Google Scholar
• Pham, D.T.; Dimov, S.S.; Bigot, S.; Ivanov, A.; Popov, K. (2004) Micro-EDM - recent developments and research issues. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 149(1-3): 50–57. doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.02.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philip, J.T.; Mathew, J.; Kuriachen, B. (2021) Transition from EDM to PMEDM – impact of suspended particulates in the dielectric on ti6al4v and other distinct material surfaces: A review. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 64: 1105–1142. doi:10.1016/j.jmapro.2021.01.056
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilligrin, J.C.; Asokan, P.; Jerald, J.; Kanagaraj, G. (2018) Effects of electrode materials on performance measures of electrical discharge micro-machining. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 33(6): 606–615. doi:10.1080/10426914.2017.1364757
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prabhu, S.; Vinayagam, B.K. (2016) Multiresponse optimization of EDM process with nanofluids using topsis method and genetic acronyms : 1. Introduction Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is a machining method primarily used for hard metals or those that would be very difficult to mach. Lxiii
   Google Scholar
• Prakash, D.; Tariq, M.; Davis, R.; Singh, A.; Debnath, K. (2021) Materials today : proceedings influence of cryogenic treatment on the performance of micro-EDM tool electrode in machining of magnesium alloy AZ31B. Materials Today: Proceedings, 39:1198–1201. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.589
   Google Scholar
• Prakash, V.; Kumar, P.; Singh, P.K.; Hussain, M.; Das, A.K.; Chattopadhyaya, S. (2019) Micro-electrical discharge machining of difficult-to-machine materials: a review. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 233(2): 339–370. doi:10.1177/0954405417718591
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad, K.; Bazaka, O.; Chua, M.; Rochford, M.; Fedrick, L.; Spoor, J.; Symes, R.; Tieppo, M.; Collins, C.; Cao, A.; Markwell, D.; Ostrikov, K.K.; Bazaka, K. (2017) Metallic biomaterials: current challenges and opportunities. Materials (Basel, Switzerland)10(8): 884. doi:10.3390/ma10080884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Praveen, L.; P.; Geeta Krishna, L.; Venugopal, N.E.C. Prasad. (2018) Effects of pulse on and off time and electrode types on the material removal rate and tool wear rate of the Ti-6Al-4V Alloy using EDM machining with reverse polarity. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 330(1): 012083. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/330/1/012083
   Google Scholar
• Prihandana, G.S.; Mahardika, M.; Hamdi, M.; Wong, Y.S.; Mitsui, K. (2009) Effect of micro-powder suspension and ultrasonic vibration of dielectric fluid in micro-EDM processes-taguchi approach. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 49(12-13): 1035–1041. doi:10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2009.06.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prihandana, G.S.; Sriani, T.; Mahardika, M.; Hamdi, M.; Miki, N.; Wong, Y.S.; Mitsui, K. (2014) Application of powder suspended in dielectric fluid for fine finish micro-EDM of inconel 718. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 75(1-4): 599–613. doi:10.1007/s00170-014-6145-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quarto, M.; D’Urso, G.; Giardini, C.; Maccarini, G. (2020) FEM model development for the simulation of a micro-drilling EDM process. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 106(7-8): 3095–3104. doi:10.1007/s00170-019-04750-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quarto, M.; D'Urso, G.; Giardini, C. (2022) Micro-EDM optimization through particle swarm algorithm and artificial neural network. Precision Engineering, 73: 63–70. doi:10.1016/j.precisioneng.2021.08.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahul,  Mishra, Dileep Kumar, Datta, Saurav, Masanta, Manoj, 2018. Effects of tool electrode on EDM performance of Ti-6Al-4V. Silicon 10 (5): 2263–2277. doi:10.1007/s12633-018-9760-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajhi, W.; Kolsi, L.; Abbassi, R.; Jerbi, H.; Kchaou, M. (2022) Estimation of MRR and thermal stresses in EDM process : a comparative numerical study. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 121(9-10): 7037–7055. doi:10.1007/s00170-022-09806-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajurkar, K.P.; Levy, G.; Malshe, A.; Sundaram, M.M.; McGeough, J.; Hu, X.; Resnick, R.; DeSilva, A. (2006) Micro and nano machining by electro-physical and chemical processes. CIRP Annals, 55(2): 643–666. doi:10.1016/j.cirp.2006.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasheed, M.S.; Abidi, M.H.; El-Tamimi, A.M.; Al-Ahmari, A.M. (2013) Investigation of micro-EDM input parameters on various outputs in machining Ni-Ti shape memory alloy using full factorial design. Advanced Materials Research816-817: 173–179. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.816-817.173
   Google Scholar
• Ratner, B.D.; Hoffman, A.S.; Schoen, F.J.; Lemons, J.E. (2013) Introduction - Biomaterials Science: An Evolving, Multidisciplinary Endeavor. Biomaterials Science: An Introduction to Materials. 3rd ed. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-087780-8.00153-4
   Google Scholar
• Ren, D.; Xi, Y.; Yan, J.; Zan, X.; Luo, L.; Wu, Y. (2022) Surface damage and microstructure evolution of yttria particle-reinforced tungsten plate during transient laser thermal shock. Metals, 12(4): 686. doi:10.3390/met12040686
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronoh, K.; Fawaeer, S.H.; Holcman, V.; Knápek, A.; Sobola, D. (2023) Comprehensive characterization of different metallic thin films on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite substrate. Vacuum, 215:112345. doi:10.1016/j.vacuum.2023.112345
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rony, L.; Lancigu, R.; Hubert, L. (2018) Intraosseous metal implants in orthopedics: a review. Morphologie: bulletin de L'Association Des anatomists, 102(339): 231–242. doi:10.1016/j.morpho.2018.09.003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sabzehmeidani, M.M.; Kazemzad, M. (2023) Recent advances in surface-mounted metal–organic framework thin film coatings for biomaterials and medical applications: a review. Biomaterials research, 27(1): 115. doi:10.1186/s40824-023-00454-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Safranski, D.; Dupont, K.; Gall, K. (2020) Pseudoelastic NiTiNOL in orthopaedic applications. Shape Memory and Superelasticity, 6(3): 332–341. doi:10.1007/s40830-020-00294-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahoo, S.; Sahoo, G.; Jeong, S.M.; Rout, C.S. (2022) A review on supercapacitors based on plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposited vertical graphene arrays. Journal of Energy Storage, 53: 105212. doi:10.1016/j.est.2022.105212
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahu, A.K.; Malhotra, J.; Jha, S. (2022) Laser-Based Hybrid Micromachining Processes: A Review. Optics & Laser Technology, 146: 107554. doi:10.1016/j.optlastec.2021.107554
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saleh, T.; Dahmardeh, M.; Bsoul, A.; Nojeh, A.; Takahata, K. (2014) Field-emission-assisted approach to dry micro-electro-discharge machining of carbon- nanotube forests field-emission-assisted approach to dry micro-electro-discharge machining of carbon-nanotube forests. 103305 (2011). doi:10.1063/1.3663438
   Google Scholar
• Saleh, T.; Dahmardeh, M.; Nojeh, A.; Takahata, K. (2012) Dry micro-electro-discharge machining of carbon-nanotube forests using sulphur-hexafluoride. Carbon, 52: 288–295. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2012.09.030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salim, S.A.; Salaheldin, T.A.; Elmazar, M.M.; Abdel-Aziz, A.F.; Kamoun, E.A. (2022) Smart biomaterials for enhancing cancer therapy by overcoming tumor hypoxia: a review. RSC advances, 12(52): 33835–33851. doi:10.1039/d2ra06036a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sankaran, K.; Mishra, R.S. (2017) Chapter-4_Aluminium Alloys_RS Mishra. In Metallurgy and Design of Alloys with Hierarchical Microstructures. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-812068-2.00004-7.
   Google Scholar
• Santavirta, S.; Konttinen, Y.T.; Lappalainen, R.; Anttila, A.; Goodman, S.B.; Lind, M.; Smith, L.; Takagi, M.; Gómez-Barrena, E.; Nordsletten, L.; Xu, J.-W. (1998) Materials in total joint replacement. Current Orthopaedics, 12(1): 51–57. doi:10.1016/S0268-0890(98)90008-1
   Google Scholar
• Santosh, S.; Kevin Thomas, J.; Pavithran, M.; Nithyanandh, G.; Ashwath, J. (2022) An Experimental analysis on the influence of CO2 Laser machining parameters on a copper-based shape memory alloy. Optics & Laser Technology 153 108210. doi:10.1016/j.optlastec.2022.108210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapkal, S.U.; Jagtap, P.S. (2018) Optimization of micro EDM drilling process parameters for titanium alloy by rotating electrode. Procedia Manufacturing, 20: 119–126. doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2018.02.017
   Google Scholar
• Sawant, S.N.; Patil, S.K.; Unune, D.R.; Nazare, P.; Wojciechowski, S. (2023) Effect of Copper, Tungsten Copper and Tungsten Carbide Tools on Micro-Electric Discharge Drilling of Ti e 6Al e 4V Alloy. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 24: 4242–4257. doi:10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.04.067
   Google Scholar
• Search, Home, Collections Journals, About Contact, My Iopscience, and I P Address. n.d. E of Inclusions and Surface Contamination Arc Initiation at IOW Pressures. 1025.
   Google Scholar
• Senturia, S.D. (2001) Microsystem design. microsystem design. Springer. doi:10.1007/b117574.
   Google Scholar
• Shayesteh Moghaddam, N.; Taheri Andani, M.; Amerinatanzi, A.; Haberland, C.; Huff, S.; Miller, M.; Elahinia, M.; Dean, D. (2016) Metals for bone implants: safety, design, and efficacy. Biomanufacturing Reviews, 1(1): 1–16. doi:10.1007/s40898-016-0001-2
   Google Scholar
• Shirguppikar, S.S.; Patil, M.S. (2022) Experimental investigation on micro-electro discharge machining process using tungsten carbide and titanium nitride-coated micro-tool electrode for machining of Ti-6Al-4V. Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies, 8(sup1): 187–204. doi:10.1080/2374068X.2020.1833399
   Google Scholar
• Shishkovsky, I.V.; Lebedev, P.N. (2011). Chemical and physical vapor deposition methods for nanocoatings. nanocoatings and ultra-thin films. Woodhead Publishing Limited. doi:10.1533/9780857094902.1.57
   Google Scholar
• Siewert, S.; Falke, K.; Luderer, F.; Reske, T.; Schmidt, W.; Pfensig, S.; Stiehm, M.; Hinze, U.; Chichkov, B.; Grabow, N.; Guthoff, R.; Schmitz, K.-P. (2017) Development of a biodegradable flow resisting polymer membrane for a novel glaucoma microstent. Biomedical Microdevices, 19(4) . doi:10.1007/s10544-017-0218-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sims, I. (2013) Book review: The history of stainless steel. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials, 166(1): 57–57. doi:10.1680/coma.11.00066
   Google Scholar
• Singh, M.; Saxena, P.; Ramkumar, J.; Rao, R.V. (2020) Multi-Spark numerical simulation of the micro-EDM process: an extension of a single-spark numerical Study. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 108(9-10): 2701–2715. doi:10.1007/s00170-020-05566-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, N.; Bharti, P.S. (2022) Multi-response optimisation of micro-EDM drilling of Ti-5.6Al-3.6V using grey-fuzzy logic based approach. Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies, 0(0): 1–12. doi:10.1080/2374068X.2022.2096832
   Google Scholar
• Singh, P.; Yadava, V.; Narayan, A. (2018) Parametric study of ultrasonic-assisted hole sinking micro-EDM of titanium alloy. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 94(5-8): 2551–2562. doi:10.1007/s00170-017-1051-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, R.; Tiwari, T.; Dvivedi, A.; Kumar, P. (2022) Assessing the performance of air, argon, and oxygen as dielectric mediums during dry-micro- EDM of Ti6Al4V Alloy : a comparative study. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 38(7): 859–877. doi:10.1080/10426914.2022.2149782
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siva, M.; Arunkumar, N.; Subramanian, M.; Elakkiyadasan, R. (2023) Influence of micro-electrical discharge machining parameters on the surface morphology of the nickel-coated electrode. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 38(1): 89–104. doi:10.1080/10426914.2022.2105869
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivakumar, K.; Sai Prasanna Kumar, J.V.; Loganathan, K.; Mugendiran, V.; Maridurai, T.; Suresh, K. (2022) Machining characteristics of silane-treated wheat husk biosilica in deionized water dielectric on EDM drilling of Ti-6Al-4 V alloy. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 14(1): 199–206. doi:10.1007/s13399-022-02308-4
   Google Scholar
• Sivaprakasam, P.; Udaya Prakash, J.; Hariharan, P. (2022) Enhancement of material removal rate in magnetic field-assisted micro electric discharge machining of aluminium matrix composites. International Journal of Ambient Energy, 43(1): 584–589. doi:10.1080/01430750.2019.1653979
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skrabalak, G.; Kozak, J. (2011) Modeling and Experimental investigations of Dry Electrical Discharge Machining (DEDM). 103. doi:10.1063/1.3649940
   Google Scholar
• Sobczak, M.; Kędra, K. (2022) Biomedical polyurethanes for anti-cancer drug delivery systems: A brief, comprehensive review. International Journal of Molecular sciences, 23(15): 8181. doi:10.3390/ijms23158181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somashekhar, K.P.; Ramachandran, N.; Mathew, J. (2010) Optimization of material removal rate in micro-EDM using artificial neural network and genetic algorithms. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 25(6): 467–475. doi:10.1080/10426910903365760
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staiger, M.P.; Pietak, A.M.; Huadmai, J.; Dias, G. (2006) Magnesium and its alloys as orthopedic biomaterials: a review. Biomaterials, 27(9): 1728–1734. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.10.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephen, L. (2020) Titanium dioxide versatile solid crystalline: an overview. In Assorted Dimensional Reconfigurable Materials, 1–16. Books on Demand. doi:10.5772/intechopen.92056.
   Google Scholar
• Straka, Ľ.; Hašová, S. (2018) Optimization of material removal rate and tool wear rate of cu electrode in die-sinking EDM of tool steel. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 97(5-8): 2647–2654. doi:10.1007/s00170-018-2150-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subbian, K.S.; Janakarajan, R. (2011) Plasma Temperature and Electron Density of Dry µ -EDM on Stainless Steel and Silicon : A Comparison. doi:10.20965/ijat.2011.p0045
   Google Scholar
• Sultan, T.; Kumar, A.; Gupta, R.D. (2014) Material removal rate, electrode wear rate, and surface roughness evaluation in die sinking edm with hollow tool through response surface methodology. International Journal of Manufacturing Engineering, 2014: 1–16. doi:10.1155/2014/259129
   Google Scholar
• Suresh, P.; Venkatesan, R.; Sekar, T.; Elango, N.; Sathiyamoorthy, V. (2014) Optimization of intervening variables in MicroEDM of SS 316L using a genetic algorithm and response-surface methodology. Strojniški Vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 60(10): 656–664. doi:10.5545/sv-jme.2014.1665
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sushil Kumar Choudhary, R.S.J. (2017) Review Study and Importance of Micro Electric Discharge Machining. Chemical and Process Engineering Research, 50: 14–21.
   Google Scholar
• Sypniewska, M.; Szczesny, R.; Skowronski, L.; Kamedulski, P.; Gondek, E.; Apostoluk, A.; Derkowska-Zielinska, B. (2023) Optical and morphological properties of ZnO and Alq3 incorporated polymeric thin layers fabricated by the dip-coating method. Applied Nanoscience) 13(7): 4903–4912. doi:10.1007/s13204-022-02647-8
   Google Scholar
• Szostak, M. (n.d) Advances in Manufacturing Vol. 4.
   Google Scholar
• Takahata, K. (2009) Micro-electro-discharge machining technologies for MEMS. In Micro Electronic and Mechanical Systems. Intechopen. doi:10.5772/7009.
   Google Scholar
• Takahata, K. (2012). Micro Electronic and Mechanical Systems. doi:10.5772/121.
   Google Scholar
• Talha, M.; Behera, C.K.; Sinha, O.P. (2013) A review on nickel-free nitrogen containing austenitic stainless steels for biomedical applications. Materials Science & Engineering. C, Materials for Biological applications, 33(7): 3563–3575. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2013.06.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, G.; Liu, Z.; Liu, Y.; Yu, J.; Wang, X.; Tan, Z.; Ye, X. (2021) Recent trends in the development of bone regenerative biomaterials. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental biology, 9: 665813. doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.665813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiwary, A.P.; Pradhan, B.B.; Bhattacharyya, B. (2015) Study on the influence of micro-EDM process parameters during machining of Ti–6Al–4V superalloy. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 76(1-4): 151–160. doi:10.1007/s00170-013-5557-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiwary, A.P.; Pradhan, B.B.; Bhattacharyya, B. (2018) Investigation on the effect of dielectrics during micro-electro-discharge machining of Ti-6Al-4V. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 95(1-4): 861–874. doi:10.1007/s00170-017-1231-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong, H.; Li, Y.; Wang, Y.; Yu, D. (2008) Servo scanning 3D micro-EDM based on macro/micro-dual-feed spindle. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 48(7-8): 858–869. doi:10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2007.11.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Transactions ECS and the Electrochemical Society. (2009) Industrial applications of atomic layer deposition. ECS Transactions, 25(8): 641–652.
   Google Scholar
• Trigwell, S.; Hayden, R.D.; Nelson, K.F.; Selvaduray, G. (1998) Effects of surface treatment on the surface chemistry of NiTi alloy for biomedical applications. Surface and Interface Analysis, 26(7): 483–489. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9918(199806)26:7<483::AID-SIA388>3.0.CO;2-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, Y-y.; Masuzawa, T. (2004). An Index to Evaluate the Wear Resistance of the Electrode in Micro-EDM. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 149(1): 304–9. doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.02.043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venezuela, J.; Dargusch, M.S. (2019) The influence of alloying and fabrication techniques on the mechanical properties, biodegradability and biocompatibility of zinc: A comprehensive review. Acta biomaterialia 87 1–40. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2019.01.035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verma, V.; Sajeevan, R. (2015) Multi process parameter optimization of diesinking edm on titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) using taguchi approach. Materials Today: Proceedings ,2(4-5): 2581–2587. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2015.07.212
   Google Scholar
• Voisin, T.; Baptiste Forien, J.; Perron, A.; Aubry, S.; Bertin, N.; Samanta, A.; Baker, A.; Wang, Y.M. (2021) New insights on cellular structures strengthening mechanisms and thermal stability of an austenitic stainless steel fabricated by laser powder-bed-fusion. Acta Materialia, 203: 116476. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2020.11.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warlimont, H. (2018). Titanium and Titanium Alloys. Springer Handbooks. . doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69743-7_7
   Google Scholar
• Weinert, K.; Inasaki, I.; Sutherland, J.W.; Wakabayashi, T. (2004) Dry machining and minimum quantity lubrication. CIRP Annals, 53(2): 511–537. doi:10.1016/S0007-8506(07)60027-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler, H.A. (1942) “Formulas the Skin Effect.” Proceedings of IRE 299–311.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, D.E.; de Vries, P.; Namen, A.E.; Widmer, M.B.; Lyman, S.D. (1992) The steel factor. Developmental biology, 151(2): 368–376. doi:10.1016/0012-1606(92)90176-h
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkler, T.; Sass, F.A.; Duda, G.N.; Schmidt-Bleek, K. (2018) A review of biomaterials in bone defect healing, remaining shortcomings and future opportunities for bone tissue engineering: the unsolved challenge. Bone & Joint research, 7(3): 232–243. doi:10.1302/2046-3758.73.BJR-2017-0270.R1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, Y.J.; Zhang, Y.J.; Liang, Z.J.; Yue, T.M.; Guo, Z.N.; Liu, J.W.; Chen, X.L. (2021) Fabrication of a superhydrophobic mesh via magnetically aided electrode electric discharge machining. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 612: 125963. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125963
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, B.; Chen, S-g.; Liang, X.; Lei, J-g.; Shi, H-y.; Fu, L-y.; Yang, J.; Peng, T-j.; Zhao, H.; Zhu, L-k (2020) Recast layer removal of 304 stainless steel by combining micro-EDM with negative polarity micro-EDM. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 107(11-12): 4713–4723. doi:10.1007/s00170-020-05312-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, B.; Guo, K.; Kuan Zhu, L.; Yu Wu, X.; Guo Lei, J.; Zhao, H.; Tang, Y.; Liang, X. (2019) The wear of foil queue microelectrode in 3D micro-EDM. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 104(5-8): 3107–3117. doi:10.1007/s00170-019-04234-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadukrishna, P.S.; Manesh, K.K. 2022. Plasma Characterization and Parametric Optimization of Ultrasonic Vibration assisted Micro EDM of Nitinol Proceedings of the International Conference on Systems, Energy and Environment 2022 (ICSEE 2022), Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4297126 or doi:10.2139/ssrn.4297126.
   Google Scholar
• Yan, B.H.; Huang, S.H.; Huang, F.Y. (2006) Biing Hwa Yan · Sheng Ho Huang · Fuang Yuan Huang bending strength analysis of micro WC-Shaft manufactured by micro electro-discharge machining. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 29(7-8): 695–706. doi:10.1007/s00170-005-2565-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, M.T.; Lin, S.S. (2011) Process planning and electrode wear compensation for 3D micro-EDM. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 53(1-4): 209–219. doi:10.1007/s00170-010-2827-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeo, S.H.; Yap, G.G. (2001) A feasibility study on the micro electro-discharge machining process for photomask fabrication. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 18(1): 7–11. doi:10.1007/PL00003950
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshlda, M. (n.d) Tool Electrode, no. 2: 2–5.
   Google Scholar
• Youssef, H.; El-Hofy, H. (2020). Non-Traditional Machining Processes. Non-Traditional and Advanced Machining Technologies. . doi:10.1201/9781003055310-2
   Google Scholar
• Yu, Z.Y.; Masuzawa, T.; Fujino, M. (1998) Micro-EDM for three-dimensional cavities - development of uniform wear method. CIRP Annals, 47(1): 169–172. doi:10.1016/S0007-8506(07)62810-8
   Google Scholar
• Yu, Z.Y.; Rajurkar, K.P.; Shen, H. (2002) High aspect ratio and complex shaped blind micro holes by micro EDM. CIRP Annals, 51(1): 359–362. doi:10.1016/S0007-8506(07)61536-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J.; Li, Y.; Cao, K.; Chen, R. (2022a) Advances in atomic layer deposition. Nanomanufacturing and Metrology, 5(3): 191–208. doi:10.1007/s41871-022-00136-8
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, J.; Zimmer, J.W.; Howe, R.T.; Maboudian, R. (2008) Characterization of boron-doped micro- and nanocrystalline diamond films deposited by wafer-scale hot filament chemical vapor deposition for MEMS applications. Diamond and Related Materials, 17(1): 23–28. doi:10.1016/j.diamond.2007.09.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, S.; Zhang, W.; Wang, P.; Liu, Y.; Ma, F.; Yang, D.; Sha, Z. (2019) Simulation of material removal process in EDM with composite tools. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2019: 1–11. doi:10.1155/2019/1321780
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, W.; Wang, M.; Zhang, Y. (2022b) Study on debris evacuation of EDM small hole processing on titanium alloy. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 121(3-4): 2335–2341. doi:10.1007/s00170-022-09487-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, Z.; Guo, D.; Xu, J.; Lin, J.; Lei, J.; Xu, B.; Wu, X.; Wang, X. (2020) Processing characteristics of micro electrical discharge machining for surface modification of TiNi shape memory alloys using a TiC powder dielectric. Micromachines, 11(11): 1018. doi:10.3390/mi11111018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar