The Limits of Self-Management: Community and Health Care System Barriers Among Latinos With Diabetes

REFERENCES

• Acevedo-Garcia , D. and Osypuk , T. L. 2008 . Residential segregation and health—The complexity of modeling separate social contexts . American Journal of Epidemiology , 168 ( 11 ) : 1255 – 1258 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams , C. R. 2003 . Lessons learned from urban Latinas with type 2 diabetes mellitus . Journal of Transcultural Nursing , 14 ( 3 ) : 255 – 265 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahluwalia , I. B. , Mack , K. A. , Murphy , W. , Mokdad , A. H. and Bales , V. S. 2003 . State-specific prevalence of selected chronic disease-related characteristics—Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2001 . MMWR Surveillance Summaries , 52 : 1 – 80 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• American Diabetes Association. 2007 . Standards of medical care in diabetes—2007 . Diabetes Care , 30 ( Suppl. 1 ) : s4 – S65 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ashton , C. M. , Haidet , P. , Paterniti , D. A. , Collins , T. C. , Gordon , H. S. O'Malley , K. 2003 . Racial and ethnic disparities in the use of health services: bias, preferences, or poor communication? . Journal of General Internal Medicine , 18 ( 2 ) : 146 – 152 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baicker , K. , Chandra , A. and Skinner , J. S. 2005 . Geographic variation in health care and the problem of measuring racial disparities . Perspectives in Biology and Medicine , 48 ( 1 ) : S42 – S53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benavides-Vaello , S. B. , Garcia , A. A. , Brown , S. A. and Winchell , M. 2004 . Using focus groups to plan and evaluate self-management interventions for Mexican-Americans . The Diabetes Educator , 30 ( 2 ) : 238 – 256 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boehmer , T. K. , Hoehner , C. M. , Deshpande , A. D. , Brennan Ramirez , L. K. and Brownson , R. C. 2007 . Perceived and observed neighborhood indicators of obesity among urban adults . International Journal of Obesity , 31 : 968 – 977 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , A. , Gerzoff , R. B. , Karter , A. J. , Gregg , E. , Safford , M. and Waitzfelder , B. 2003 . Health behaviors and quality of care among Latinos with diabetes in managed care . American Journal of Public Health , 93 ( 10 ) : 1694 – 1698 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bull , S. , Eakin , E. , Reeves , M. and Kimberly , R. 2006 . Multi-level support for physical activity and healthy eating . Journal of Advanced Nursing , 54 ( 5 ) : 585 – 593 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Candib , L. 2007 . Obesity and diabetes in vulnerable populations: Reflection on proximal and distal causes . Annals of Family Medicine , 5 : 547 – 556 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbone , E. T. , Rosal , M. C. , Torres , M. I. , Goins , K. V. and Bermudez , O. I. 2007 . Diabetes self-management: Perspectives of Latino patients and their health care providers . Patient Education and Counseling , 66 ( 2 ) : 202 – 210 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carcillo , J. A. , Diegel , J. E. , Bartman , B. A. , Guyer , F. R. and Kramer , S. H. 1995 . Improved maternal and child health care access in a rural community . Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved , 6 ( 1 ) : 23 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro , F. , Shaibi , G. and Boehm-Smith , E. 2009 . Ecodevelopmental contexts for preventing type 2 diabetes in Latino and other racial/ethnic minority populations . Journal of Behavioral Medicine , 32 : 89 – 105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheadle , A. , Psaty , B. M. , Curry , S. , Wagner , E. , Diehr , P. Koepsell , T. 1991 . Community level comparisons between the grocery store environment and individual dietary practices . Preventive Medicine , 20 : 250 – 261 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , R. A. and Martinez , M. E. 2007 . Health insurance coverage: Early release of estimates from the national health interview survey Vol. 2006 , Atlanta, GA : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention .
   Google Scholar
• Crespo , C. , Smit , E. , Andersen , R. , Carter-Pokras , O. and Ainsworth , B. 2000 . Race/ethnicity, social class and their relation to physical activity during leisure time: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994 . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 18 : 46 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dagogo-Jack , S. , Funnell , M. M. and Davidson , J. 2006 . Barriers to achieving optimal glycemic control in a multi-ethnic society: A US focus . Current Diabetes Reviews , 2 ( 3 ) : 285 – 293 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dergance , J. M. , Mouton , C. P. , Lichtenstein , M. J. and Hazuda , H. P. 2005 . Potential mediators of ethnic differences in physical activity in older Mexican-Americans and European Americans: Results from the San Antonio Longitudinal Study of Aging . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , 53 ( 7 ) : 1240 – 1247 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deshpande , A. D. , Baker , E. A. , Lovegreen , S. L. and Brownson , R. C. 2005 . Environmental correlates of physical activity among individuals with diabetes in the rural Midwest . Diabetes Care , 32 ( 8 ) : 1012 – 1018 .
   Google Scholar
• Denavas-Walt , C. , Proctor , B. D. and Smith , J. C. 2008 . Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2007 Washington, DC : U. S. Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Diaz , V. A. 2002 . Cultural factors in preventive care: Latinos . Primary Care , 29 ( 3 ) : 503 – 517 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz-Perez , M. , Farley , T. and Cabanis , C. M. 2004 . A program to improve access to health care among Mexican immigrants in rural Colorado . The Journal of Rural Health , 20 ( 3 ) : 258 – 264 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diez Roux , A. V. , Merkin , S. S. , Arnett , D. , Chambless , L. , Massing , M. Nieto , J. 2001 . Neighborhood of residence and incidence of coronary heart disease . New England Journal of Medicine , 345 : 99 – 106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diez Roux , A. V. , Nieto , F. J. , Caulfield , L. , Tyroler , H. A. , Watson , R. L. and Szklo , M. 1999 . Neighbourhood differences in diet: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study . Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health , 53 : 55 – 63 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doty , M. M. 2003 . Hispanic patients' double burden: Lack of health insurance and limited English New York : The Commonwealth Fund .
   Google Scholar
• Elder , J. P. , Ayala , G. X. , Parra-Medina , D. and Talavera , G. A. 2009 . Health communication in the Latino community: Issues and approaches . Annual Review of Public Health , 30 : 227 – 251 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evenson , K. R. , Sarmiento , O. L. , Macon , M. L. , Tawney , K. W. and Ammerman , A. S. 2002 . Environmental, policy, and cultural factors related to physical activity among Latina immigrants . Women and Health , 36 : 43 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evenson , K. R. , Sarmiento , O. L. , Tawney , K. W. , Macon , M. L. and Ammerman , A. S. 2003 . Personal, social, and environmental correlates of physical activity in North Carolina Latina immigrants . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 25 ( 3Si ) : 77 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang , J. , Madhavan , S. , Bosworth , W. and Alderman , M. H. 1999 . Residential segregation and mortality in New York City . Social Science and Medicine , 47 : 469 – 476 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fellowes , M. 2006 . From poverty, opportunity: Putting the market to work for lower income families Washington, DC : Brookings Institution .
   Google Scholar
• Fisher , E. B. , Brownson , C. A. , O'Toole , M. L. , Shetty , G. , Anwuri , V. V. and Glasgow , R. E. 2005 . Ecological approaches to self-management: The case of diabetes . American Journal of Public Health , 95 ( 9 ) : 1523 – 1535 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores , G. 2000 . Culture and the patient-physician relationship: Achieving cultural competency in health care . Journal of Pediatrics , 136 : 14 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbat , L. 2004 . The care and abuse of minoritized ethnic groups: The role of statutory services . Critical Social Policy , 24 ( 3 ) : 312 – 331 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerberding , J. L. 2005 . Diabetes: Disabling, deadly, and on the rise: At-a-Glance 2005 Atlanta : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention .
   Google Scholar
• Getaneh , A. and Findley . 2009 . Prevalence and control of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in New York City: Response to Thorpe et al . Diabetes Care , 32 ( 5 ) : e62
   Google Scholar
• Giles-Corti , B. and Donovan , R. J. 2002 . The relative influence of individual, social and physical environment determinants of physical activity . Social Science and Medicine , 54 : 1793 – 1812 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hargraves , J. L. 2004 . Trends in health insurance coverage and access among black, Latino, and white Americans, 2001–2003. Tracking report . Center for Studying Health System Change , 11 : 1 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Horowitz , C. R. , Colson , K. A. , Hebert , P. L. and Lancaster , K. 2004 . Barriers to buying healthy foods for people with diabetes: Evidence of environmental disparities . American Journal of Public Health , 94 ( 9 ) : 1549 – 1554 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz , C. R. , Williams , L. and Bickell , N. A. 2003 . A community-centered approach to diabetes in East Harlem . Journal of General Internal Medicine , 18 : 542 – 548 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubert , H. B. , Snider , J. and Winkleby , M. A. 2004 . Health status, health behaviors, and acculturation factors associated with overweight and obesity in Latinos from a community and agricultural labor camp survey . Preventive Medicine , 40 : 642 – 651 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , M. O. 2001 . Meeting health care needs of a vulnerable population: Perceived barriers . Journal of Community Health Nursing , 18 ( 1 ) : 35 – 52 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaplan , S. 1983 . A model of person-environment compatibility . Environment and Behavior , 15 ( 3 ) : 311 – 332 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan , G. A. , Everson , S. A. and Lynch , J. W. 2000 . “ Promoting health: Intervention strategies from social and behavioral research. ” . In The contribution of social and behavioral research to an understanding of the distribution of disease: Multilevel Approach Edited by: Smedley , B. D. and Syme , L. S. 37 – 80 . Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Karter , A. J. , Ferrara , A. , Darbinian , J. A. , Ackerson , L. M. and Selby , J. V. 2000 . Self-monitoring of blood glucose: Language and financial barriers in a managed care population with diabetes . Diabetes Care , 23 ( 4 ) : 477 – 483 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirby , J. , Taliaferro , G. and Zuvekas , S. 2006 . Explaining racial and ethnic disparities in health care . Medical Care , 44 ( 5 ) : I64 – I72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolodinsky , J. and Cranwell , M. 2000 . The poor pay more? Now they don't even have a store to choose from: Bringing a supermarket back to the city . Consumer Interests Annual , 46 : 1 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Latham , C. L. and Calvillo , E. 2009 . Predictors of successful diabetes management in low-income Hispanic people . Western Journal of Nursing Research , 31 ( 3 ) : 364 – 388 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauderdale , D. S. , Wen , M. , Jacobs , E. A. and Kandula , N. R. 2006 . Immigrant perceptions of discrimination in health care: The California Health Interview Survey 2003 . Medical Care , 44 ( 10 ) : 914 – 920 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , J. , Liu , C. and Sales , A. 2006 . Racial and ethnic differences in diabetes care and health care use and costs . Preventing Chronic Disease , 3 ( 3 ) : A85
   Google Scholar
• Lorig , K. R. , Sobel , D. S. , Stewart , A. L. , Brown , B. W. , Bandura , A. Ritter , P. 1999 . Evidence suggesting that a chronic disease self-management program can improve health status while reducing hospitalization: A random trial . Medical Care , 37 ( 1 ) : 5 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mainous , A. G. III , Baker , R. , Koopman , R. J. , Saxena , S. , Diaz , V. A. Everett , C. J. 2007 . Impact of the population at risk of diabetes on projections of diabetes burden in the United States: An epidemic on the way . Diabetologia , 50 ( 5 ) : 934 – 940 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mainous , A. G. III , Diaz , V. A. , Saxena , S. and Geesey , M. E. 2007 . Heterogeneity in management of diabetes mellitus among Latino ethnic subgroups in the United States . The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine , 20 ( 6 ) : 598 – 605 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazur , R. E. , Marquis , G. S. and Jensen , H. H. 2003 . Diet and food insufficiency among Hispanic youths: Acculturation and socioeconomic factors in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 78 : 1120 – 1127 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLeroy , K. R. , Bibeau , D. , Steckler , A. and Glanz , K. 1988 . An ecological perspective on health promotion programs . Health Promotion Quarterly , 15 ( 4 ) : 351 – 377 .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , L. V. and Diez Roux , A. V. 2006 . Associations of neighborhood characteristics with the location and type of food stores . American Journal of Public Health , 96 ( 2 ) : 325 – 331 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore , L. V. , Diez Roux , A. V. , Nettleton , J. A. and Jacobs , D. R. 2008 . Associations of the local food environment with diet quality—a comparison of assessments based on surveys and geographic information systems . American Journal of Epidemiology , 167 ( 8 ) : 917 – 924 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales , L. S. , Cunningham , W. E. , Brown , J. A. , Liu , H. and Hays , R. D. 1999 . Are Latinos less satisfied with communication by health care providers? . Journal of General Internal Medicine , 14 : 409 – 417 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales , L. S. , Lara , M. , Kington , R. S. , Valdez , R. O. and Escarce , J. J. 2002 . Socioeconomic, cultural and behavioral factors affecting health outcomes . Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved , 13 ( 4 ) : 477 – 503 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morland , K. , Wing , S. , Diez Roux , A. and Poole , C. 2002 . Neighborhood characteristics associated with the location of food stores and food service places . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 22 ( 1 ) : 23 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson , K. M. , Chapko , M. K. , Reiber , G. and Boyko , E. J. 2005 . The association between health insurance coverage and diabetes care: Data from the 2000 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System . Health Services Research , 40 ( 2 ) : 361 – 372 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson , K. M. , Reiber , G. and Boyko , E. J. 2002 . Diet and exercise among adults with type 2 diabetes: Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) . Diabetes Care , 25 ( 10 ) : 1722 – 1728 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor , P. J. , Desai , J. , Rush , W. A. , Cherney , L. M. , Solberg , L. I. and Bishop , D. B. 1998 . Is having a regular provider of diabetes care related to intensity of care and glycemic control? . The Journal of Family Practice , 47 ( 4 ) : 290 – 297 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ofman , J. J. , Badamgarav , E. , Henning , J. M. , Knight , K. , Gano , A. D. Levan , R. K. 2004 . Does disease management improve clinical and economic outcomes in patients with chronic diseases? A systematic review . American Journal of Medicine , 117 ( 3 ) : 182 – 192 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oomen , J. S. , Owen , L. J. and Suggs , L. S. 1999 . Culture counts: Why current treatment models fail Hispanic women with type 2 diabetes . The Diabetes Educator , 25 ( 2 ) : 220 – 225 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pathman , E. D. , Konrad , T. R. and Schwartz , R. 2002 . The proximity of predominantly African American and Hispanic rural communities to physicians and hospital services . Journal of Rural Health , 18 ( 3 ) : 416 – 427 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pew Hispanic Center/Kaiser Family Foundation. 2004, March . Health care experiences: Survey brief Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Perez-Stable , E. J. , Napoles-Springer , A. and Miramontes , J. M. 1997 . The effects of ethnicity and language on medical outcomes of patients with hypertension or diabetes . Medical Care , 35 ( 12 ) : 1212 – 1219 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pescatello , L. S. , Alonso , M. , Schaffino , R. and Leavitt , R. 2008 . Determinants of physical activity among a convenience sample of Puerto Rican women residing in the Northeastern United States . Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research , 22 ( 5 ) : 1515 – 1521 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen , L. A. , Burstin , H. R. , O'Neil , A. C. , Orav , E. J. and Brennan , T. A. 1998 . Nonurgent emergency department visits: The effect of having a regular doctor . Medical Care , 36 ( 8 ) : 1249 – 1255 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piette , J. D. 2000 . Perceived access problems among patients with diabetes in two public systems of care . Journal of General Internal Medicine , 15 ( 11 ) : 797 – 804 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piette , J. D. , Bibbins-Domingo , K. and Schillinger , D. 2006 . Health care discrimination, processes of care, and diabetes patients' health status . Patient Education & Counseling , 60 ( 1 ) : 41 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piette , J. D. , Wagner , T. H. , Potter , M. B. and Schillinger , D. 2004 . Health insurance status, cost-related medication underuse, and outcomes among diabetes patients in three systems of care . Medical Care , 42 ( 2 ) : 102 – 109 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polednak , A. P. 1993 . Poverty, residential segregation, and black/white mortality rates in urban areas . Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved , 4 ( 4 ) : 363 – 373 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Powell , L. , Slater , S. , Chaloupka , F. J. and Harper , D. 2006 . Availability of physical activity-related facilities and neighborhood demographic and socioeconomic characteristics: A national study . American Journal of Public Health , 96 ( 9 ) : 1676 – 1680 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Probst , J. C. , Laditka , S. B. , Wang , J. and Johnson , A. O. 2007 . Effects of residence and race on burden of travel for care: Cross sectional analysis of the 2001 U. S. National Household Travel Survey . BMC Health Services Research , 7 ( 40 ) doi:10.1186/1472–6963-7–40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosal , M. C. , Goins , K. V. , Carbone , E. T. and Cortes , D. E. 2004 . Views and preferences of low-literate Hispanics regarding diabetes education: Results of formative research . Health Education & Behavior , 31 ( 3 ) : 388 – 405 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosal , M. C. , Olendzki , B. , Reed , G. W. , Ockene , I. , Gumieniak , O. and Scavron , J. 2005 . Diabetes self-management among low-income Spanish-speaking patients: A pilot study . Annals of Behavioral Science , 29 ( 3 ) : 225 – 235 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schillinger , D. , Grumbach , K. , Piette , J. , Wang , F. , Osmond , D. Daher , C. 2002 . Association of health literacy with diabetes outcomes . JAMA , 288 ( 4 ) : 475 – 482 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seligman , H. K. , Bindman , A. B. , Vittinghoff , E. , Kanaya , A. M. and Kushel , M. B. 2007 . Food insecurity is associated with diabetes mellitus: Results from the National Health Examination and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2002 . Internal General Medicine , 22 ( 7 ) : 1018 – 1023 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheppard , V. B. , Figueiredo , M. , Caar , J. , Goodman , M. , Kaufman , A. Norling , G. 2008 . Latina a Latina: Developing a breast cancer decision support intervention . Psycho-Oncology , 17 ( 4 ) : 383 – 391 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigal , R. J. , Kenny , G. P. , Wasserman , D. H. and Castaneda-Sceppa , C. 2004 . Physical activity/exercise and type 2 diabetes . Diabetes Care , 32 ( 8 ) : 2518 – 2539 .
   Google Scholar
• Sin , D. D. , Bell , N. R. and Man , S. F. 2004 . Effects of increased primary care access on process of care and health outcomes among patients with asthma who frequent emergency departments . American Journal of Medicine , 117 ( 7 ) : 479 – 483 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon , P. A. , Zeng , Z. , Wold , C. M. and Felding , J. E. 2003 . Diabetes among Hispanics—Los Angeles County, California, 2002–2003 . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 52 ( 47 ) : 1152 – 1155 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stokols , D. 1996 . Translating social ecological theory into guidelines for community health promotion . American Journal of Health Promotion , 10 ( 4 ) : 282 – 298 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramanian , S. V. , Acevedo-Garcia , D. and Osypuk , T. 2005 . Racial residential segregation and geographic heterogeneity in black/white disparity in poor self-rated health in the U.S.: A multilevel statistical analysis . Social Science and Medicine , 60 ( 8 ) : 1667 – 1679 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thackeray , R. , Merrill , R. M. and Neiger , B. L. 2004 . Disparities in diabetes management practice between racial and ethnic groups in the United States . The Diabetes Educator , 30 ( 4 ) : 665 – 675 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vachon , G. C. , Ezike , N. , Brown-Walker , M. , Chhay , V. , Pikelny , I. and Pendergraft , T. B. 2007 . Improving access to diabetes care in an inner-city, community-based outpatient health center with a monthly open-access, multistation group visit program . Journal of the National Medical Association , 99 ( 12 ) : 1327 – 1336 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valdez , R. B. , Giachello , A. , Rodriguez-Trias , H. , Gomez , P. and De la Roche , C. 1993 . Improving access to health care in Latino communities . Public Health Reports , 108 ( 5 ) : 534 – 539 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Houtven , C. H. , Volis , C. I. , Oddone , E. Z. , Weinfurt , K. P. , Friedman , J. Y. Schulman , K. A. 2005 . Perceived discrimination and reported delay of pharmacy prescriptions and medical tests . Journal of General Internal Medicine , 20 : 578 – 583 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Goeler , D. S. , Rosal , M. C. , Ockene , J. K. , Scavron , J. and De Torrijos , F. 2003 . Self-management of type 2 diabetes: A survey of low-income urban Puerto-Ricans . The Diabetes Educator , 29 ( 4 ) : 663 – 672 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilbur , J. , Chandler , P. , Dancy , B. and Lee , H. 2003 . Correlates of physical activity in urban midwestern Latinas . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 25 : 69 – 76 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , D. R. 1997 . Race and health: Basic questions, emerging directions . Annals of Epidemiology , 7 ( 5 ) : 322 – 331 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , D. R. and Collins , C. 2001 . Racial residential segregation: A fundamental cause of racial disparities in health . Public Health Reports , 116 : 404 – 416 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zenk , S. N. , Schulz , A. J. , Israel , B. A. , James , S. A. , Bao , S. and Wilson , M. L. 2005 . Neighborhood racial composition, neighborhood poverty, and the spatial accessibility of supermarkets in metropolitan Detroit . American Journal of Public Health , 95 ( 4 ) : 660 – 667 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuvekas , S. and Taliaferro , G. 2003 . Pathways to access: Health insurance, the health care delivery system, and racial/ethnic disparities, 1996–1999 . Health Affairs , 22 ( 2 ) : 139 – 153 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar