285
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Say it Loud: The Obama Effect and Racial/Ethnic Identification of Adolescents

, , , , &
Pages 858-868 | Received 22 Feb 2014, Accepted 11 Mar 2014, Published online: 25 Sep 2014

REFERENCES

  • Alwin, D. F., Cohen, R. L., & Newcomb, T. M. (1991). Aging, personality, and social change: Attitude persistence and change over the life-span. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin.
  • Ashmore, R. D., Deaux, K., & McLaughlin-Volpe, T. (2004). An organizing framework for collective identity: Articulation and significance of multidimensionality. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 80–114. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.1.80
  • Brittian, A. S. (2012). Understanding African American adolescents' identity development: A relational developmental systems perspective. Journal of Black Psychology, 38(2), 172–200.
  • Bolland, A. C. (2012). Representativeness two ways: An assessment of representativeness and missing data mechanisms in a study of an at-risk population (Doctoral dissertation). The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa.
  • Bolland, J. M., Bryant, C. M., Lian, B. E., McCallum, D. M., Vazsonyi, A. T., & Barth, J. M. (2007). Development and risk behaviors among African American, Caucasian, and mixed race adolescents living in high poverty inner-city neighborhoods. American Journal of Community Psychology, 40, 230–249.
  • Bolland, K. A., Bolland, J. M., Tomek, S., Devereaux, R. S., Mrug, S., & Wimberly, J. C. (2013). Trajectories of adolescent alcohol use by gender and early initiation status. Youth & Society. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/0044118X13475639
  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1986). Ecology of the family as a context for human development: Research perspectives. Developmental Psychology, 22, 723–742.
  • Brunsma, D. L., & Rockquemore, K. A. (2001). The new color complex: Appearances and biracial identity. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 1(3), 225–246.
  • Chao, R. K., & Otsuki-Clutter, M. (2011). Racial and ethnic differences: Sociocultural and contextual explanations. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21, 47–60. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00714
  • Crocetti, E., Klimstra, T. A., Hale, W. W., Koot, H. M., & Meeus, W. (2013). Impact of early adolescent externalizing problem behaviors on identity development in middle to late adolescence: A prospective 7-year longitudinal study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(11), 1745–1758. doi:10.1007/s10964-013-9924-6
  • Cross, W. E. Jr., & Cross, T. B. (2008). Theory, research, and models. In S. M. Quintana & C. McKown (Eds.), The handbook of race, racism and developing child (pp. 154–181). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
  • Eccles, J. (2009). Who am I and what am I going to do with my life? Personal and collective identities as motivators of action. Educational Psychologist, 44(2), 78–89.
  • Elder, G. H. (1998). The life course as developmental theory. Child Development, 69(1), 1–12.
  • Erikson, E. (1963). Childhood and society (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Norton.
  • Erikson, E. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York, NY: Norton.
  • Eschbach, K., & Gómez, C. (1998). Choosing Hispanic identity: Ethnic identity switching among respondents to high school and beyond. Social Science Quarterly, 79(1), 74–90.
  • Firebaugh, G., & Davis, K. E. (1988). Trends in antiblack prejudice, 1972–1984: Region and cohort effects. American Journal of Sociology, 94(2), 251–272.
  • French, S. E., Seidman, E., Allen, L., & Aber, L. J. (2006). The development of ethnic identity during adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 42, 1–10.
  • Fuligni, A. J., Kiang, L., Witkow, M. R., & Baldelomar, O. (2008). Stability and change in ethnic labeling among adolescents from Asian and Latin American immigrant families. Child Development, 79(4), 944–956.
  • Fuller-Rowell, T. E., Burrow, A. L., & Ong, A. D. (2011). Changes in racial identity among African American college students following the election of Barack Obama. Developmental Psychology, 47(6), 1608–1618. doi:10.1037/a0025284
  • Halpern-Felsher, B. L., Connell, J. P., Spencer, M. B., Aber, J. L., Duncan, G. J., Clifford, E., … Seidman, E. (1997). Neighborhood and family factors predicting educational risk and attainment in African American and White children and adolescents. In J. Brooks-Gunn, G. J. Duncan, & J. L. Aber (Eds.), Neighborhood poverty: vol. I. Context and consequences for children (pp. 146–173). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Harris, D. R., & Sim, J. (2002). Who is multiracial? Assessing the complexity of lived race. American Sociological Review, 67(4), 614–627. doi:10.2307/3088948
  • Herman, M. (2004). Forced to choose: Some determinants of racial identification in multiracial adolescents. Child Development, 75(3), 730–748.
  • Hoyt, C. L. (2012). Inspirational or self-deflating: The role of self-efficacy in elite role model effectiveness. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4(3), 290–298.
  • Hudley, C., & Irving, M. (2011). Ethnic and racial identity in childhood and adolescence. In K. R. Harris, S. Graham, & T. Urdan (Eds.), APA educational psychology handbook, vol. 2: Individual differences and cultural and contextual factors (pp. 267–292). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/13274-011
  • Hughes, D., Rodriguez, J., Smith, E. P., Johnson, D. J., Stevenson, H. C., & Spicer, P. (2006). Parents' ethnic-racial socialization practices: A review of research and direction for future study. Developmental Psychology, 42, 747–770.
  • Inzlicht, M., Tullett, A. M., Legault, L., & Kang, S. K. (2011). Lingering effects: Stereotype threat hurts more than you think. Social Issues and Policy Review, 5(1), 227–256.
  • Jargowski, P. A. (1997). Poverty and place: Ghettos, barrios, and the American city. New York, NY: Russell Sage.
  • Kelch-Oliver, K., & Leslie, L. (2007). Biracial females' reflections on racial identity development in adolescence. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, 18(4), 53–75.
  • Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 551–558.
  • Marx, D. M., Ko, S. J., & Friedman, R. A. (2009). The “Obama effect”: How a salient role model reduces race-based performance differences. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 953–956. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.03.012
  • Marx, D. M., & Roman, J. S. (2002). Female role models: Protecting women's math test performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(9), 1183–1193. doi:10.1177/01461672022812004
  • Meeus, W. (2011). The study of adolescent identity formation 2000–2010: A review of longitudinal research. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(1), 75–94.
  • Meeus, W., van de Schoot, R., Keijsers, L., & Branje, S. (2012). Identity statuses as developmental trajectories: A five-wave longitudinal study in early-to-middle and middle-to-late adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41, 1008–1021.
  • Meyer, I. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36, 38–56.
  • Nauta, M. M., Epperson, D. L., & Kahn, J. H. (1998). A multiple-groups analysis of predictors of higher level career aspirations among women in mathematics, science, and engineering majors. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45(4), 483–496.
  • Neblett, E., Smalls, C., Ford, K., Nguyên, H., & Sellers, R. (2009). Racial socialization and racial identity: African American parents' messages about race as precursors to identity. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 189–203.
  • Nishina, A., Bellmore, A., Witkow, M. R., & Nylund-Gibson, K. (2010). Longitudinal consistency of adolescent ethnic identification across varying school ethnic contexts. Developmental Psychology, 46(6), 1389–1401.
  • Oyserman, D., Gant, L., & Ager, J. (1995). A socially contextualized model of African American identity: Possible selves and school persistence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(6), 1216–1232.
  • Phinney, J. S. (1989). Stages of ethnic identity development in minority group adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence, 9, 34–49. doi:10.1177/0272431689091004
  • Phinney, J. S. (1990). Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: Review of research. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 499–514. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.499
  • Spencer, M. B. (2001). Resiliency and fragility factors associated with the contextual experiences of low resource urban African American male youth and families. In A. Booth & A. Crouter (Eds.), Does it take a village? Community effects on children, adolescents, and families (pp. 51–78). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Quintana, S. (2007). Racial and ethnic identity: Developmental perspectives and research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(3), 259–270.
  • Reid, P. T., & Roberts, S. K. (2006). Gaining options: A mathematics program for potentially talented at-risk adolescent girls. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 52(2), 288–304.
  • Root, M. (1992). Racially mixed people in America. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Sears, D. O., & Levy, S. (2003). Childhood and adult political development. In D. O. Sears, L. Huddy, & R. Jervis (Eds.), Oxford handbook of political psychology (pp. 60–109). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Smetana, J. G., Campione-Barr, N., & Metzger, A. (2006). Adolescent development in interpersonal and societal contexts. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 255–284.
  • Steeh, C., & Schuman, H. (1992). Young white adults: Did racial attitudes change in the 1980s? American Journal of Sociology, 98(2), 340–367.
  • Taylor, C. A., Lord, C. G., McIntyre, R. B., & Paulson, R. M. (2011). The Hillary Clinton effect when the same role model inspires or fails to inspire improved performance under stereotype threat. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 14(4), 447–459.
  • Welch, S., Sigelman, L., Bledsoe, T., & Combs, M. (2001). Race and place; Residence and race relations in an American city. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Williams, J. L., & Smalls-Glover, C. (2014). Content and attributions of caregiver racial socialization as predictors of African American adolescents' private racial regard. Journal of Black Psychology, 40(1), 69–80.
  • Wilson, W. J. (1996). When work disappears: The world of the new urban poor. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.
  • Yip, T., Seaton, E., & Sellers, R. (2006). African American racial identity across the lifespan: Identity status, identity content, and depressive symptoms. Child Development, 77, 1504–1517. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00950.x

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.