A Qualitative Study of Buddhist Altruistic Behavior

REFERENCES

• Bachrach, D. G., Powell, B. C., Collins, B. J., & Richey, R. G. (2006). Effects of task interdependence on the relationship between helping behaviour and group performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(6), 1396–1405. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basham, A. L. (1981). The evolution of the concept of the Bodhisattva. In L. K. E. a. introduced) (Ed.), Bodhisattva doctrine in Buddhism (pp. 19–43). Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: Published for the Canadian Corporation for Studies in Religion/Corporation by Wilfred Laurier University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Baugher, J. E. (2008). Facing death: Buddhist and Western hospice approaches. Symbolic Interaction, 31(3), 259–284. doi:10.1525/si.2008.31.3.259
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boas, H. (2011). Where do human organs come from? Trends of generalized and restricted altruism in organ donations. Social Science & Medicine, 73, 1378–1385. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.07.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce, A., & Davies, B. (2005). Mindfulness in hospice care: Practicing meditation-in-action. Qualitative Health Research, 25, 1329–1344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burr, J. A., Choi, N. G., Mutchler, J. E., & Caro, F. G. (2005). Caregiving and volunteering: Are private and public helping behaviours linked? Journal of Gerontology, 60B(5), S247–256.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, F. K. (2014). The bodhisattva spirit: Practising self-benefiting altruism. Fuyan Buddhist Studies, 9, 93–168.
   Google Scholar
• Chu, K.-M. (2009). A study of members’ helping behaviours in online community. Internet Research, 19(3), 279–292. doi:10.1108/10662240910965351
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chui, W. H., & Cheng, K. K.-y. (2011). Self-perceived role and function of Christian prison chaplains and Buddhist volunteers in Hong Kong prisons. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 20(10), 1–15. doi:10.1177/0306624X11432128
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clerkin, R. M., & Swiss, J. E. (2013). Religious motivations and social service volunteers: The interaction of differing religious motivations, satisfaction, and repeat volunteering. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion, 9(Article 11), 1–19.
   Google Scholar
• Curry, O., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (2011). Altruism in networks: The effect of connections. Biology Letters, 7, 651–653. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.1202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dayal, H. (1932/1999). The bodhisattva doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit literature. Delhi, India: Banarsidass Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• de Jong, S. B., Van der Vegt, G. S., & Molleman, E. (2007). The relationships among asymmetry in task dependence, perceived helping behaviour, and trust. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 1625–1637. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• sde Vos, H., & Zeggelink, E. (1997). Reciprocal altruism in human social evolution: The viability of reciprocal altruism with a preference for “old-helping-partners.” Evolution and Human Behaviour, 18, 261–278.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deckop, J. R., Cirka, C. C., & Andersson, L. M. (2003). Doing unto others: The reciprocity of helping behaviour in organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 47(2), 101–113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellavigna, S., List, J. A., & Malmendier, U. (2012). Testing for altruism and social pressure in charitable giving. Quarterly Journal for Economics, 127(1), 1–57. doi: 0.1093/qje/qjr050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagly, A. H., & Crowley, M. (1986). Gender and helping behaviour: A meta-analytical review of the social psychological literature. Psychology Bulletin, 100(3), 283–308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ecklund, E. H., & Park, J. Z. (2007). Religious diversity and community volunteerism among Asian Americans. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 46(2), 233–244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fine, L. M. (2010). Altruism and hedonism: A review and discussion of recent findings in the marketing and consumer behaviour literature. Business Horizons, 53, 241–246. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2009.12.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaser, A. (2005). A call to compassion: Bringing Buddhist practices of the heart into the soul of psychology. Berwick, ME: Nicolas-Hays.
   Google Scholar
• Greif, M. J., Adamczyk, A., & Felson, J. (2011). Religion and volunteering in four sub-Saharan African countries. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion, 7(Article 11), 1–25.
   Google Scholar
• Greitemeyer, T., Fischer, P., Kastenmuller, A., & Frey, D. (2006). Civil courage and helping behaviour: Differences and similarities. European Psychologist, 11(2), 90–98. doi:10.1027/1016–9040.11.2.90
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gueguen, N., & De Gail, M.-A. (2003). The effect of smiling on helping behaviour: Smiling and good Samaritan behaviour. Communication Reports, 16(2), 133–140.
   Google Scholar
• Gyatso, T. (2011). Illuminating the path to enlightenment. Long Beach, CA: Lama Yeshe Wisdom Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Hikata, R. (1981). The original and development of thought of bodhisattva, Part 1. Bodhedrum Publications 39(6), 16–18.
   Google Scholar
• Hoag, D. J. (2002). An instance of helping behaviour in northern rough-winged swallows. Wilson Bulletin, 112(2), 281–282.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman, M. L. (1981). Is altruism part of human nature? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40(1), 121–137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kornfield, J. (1988). The path of compassion: Spiritual practice and social action. In F. Eppsteiner (Ed.), The path of compassion: Writings on socially engaged Buddhism (pp. 24–30). Berkeley, CA: Buddhist Peace Fellowship.
   Google Scholar
• Kramer, K. L. (2002). Variation in juvenile dependence: Helping behaviour among Maya children. Human Nature, 13(2), 299–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krebs, D. L. (1991). Altruism and egoism: A false dichotomoy? Psychological Inquiry, 2(2), 137–139.
   Google Scholar
• Krieglstein, W. J. (2002). Compassion: A new philosophy of the other. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Rodopi.
   Google Scholar
• Lancaster, L. R. (1981). The bodhisattva concept: A study Chinese Buddhist canon. In L. Kawanura (Ed.), Bodhisattva doctrine in Buddhism (pp. 153–164). Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: Published for the Canadian Corporation for Studies in Religion/Corporation by Wilfred Laurier University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lenart, B. (2010). Enlightened self-interest: In search of the ecological self (A synthesis of Stoicism and ecosophy). Praxis, 2(2), 26–44.
   Google Scholar
• Lin-Healy, F., & Small, D. A. (2012). Cheapened altruism: Discounting personally affected prosocial actors. Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 117, 269–274. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.11.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobchuk, M. M., McClement, S. E., McPherson, C., & Cheang, M. (2008). Does blaming the patient with lung cancer affect the helping behaviour of primary caregivers? Oncology Nursing Forum, 35(4), 681–689. doi:10.1188/08.ONF.681-689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lozada, M., D’Adamo, P., & Fuentes, M. A. (2011). Beneficial effects of human altruism. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 289, 12–16. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.08.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luks, A. (2001). What satisfies us today? Western Journal of Medicine, 174(1), 78.
   Google Scholar
• Manne-Lewis, J. (1986). Buddhist psychology: A paradigm for the psychology of enlightenment. In G. Claxton (Ed.), Beyond therapy: The impact of Eastern religions on psychological theory and practice (pp. 123–138). London, UK: Wisdom Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Mizuno, K. (2003). Basic Buddhist concepts (C. S. Terry & R. L. Gage, Trans.). Tokyo, Japan: Kosei Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Monk-Turner, E., Blake, V., Chniel, F., Forbes, S., Lensey, L., & Madzuma, J. (2002). Helping hands: A study of altruistic behaviour. Gender Issues, Fall, 65–70.
   Google Scholar
• Monsma, S. V. (2007). Religion and philanthropic giving and volunteering: Building blocks for civic responsibility. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion, 3(Article 1), 1–28.
   Google Scholar
• Musick, M. A., Herzog, A. R., & House, J. S. (1993). Volunteering and mortality among older adults: Findings from a national sample. Journal of Gerontology, 54B(3), S173–S180.
   Google Scholar
• Nakamura, H. (1997). Loving kindness and compassion (J.Z.D., Trans.). Hong Kong, China: Hai Xiao Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Nakao, T., Tokunaga, S., Takamura, M., Nashiwa, H., Hayashi, S., & Miyatani, M. (2012). Altruistic people show no self-reference effect in memory. Journal of General Psychology, 139(1), 29–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oswald, P. A. (2002). The interactive effects of affective demeanor, cognitive processes, and perspective-taking focus on helping behaviour. Journal of Social Psychology, 142(1), 120–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otto, P. E., & Bolle, F. (2011). Multiple facets of altruism and their influence on blood donation. Journal of Socio-Economics, 40, 558–563. doi:10.1016/j.socec.2011.04.010
   Google Scholar
• Park, L. E., Troisi, J. D., & Maner, J. K. (2011). Egoistic versus altruistic concerns in communal relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 28(3), 315–335. doi:10.1177/0265407510382178
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinazo, D., Peris, R., & Gamez, M.-J. (2010). Lay beliefs about developing countries in relation to helping behaviours. Journal of Social Psychology, 150(4), 393–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Post, S. G. (2005). Altruism, happiness, and health: It’s good to be good. International Journal of Behavioural Medicine, 12(2), 66–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poulin, M. J., Brown, S. L., Ubel, P. A., Smith, D. M., Jankovic, A., & Langa, K. M. (2010). Does a helping hand mean a heavy heart? Helping behaviour and well-being among spouse caregivers. Psychology and Aging, 25(1), 108–117. doi:10.1037/a0018064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeve, S. A., Reeve, K. F., Townsend, D. B., & Poulson, C. L. (2007). Establishing a generalized repertoire of helping behaviour in children with autism. Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis, 40(1), 123–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhi, J.-H. (1994). From bodhisattva to buddha: The beginning of iconic representation in Buddhist art. Artibus Asiae, 54(3–4), 207–225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen, H. S., & Sims, S. T. (2011). Altruistic behaviour and habit formation. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 21(3), 235–253. doi:10.1002/nml.20023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sealy, P. A. (2013). Integrating job, Jesus’ passion, and Buddhist metta to bring meaning to the suffering and recovery from breast cancer. Journal of Religion and Health, 52, 1162–1167. doi:10.1007/s10943-011-9547-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, B., & Winkel, D. E. (2012). Racial differences in helping behaviours: The role of respect, safety, and identification. Journal of Business Ethics, 106, 467–477. doi:10.1007/s10551-011-1011-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, S. s. o. U. S., Sail, R. M., Samah, B. A., Shah, R. A. T., & Lumayag, L. A. (2005). Making volunteering visible. Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities, 13(2), 117–130.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, J. A., Flowers, P., & Larkin, M. (2009). Interpretative phenomenological analysis: Theory, method and research. London, UK: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Sodargye, K. (2013). Termination: Vájra-cchedikā-prajñā-pāramitā-sūtra makes you strong. Lanzhou, China: Gansu People Art Publisher.
   Google Scholar
• Tang, T. L.-P., Sutarso, T., Wu Davis, G. M.-T., Dolinski, D., Ibrahim, A. H. S., & Wagner, S. L. (2008). To help or not to help? The good Samaritan sffect and the love of money on helping behaviour. Journal of Business Ethics, 82, 865–887. doi:10.1007/s10551-007-9598-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tracey, D. H., & Young, J. W. (2002). Mothers’ helping behaviours during children’s at-home oral-reading practice: Effects of children’s reading ability, children’s gender, and mothers’ educational level. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94(4), 729–737. doi:10.1037//0022-0663.94.4.729
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trombino, C. (2000). Helping behaviour with sapsuckers. Wilson Bulletin, 112(2), 273–275.
   Google Scholar
• van Emmerik, I. J. H., & Jawahar, I. M. (2005). Lending a helping hand: Provision of helping behaviours beyond professional career responsibilities. Career Development International, 10(5), 347–358.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, E., Rummel, N., & Koedinger, K. R. (2011). Designing automated adaptive support to improve student helping behaviours in a peer tutoring activity. Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 6, 279–306. doi:10.1007/s11412-011-9111-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welwood, J. (1983). On psychology and meditation. In J. Welwood (Ed.), Awakening the heart: East/west approaches to psychotherapy and the healing relationship (pp. 43–54). Boston, MA: Shambhala Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Wilhelm, M. O., & Bekkers, R. (2010). Helping behaviour, dispositional empathic concern, and the principle of care. Social Psychology Quarterly, 73(1), 11–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilner, F. N. (2000). Englightened self-interest. Traffic World, 264(5), 15–16.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, J., & Janoski, T. (1995). The contribution of religion to volunteer work. Sociology of Religion, 56, 137–152.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wuthnow, R. (1990). Religion and the voluntary spirit in the United States: Mapping the terrain. In R. Wuthnow & V. A. Hodgkinson (Eds.), Faith and philanthropy in America: Exploring the role of religion in America’s voluntary sector (pp. 3–21). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Wynn, K. (2009). Constraints on natural altruism. British Journal of Psychology, 100, 481–485. doi:10.1348/000712609X441312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin-Shun, M. (1949/2003). An overview of dharma. Xinzhu, Taiwan: Zheng Wen Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Yin-Shun, M. (1979). Origin of Mahāyāna Buddhism. In Z.M.T. (Ed.), Development of Mahāyāna Buddhism, Collection of studies of contemporary Buddhism, no. 98, 8th of 10 (pp. 1–15). Taipei, Taiwan: Mahāyāna Culture Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Yin-Shun, M. (1980/1994). The origin and development of early Mahāyāna Buddhism. Xinzhu, Taiwan: Zheng Wen Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Young, R., & Faux II, W. V. (2011). Descriptions of difficult conversations between native and non-native English speakers: In-group membership and helping behaviours. Qualitative Report, 16(2), 494–508.
   Google Scholar