Gender-based violence: Risk and protective factors for depressive symptoms among couples in the Kavango region, Northern Namibia

References

• Abeya, S. G., Afework, M. F., & Yalew, A. W. (2011). Intimate partner violence against women in western Ethiopia: Prevalence, patterns, and associated factors. BMC Public Health, 11, 913–931. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams, A. E., Sullivan, C. M., Bybee, D., & Greeson, M. R. (2008). Development of the scale economic abuse. Violence against Women, 14(5), 563–588. doi:10.1177/1077801208315529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, N., Cockcroft, A., & Shea, B. (2008). Gender-based violence and HIV: Relevance for HIV prevention in hyperendemic countries of southern Africa. Aids, 22, S73–S86. doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000341778.73038.86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beach, S. R. H., Sandeen, E. E., & O’Leary, K. D. (1990). Depression in marriage: A model for etiology and treatment. New York, USA: Guilford Press London.
   Google Scholar
• Beydoun, H. A., Beydoun, M. A., Kaufman, J. S., Bruce, L., & Zonderman, A. B. (2012). GBV against adult women and its association with major depressive disorder, depressive symptoms and postpartum depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 75, 949–975. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.04.025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blixen, C. E., & Kippes, C. (1999). Depression, social support, and quality of life in older adults with osteoarthritis. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 3(3), 221–226. doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.1999.tb00484.x
   Google Scholar
• Boden, J. M., & Fergusson, D. M. (2011). Alcohol and depression. Addiction., 106, 906–914. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03351.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonomi, A. E., Thompson, R. S., Anderson, M., Reid, R. J., Carrell, D., Dinner, J. A., & Rivara, F. P. (2006). Intimate partner violence and women’s physical, mental, and social functioning. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 30(6), 458–466. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2006.01.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boschloo, L., van Den Brink, W., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Wall, M. M., & Hasin, D. S. (2012). Alcohol-use disorder severity predicts first-incidence of depressive disorders. Psychological Medicine, 42, 695–703. doi:10.1017/S0033291711001681
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brownridge, D. A. (2006). Partner violence against women with disabilities: Prevalence, risk, and explanations. Violence against Women, 12(9), 805–822. doi:10.1177/1077801206292681
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke, J. G., Mahoney, P., Gielen, A. C., McDonnell, K. A., & O’Campo, P. (2009). Defining appropriate stages of change for intimate partner violence survivors. Violence and Victims, 24, 36–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, J. C., Kub, J. E., & Rose, L. (1996). Depression in battered women. Journal of the American Medical Women’s Association, 51(3), 106–110.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Campbell, J. D. (1990). Self-esteem and clarity of self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 538–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capaldi, D. M., Knoble, N. B., Shortt, J. W., & Kim, H. K. (2012). A systematic review of risk factors for intimate partner violence. Partner Abuse, 3(2), 231–280. doi:10.1891/1946-6560.3.2.231
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chronister, K. M., & McWhirter, E. H. (2006). An experimental examination of two career interventions for battered women. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(2), 151–164. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.53.2.151
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunradi, C. B., Caetano, R., & Schafer, J. (2002). Socioeconomic predictors of intimate partner violence among White, Black, and Hispanic couples in the United States. Journal of Family Violence, 17, 377–389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flanagan, J. C., Sullivan, T. P., & Connell, C. M. (2015). Profiles of intimate partner violence victimization, substance misuse, and depression among female caregivers involved with child protective services. Journal of Family Violence, 30(8), 999–1005. doi:10.1007/s10896-015-9690-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Moreno, C., Heise, L., Jansen, H. A. F. M., Ellsberg, M., & Watts, C. (2005). Public health violence against women. Science, 310, 1282–1283. doi:10.1126/science.1121400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, D., & Mallery, P. (2016). IBM SPSS Statistics 23 step by step: A simple guide and reference. New York, USA: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Golding, J. M. (1999). Intimate partner violence as a risk factor for mental disorders: A meta-analysis. Journal of Family Violence, 41, 99–132. doi:10.1023/A:1022079418229
   Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Guarda, R. M., McCabe, B. E., Florom-Smith, A., Cianelli, R., & Peragallo, N. (2011). Substance abuse, violence, HIV, and depression: An underlying syndemic factor among Latinas. Nursing Research, 60(3), 182. doi:10.1097/NNR.0b013e318216d5f4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn, J. A., Woolf-King, S. E., & Muyindike, W. (2011). Adding fuel to the fire: Alcohol’s effect on the HIV epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 8, 172–180. doi:10.1007/s11904-011-0088-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haihambo, C., & Lightfoot, E. (2010). Cultural beliefs about disability in Namibia: Implications for inclusion of people with disabilities. International Journal of Special Education, 25(3), 76–87.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, B. E., & van Baak, C. (2016). Risk factors of physical and sexual abuse for women in Mali: Findings from a nationally representative sample. Violence against Women, 23(11), 1361–1381. doi:10.1177/1077801216658979
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heise, L., Ellsberg, M., & Gottmoeller, M. (2002). A global overview of gender-based violence. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 78(1), S5–S14. doi:10.1016/S0020-7292(02)00038-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Illangasekare, S. L., Burke, J. G., McDonnell, K. A., & Gielen, A. C. (2013). The impact of intimate partner violence, substance use, and HIV on depressive symptoms among abused low-income urban women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28, 2831–2848. doi:10.1177/0886260513488682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jewkes, R. K., Dunkle, K., Nduna, M., & Shai, N. (2010). Intimate partner violence, relationship power inequity, and incidence of HIV infection in young women in South Africa: A cohort study. Lancet, 376, 41–48. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60548-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalomo, E. N. (2017). Associations between HIV-related stigma, self-esteem, social support, and depressive symptoms in Namibia. Journal of Aging & Mental Health. doi:10.1080/13607863.2017.1387763
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kalomo, E. N., Lee, K. H., Lightfoot, E., & Freeman, R. (2018). Resilience among older caregivers in rural Namibia: The role of financial status, social support and health. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 61(6), 605–622. doi:10.1080/01634372.2018.146752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalomo, E. N., & Liao, M. (2018). Burden of care among caregivers of persons living with HIV/AIDS in rural Namibia: Correlates and outcomes. Social Work in Public Health, 33(1), 70–84. doi:10.1080/19371918.2017.1415180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaye, D. K. (2004). Gender inequality and domestic violence: Implications for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention. African Health Studies, 4(1), 67–70.
   Google Scholar
• Kuo, C., Fitzgerald, J., Operario, D., & Casle, M. (2012). Social support disparities for caregivers of AIDS-orphaned children in South Africa. Journal of Community Psychology, 40(6), 631–644. doi:10.1002/jcop.20521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamoureux, B. E., Palmieri, P. A., Jackson, A. P., & Hobfoll, S. E. (2012). Child sexual abuse and adulthood-interpersonal outcomes: Examining pathways for intervention. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 4, 605–613. doi:10.1037/a0026079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanier, C., & Maume, M. O. (2009). Intimate partner violence and social isolation across the rural/urban divide. Violence against Women, 15(11), 1311–1330. doi:10.1177/1077801209346711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin-Roark, I. H., Church, A. T., & McCubbin, L. D. (2015). Battered women’s evaluations of their intimate partners as a possible mediator between abuse and self-esteem. Journal of Family Violence, 30, 201–214. doi:10.1007/s10896-014-9661-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, L., & Kagee, A. (2011). Lifetime and HIV-related PTSD among persons recently diagnosed with HIV. AIDS and Behavior, 15, 125–131. doi:10.1007/s10461-008-9498-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mertler, C. A., & Vannatta, R. A. (2005). Advanced and multivariate statistical methods. Glendale, California: Pyrczak Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Mogotsi, I., Van Rool, G., Haihambo, K. C., Kazapua, Z., Shirungu, M., Indongo, H., … Kakujaha-Matundu, O. (2015). Gender based violence in Namibia: A response driven approach. Social Science: Multidisciplinary Research Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Namibia Demographic & Health Survey. (2013). Retrieved from https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/fr298/fr298.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Namibia Demographics Profile. (2013). Retrieved from https://www.indexmundi.com/namibia/demographics_profile.html
   Google Scholar
• Namibia Statistics Agency [NSA]. (2018). NSA releases annual report 2013/14. Retrieved fromhttps://nsa.org.na/post/nsa-releases-annual-report-2013-14-43-86.
   Google Scholar
• Newsom, J. T., & Schulz, R. (1996). Social support as a mediator in the relation between functional status and quality of life in older adults. Psychology and Aging, 11(1), 34. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.11.1.34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien, K., Wortman, C. B., Kessler, R. C., & Joseph, J. G. (1993). Social relationship of men at risk for AIDS. Social Science & Medicine, 36(9), 1161–1167. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(93)90236-W
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olayanju, L., Naguib, R. N. G., Nguyen, Q. T., Bali, R. K., & Vung, N. D. (2013). Combating intimate partner violence in Africa: Opportunities and challenges in five African countries. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 18, 101–112. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2012.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Outlaw, M. (2009). No one type of intimate partner abuse: Exploring physical and non- physical abuse among intimate partners. Journal of Family Violence, 24, 263–272. doi:10.1007/s10896-009-9228-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postmus, J. L., Plummer, S. B., McMahon, S., Murshid, N., & Kim, M. (2012). Understanding economic abuse in the lives of survivors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27, 411–430. doi:10.1177/0886260511421669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regassa, N. (2012). Intimate partners’ violence in southern Ethiopia: Examining the prevalence and risk factors in the Sidama zone. International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 4(1), 13–22. doi:10.5897/IJSA
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Russell, B. S., Eaton, L. A., & Peterson-Williams, P. (2013). Intersecting epidemics among pregnant women: Alcohol use, interpersonal violence, and HIV infection. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 10(1), 103–110. doi:10.1007/s11904-012-0145-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saltzman, L., Fanslow, J., McMahon, P., & Shelly, G. (1991). Intimate partner violence: Uniform definitions and recommended data elements. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
   Google Scholar
• Sauber, E. W., & O’Brien, K. M. (2017). Multiple losses: The psychological and economic well-being of survivors of intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1–25. doi:10.1177/0886260517706760
   Google Scholar
• Schulz, R., & Martire, L. (2004). Family caregiving of persons with dementia prevalence, health effects, and support strategies. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12(3), 3–10. doi:10.1097/00019442-200405000-00002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheikah, J., & Yesavage, J. (1986). Geriatric depression scale: Recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clinical Gerontologist, 5(1/2), 165–173. doi:10.1300/J018v05n01_09
   Google Scholar
• Sivrioglu, E. Y., Sivrioglu, K., Ertan, T., Ertan, F. S., Cankurtaran, E., Aki, O., … Kirli, S. (2009). Reliability and validity of the geriatric depression scale in detection of poststroke minor depression. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 31(8), 999–1006. doi:10.1080/13803390902776878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tjitemisa, K. (2015). “Men should be vocal on GBV”. New Era Newspaper. Windhoek, Namibia. Retrieved from https://neweralive.na/posts/men-vocal-gbv
   Google Scholar
• Tumwesigye, N. M., Kyomuhendo, G. B., Greenfield, T. K., & Wanenze, R. K. (2012). Problem drinking and physical intimate partner violence against women: Evidence from a national survey in Uganda. BMC Public Health, 12, 399–411. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Wyk, J. A., Benson, M. L., Fox, G. L., & De Maris, A. (2003). Detangling individual-partner, and community-level correlates of partner violence. Crime and Delinquency, 49(3), 412–438. doi:10.1177/0011128703049003004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization [WHO]. (2005). WHO Multi-county study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence against Women: Initial results on prevalence, health outcomes and women’s responses. Geneva: WHO.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization [WHO]. (2014a). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: Prevalence and health effects of GBV and non-partner sexual violence. Department of Reproductive Health and Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, South African Medical Research Council. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/violence/9789241564625/en/
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization [WHO]. (2014b). Global status report on alcohol and health. Geneva, Switzerland: Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse.
   Google Scholar
• Zacarias, A. E., Macassa, G., Svanstrom, L., Soares, J. J. F., & Antai, D. (2012). Intimate partner violence against women in Maputo city, Mozambique. BMC International, Health and Human Rights, 12, 35–43. doi:10.1186/1472-698X-12-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimet, G., Dahlem, N., Zimet, S., & Farley, G. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS). Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30–41. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar