11,209
Views
33
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The theory of empowerment: A critical analysis with the theory evaluation scale

References

  • Adams, R. (2008). Empowerment, participation and social work. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Al Wazni, A. B. (2015). Muslim women in America and hijab: A study of empowerment, feminist identity, and body image. Social Work, 60(4), 325–333.
  • Bent-Goodley, T. B. (2018). Empowerment in action: # SWLeadAdvocateChampion. Social Work, 63(2), 101–103. doi:10.1093/sw/swy013
  • Berger, P. J., & Neuhaus, R. J. (1977). To empower people: The role of mediating structures in public policy. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.
  • Bobo, L., & Gilliam, F. D. (1990). Race, sociopolitical participation, and black empowerment. American Political Science Review, 84(2), 377–393. doi:10.2307/1963525
  • Boehm, A., & Staples, L. H. (2002). The functions of the social worker in empowering: The voices of consumers and professionals. Social Work, 47(4), 449–460.
  • Botchway, K. (2001). Paradox of empowerment: Reflections on a case study from Northern Ghana. World Development, 29(1), 135–153. doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00084-X
  • Bovill, C., Bulley, C. J., & Morss, K. (2011). Engaging and empowering first-year students through curriculum design: Perspectives from the literature. Teaching in Higher Education, 16(2), 197–209. doi:10.1080/13562517.2010.515024
  • Braithwaite, J. (1994). A sociology of modelling and the politics of empowerment. British Journal of Sociology, 45(3), 445–479. doi:10.2307/591658
  • Breault, R. A., & Lack, B. (2009). Equity and empowerment in PDS work: A review of literature (1999 to 2006). Equity & Excellence in Education, 42(2), 152–168. doi:10.1080/10665680902758303
  • Brody, C., Hoop, T. D., Vojtkova, M., Warnock, R., Dunbar, M., Murthy, P., & Dworkin, S. L. (2017). Can self-help group programs improve women’s empowerment? A systematic review. Journal of Development Effectiveness, 9(1), 15–40. doi:10.1080/19439342.2016.1206607
  • Calvès, A. E. (2009). Empowerment: The history of a key concept in contemporary development discourse. Revue Tiers Monde, 200(4), 735–749. doi:10.3917/rtm.200.0735
  • Carr, E. S. (2003). Rethinking empowerment theory using a feminist lens: the importance of process. Affilia, 18(1), 8–20. doi:10.1177/0886109902239092
  • Carrasco, R. D. F., Monferrer, M. C., & Tarditi, A. D. M. (2016). Exploring links between empowerment and community-based arts and cultural practices: Perspectives from Barcelona practitioners. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 20(3), 229–245. doi:10.1080/13603116.2015.1047659
  • Cattaneo, L. B., & Chapman, A. R. (2010). The process of empowerment: A model for use in research and practice. American Psychologist, 65(7), 646. doi:10.1037/a0018854
  • Cattaneo, L. B., & Goodman, L. A. (2010). Through the lens of therapeutic jurisprudence: The relationship between empowerment in the court system and well-being for intimate partner violence victims. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25, 481–502. doi:10.1177/0886260509334282
  • Cattaneo, L. B., & Goodman, L. A. (2015). What is empowerment anyway? A model for domestic violence practice, research, and evaluation. Psychology of Violence, 5(1), 84. doi:10.1037/a0035137
  • Chen, L., Chen, Y., Chen, X., Shen, X., Wang, Q., & Sun, C. (2018). Longitudinal study of effectiveness of a patient‐centered self‐management empowerment intervention during predischarge planning on stroke survivors. Worldviews on Evidence‐Based Nursing, 15(3), 197–205. doi:10.1111/wvn.12295
  • Christens, B. D. (2012). Targeting empowerment in community development: A community psychology approach to enhancing local power and well-being. Community Development Journal, 47(4), 538–554. doi:10.1093/cdj/bss031
  • Christens, B. D., Collura, J. J., & Tahir, F. (2013). Critical hopefulness: A person-centered analysis of the intersection of cognitive and emotional empowerment. American Journal of Community Psychology, 52(1–2), 170–184. doi:10.1007/s10464-013-9586-2
  • Cicolini, G., Comparcini, D., & Simonetti, V. (2014). Workplace empowerment and nurses’ job satisfaction: A systematic literature review. Journal of Nursing Management, 22(7), 855–871. doi:10.1111/jonm.12028
  • Coleman, H. J. (1996). Why employee empowerment is not just a fad. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 17(4), 29–36. doi:10.1108/01437739610120574
  • Conyers Jr., J. (1975). Toward Black political empowerment: Can the system be transformed? The Black Scholar, 7(2), 2–7. doi:10.1080/00064246.1975.11413773
  • Cousins, J. B. (2005). Will the real empowerment evaluation please stand up? A critical friend perspective. In D. Fetterman & A. Wandersman (Eds.), Empowerment evaluation principles in practice (pp. 183–208). New York, NY: Guilford.
  • Cowger, C. D. (1994). Assessing client strengths: Clinical assessment for client empowerment. Social Work, 39(3), 262–268. doi:10.1093/sw/39.3.262
  • Crawford, A., & Gates, B. (2003). A literature review of empowerment with a suggested model for Bahrain Defense Force. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10945/9812
  • Cyril, S., Smith, B. J., & Renzaho, A. M. (2015). Systematic review of empowerment measures in health promotion. Health Promotion International, 31(4), 809–826. doi:10.1093/heapro/dav059
  • Dembo, R., Shemwell, M., Guida, J., Schmeidler, J., Pacheco, K., & Seeberger, W. (1999). A longitudinal study of the impact of a family empowerment intervention on juvenile offender psychosocial functioning: A first assessment. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 8(1), 15–54. doi:10.1300/J029v08n01_02
  • Denney, M. (1979). Participant citizenship in a marginal group: Union mobilization of California farm workers. American Journal of Political Science, 23, 330–337. doi:10.2307/2111005
  • Ellsworth, E. (1989). Why doesn’t this feel empowering? Working through the repressive myths of critical pedagogy. Harvard Educational Review, 59(3), 297–325. doi:10.17763/haer.59.3.058342114k266250
  • Eylon, D. (1998). Understanding empowerment and resolving its paradox: Lessons from Mary Parker Follett. Journal of Management History, 4(1), 16–28. doi:10.1108/13552529810203905
  • Fish, J. (1973). Black power/white control: The struggle of the Woodlawn Organization in Chicago. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Foster-Fishman, P. G., Salem, D. A., Chibnall, S., Legler, R., & Yapchai, C. (1998). Empirical support for the critical assumptions of empowerment theory. American Journal of Community Psychology, 26(4), 507–536. doi:10.1023/A:1022188805083
  • Francis East, J., & Roll, S. J. (2015). Women, poverty, and trauma: An empowerment practice approach. Social Work, 60(4), 279–286. doi:10.1093/sw/swv030
  • Galaskiewicz, J. (1979). Exchange networks and community politics. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Gentle-Genitty, C. S., Gregory, V., Pfahler, C., Thomas, M., Lewis, L., Campbell, K., … Daley, J. G. (2008). A critical review of theory in social work journals: A replication study. Advances in Social Work, 8(1), 62–80. doi:10.18060/132
  • Gergen, K. J. (1978). Toward generative theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(11), 1344–1360. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.36.11.1344
  • Gibbs, A., Jewkes, R., Karim, F., Marofi, F., & Corboz, J. (2018). Understanding how Afghan women utilise a gender transformative and economic empowerment intervention: A qualitative study. Global Public Health, 13(11), 1702–1712. doi:10.1080/17441692.2018.1427276
  • Glass, D. C., & Singer, J. E. (1972). Urban stress: Experiments on noise and social stressors. New York, NY: Academic.
  • Gorter, J. W., Stewart, D., Cohen, E., Hlyva, O., Morrison, A., & Galuppi, B., ... Punthakee, Z. (2015). Are two youth-focused interventions sufficient to empower youth with chronic health conditions in their transition to adult healthcare: A mixed-methods longitudinal prospective cohort study. BMJ Open, 5(5), e007553.
  • Grosz, E. (2010). The practice of feminist theory. Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies, 21(1), 95–107. doi:10.1215/10407391-2009-019
  • Gruber, J., & Trickett, E. J. (1987). Can we empower others? The paradox of empowerment in the governing of an alternative public school. American Journal of Community Psychology, 15(3), 353–371. doi:10.1007/BF00922703
  • Guba, E. G. (1990). The paradigm dialog. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Gutierrez, L. (1992). Empowering clients in the twenty first century: the role of human service organizations. In Y. Hasenfeld (Ed.), Human service organizations as complex organizations (pp. 320–338). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Gutierrez, L. (1995). Understanding the empowerment process: Does consciousness make a difference? Social Work Research, 19 (4), 229–237.
  • Gutierrez, L. M. (1990). Working with women of color: An empowerment perspective. Social Work, 35(2), 149–153.
  • Gutierrez, L. M., Parsons, R. J., & Cox, E. O. (Eds) (1998). Empowerment in social work practice. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Co.
  • Hagerman, H., Högberg, H., Skytt, B., Wadensten, B., & Engström, M. (2017). Empowerment and performance of managers and subordinates in elderly care: A longitudinal and multilevel study. Journal of Nursing Management, 25(8), 647–656. doi:10.1111/jonm.12504
  • Hardy, C., & Leiba-O’Sullivan, S. (1998). The power behind empowerment: Implications for research and practice. Human Relations, 51(4), 451–483. doi:10.1177/001872679805100402
  • Hess, R. (1984). Thoughts on empowerment. Prevention in Human Services, 3(2–3), 227–230. doi:10.1300/J293v03n02_11
  • Hick, S. (2006). Social work in canada (2nd ed). Toronto, Canada: Thompson Educational Publishing.
  • Hochwälder, J. (2008). A longitudinal study of the relationship between empowerment and burnout among registered and assistant nurses. Work, 30(4), 343–352.
  • Holden, D. J., Evans, W. D., Hinnant, L. W., & Messeri, P. (2005). Modeling psychological empowerment among youth involved in local tobacco control efforts. Health Education & Behavior, 32(2), 264–278. doi:10.1177/1090198104272336
  • Hope, E. C., & Jagers, R. J. (2014). The role of sociopolitical attitudes and civic education in the civic engagement of black youth. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 24(3), 460–470. doi:10.1111/jora.2014.24.issue-3
  • Huff, M. T., & McNown Johnson, M. (1998). Empowering students in a graduate-level social work course. Journal of Social Work Education, 34(3), 375–385. doi:10.1080/10437797.1998.10778933
  • Hutchison, E. D., & Charlesworth, L. W. (2003). Theoretical perspectives on human behavior. In E. D. Hutchison (Ed.), Dimensions of human behavior: Person and environment (Vol. 2, pp. 46–88). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Israel, B. A., Checkoway, B., Schulz, A., & Zimmerman, M. (1994). Health education and community empowerment: conceptualizing and measuring perceptions of individual, organizational, and community control. Health Education Quarterly, 21(2), 149–170. doi:10.1177/109019819402100203
  • Jenne, E. K. (2014). Ethnic bargaining: The paradox of minority empowerment. New York, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Jennings, L. E., & Graham, A. P. (1996). Postmodern perspectives and action research: Reflecting on the possibilities. Educational Action Research, 4(2), 267–278. doi:10.1080/0965079960040208
  • Johnson, D. M., Worell, J., & Chandler, R. K. (2005). Assessing psychological health and empowerment in women: The personal progress scale revised. Women & Health, 41, 109–129. doi:10.1300/J013v41n01_07
  • Joseph, R. (2019). Poverty, welfare, and self-sufficiency: Implications for the social work profession. Journal of Poverty, 23(6), 505–520. doi:10.1080/10875549.2019.1616037
  • Joseph, R., & Macgowan, M. J. (2018). The theory evaluation scale: An epistemological tool for analyzing social work theories. Social Work Education, 38(2), 269–281.
  • Kondrat, M. E. (1995). Concept, act, and interest in professional practice: Implications of an empowerment perspective. Social Service Review, 69(3), 405–428. doi:10.1086/604133
  • Lam, C. M., & Kwong, W. M. (2014). Powerful parent educators and powerless parents: The ‘empowerment paradox’ in parent education. Journal of Social Work, 14(2), 183–195. doi:10.1177/1468017313477779
  • Langer, E. J., & Rodin, J. (1976). The effects of choice and enhanced personal responsibility for the aged: A field experiment in an institutional setting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34(2), 191–198. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.34.2.191
  • Laverack, G. (2006). Improving health outcomes through community empowerment: A review of the literature. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 24(1), 113–120.
  • Lee, J. (1994). The empowerment approach to social work practice. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
  • Levens, H. (1968). Organizational affiliation and powerlessness: A case study of the welfare poor. Social Problems, 16(1), 18–32. doi:10.2307/799521
  • Lewin, K. (1947). Group decision and social change. In T. M. Newcomb & E. L. Hartley (Eds.), Readings in social psychology (pp. 330–344). New York, NY: Holt.
  • Lincoln, N. D., Travers, C., Ackers, P., & Wilkinson, A. (2002). The meaning of empowerment: The interdisciplinary etymology of a new management concept. International Journal of Management Reviews, 4(3), 271–290. doi:10.1111/ijmr.2002.4.issue-3
  • Linhorst, D. M. (2006). Empowering people with severe mental illness: A practical guide. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Lord, J., & Hutchison, P. (1993). The process of empowerment: Implications for theory and practice. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 12(1), 5–22. doi:10.7870/cjcmh-1993-0001
  • Malone, T. W. (1997). Is “empowerment” just a fad? Control, decision-making, and information technology. Sloan Management Review, 38, 23–35.
  • Martin-Crawford, L. (1999). Empowerment in healthcare. Participation and Empowerment: an International Journal, 7(1), 15–24. doi:10.1108/14634449910262492
  • Maynard, M. T., Gilson, L. L., & Mathieu, J. E. (2012). Empowerment—Fad or fab? A multilevel review of the past two decades of research. Journal of Management, 38(4), 1231–1281. doi:10.1177/0149206312438773
  • McCarthy, J. D., & Zald, M. N. (1977). Resource mobilization and social movements: A partial theory. American Journal of Sociology, 82(6), 1212–1241. doi:10.1086/226464
  • McKee, K., & Cooper, V. (2008). The paradox of tenant empowerment: Regulatory and liberatory possibilities. Housing, Theory and Society, 25(2), 132–146. doi:10.1080/14036090701657363
  • Meyer, J. H., & Land, R. (2005). Threshold concepts and troublesome knowledge: Epistemological considerations and a conceptual framework for teaching and learning. Higher Education, 49(3), 373–388. doi:10.1007/s10734-004-6779-5
  • Miller, R. L., & Campbell, R. (2006). Taking stock of empowerment evaluation: An empirical review. American Journal of Evaluation, 27(3), 296–319. doi:10.1177/109821400602700303
  • Moreno, J., & Shaw, D. (2018). Women’s empowerment following disaster: A longitudinal study of social change. Natural Hazards, 92(1), 205–224. doi:10.1007/s11069-018-3204-4
  • Morin, A. J., Meyer, J. P., Bélanger, É., Boudrias, J. S., Gagné, M., & Parker, P. D. (2016). Longitudinal associations between employees’ beliefs about the quality of the change management process, affective commitment to change and psychological empowerment. Human Relations, 69(3), 839–867. doi:10.1177/0018726715602046
  • Morris, S. B., Huang, J., Zhao, L., Sergent, J. D., & Neuhengen, J. (2014). Measurement equivalence of the empowerment scale for White and Black persons with severe mental illness. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 37(4), 277. doi:10.1037/prj0000069
  • National Association of Social Workers. (2018). Code of ethics of the national association of social workers. Washington, DC: NASW.
  • Noureen, G. (2015). Education as a prerequisite to women’s empowerment in Pakistan. Women’s Studies, 44(1), 1–22. doi:10.1080/00497878.2014.971215
  • Nugent, W. R. (1987). Use and evaluation of theories. Social Work Research and Abstracts, 23(1), 14–19. doi:10.1093/swra/23.1.14
  • O’Brien, D., & Pace, J. (1990). The role of empowerment in social work degree programs for Indigenous Native people: A critique of one school’s experience. Canadian Journal of Native Studies, 10(1), 1–13.
  • O’Connell, B. (1978). From service to advocacy to empowerment. Social Casework, 59(4), 195–202. doi:10.1177/104438947805900401
  • Page, N., & Czuba, C. E. (1999). Empowerment: What is it? Journal of Extension, 37(5), 1–5.
  • Patton, M. Q. (1997). Toward distinguishing empowerment evaluation and placing it in a larger context. Evaluation Practice, 18(2), 147–167. doi:10.1016/S0886-1633(97)90019-2
  • Payne, M. (2005). Modern social work theory (3rd ed). Chicago, IL: Lyceum Books, Inc.
  • Pease, B. (2002). Rethinking empowerment: A postmodern reappraisal for emancipatory practice. The British Journal of Social Work, 32(2), 135–147. doi:10.1093/bjsw/32.2.135
  • Perkins, D. D., & Zimmerman, M. A. (1995). Empowerment theory, research, and application. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), 569–579.
  • Perlman, J. (1979). Grassroots empowerment and government response. Social Policy, 10(2), 16–21.
  • Pigg, K. E. (2002). Three faces of empowerment: Expanding the theory of empowerment in community development. Community Development, 33(1), 107–123. doi:10.1080/15575330209490145
  • Pinderhughes, E. B. (1983). Empowerment for our clients and for ourselves. Social Casework, 64(6), 331–338. doi:10.1177/104438948306400602
  • Piven, F. F., & Cloward, R. A. (1977). Poor people’s movements: Why they succeed, how they fail. New York, NY: Vintage Books.
  • Raj, A., Silverman, J. G., Klugman, J., Saggurti, N., Donta, B., & Shakya, H. B. (2018). Longitudinal analysis of the impact of economic empowerment on risk for intimate partner violence among married women in rural Maharashtra, India. Social Science & Medicine, 196, 197–203. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.11.042
  • Rapp, C. A., Shera, W., & Kisthardt, W. (1993). Research strategies for consumer empowerment of people with severe mental illness. Social Work, 38(6), 727–735.
  • Rappaport, J. (1981). In praise of paradox: A social policy of empowerment over prevention. American Journal of Community Psychology, 9(1), 1–25. doi:10.1007/BF00896357
  • Rappaport, J. (1984). Studies in empowerment: Introduction to the issue. Prevention in Human Services, 3(2–3), 1–7. doi:10.1300/J293v03n02_02
  • Rappaport, J. (1987). Terms of empowerment/exemplars of prevention: Toward a theory for community psychology. American Journal of Community Psychology, 15(2), 121–148.
  • Rappaport, J. (2002). In praise of paradox: A social policy of empowerment over prevention. In T. A. Revenson et al. (Eds.), A quarter century of community psychology (pp. 121–145). Boston, MA: Springer.
  • Richan, W. C. (1989). Empowering students to empower others: A community-based field practicum. Journal of Social Work Education, 25(3), 276–283. doi:10.1080/10437797.1989.10671284
  • Riger, S. (1993). What’s wrong with empowerment. American Journal of Community Psychology, 21(3), 279–292. doi:10.1007/BF00941504
  • Rivest, M. P., & Moreau, N. (2014). Between emancipatory practice and disciplinary interventions: Empowerment and contemporary social normativity. The British Journal of Social Work, 45(6), 1855–1870. doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcu017
  • Robbins, S. P., Chatterjee, P., & Canda, E. R. (2006). Contemporary human behavior theory: A critical perspective for social work (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
  • Robbins, S. P., Chatterjee, P., & Canda, E. R. (2011). Contemporary human behavior theory: A critical perspective for social work. Boston, MA: Pearson.
  • Rogers, E. S., Chamberlin, J., Ellison, M. L., & Crean, T. (1997). A consumer-constructed scale to measure empowerment among users of mental health services. Psychiatric Services, 48(8), 1042–1047. doi:10.1176/ps.48.8.1042
  • Sands, R. G., & Nuccio, K. (1992). Postmodern feminist theory and social work. Social Work, 37(6), 489–494.
  • Scriven, M. (1997). Empowerment evaluation examined. Evaluation Practice, 18(2), 165–175. doi:10.1016/S0886-1633(97)90020-9
  • Segal, S. P., Silverman, C., & Temkin, T. (1995). Measuring empowerment in client-run self-help agencies. Community Mental Health Journal, 31, 215–227. doi:10.1007/BF02188748
  • Shera, W., 8c Page, J. (1995). Creating more effective human service organizations through strategies of empowerment. Administration in Social Work, 19(4), 1–15
  • Shor, I. (2012). Empowering education: Critical teaching for social change. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Shrewsbury, C. M. (1987). What is feminist pedagogy? Women’s Studies Quarterly, 15(3/4), 6–14.
  • Sibthorp, J., & Arthur-Banning, S. (2004). Developing life effectiveness through adventure education: The roles of participant expectations, perceptions of empowerment, and learning relevance. Journal of Experiential Education, 27(1), 32–50. doi:10.1177/105382590402700104
  • Simon, B. L. (1994). The empowerment tradition in American social work. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
  • Smith, N. L. (1999). A framework for characterizing the practice of evaluation, with application to empowerment evaluation. Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation, 14(1), 39–68.
  • Solomon, B. B. (1976). Black empowerment: Social work in oppressed communities. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
  • Speer, P. W. (2000). Intrapersonal and interactional empowerment: Implications for theory. Journal of Community Psychology, 28(1), 51–61. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1520-6629
  • Spreitzer, G. M. (1995). Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1442–1465.
  • Stacki, S. L., & Monkman, K. (2003). Change through empowerment processes: Women’s stories from South Asia and Latin America. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 33(2), 173–189. doi:10.1080/0305792032000070057
  • Sutton, D., Bejerholm, U., & Eklund, M. (2019). Empowerment, self and engagement in day center occupations: A longitudinal study among people with long-term mental illness. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 26(1), 69–78.
  • Thomas, K. W., & Velthouse, B. A. (1990). Cognitive elements of empowerment: An “interpretive” model of intrinsic task motivation. Academy of Management Review, 15(4), 666–681.
  • Turner, S. G., & Maschi, T. M. (2015). Feminist and empowerment theory and social work practice. Journal of Social Work Practice, 29(2), 151–162. doi:10.1080/02650533.2014.941282
  • Ubbink, M. J., Roux, A. A., & Strydom, H. (2013). A postmodern empowerment approach in social group work with previously disadvantaged individuals from disadvantaged communities. Journal of Humanities, 53(4), 618–634.
  • Upadhyay, U. D., Gipson, J. D., Withers, M., Lewis, S., Ciaraldi, E. J., Fraser, A., … Prata, N. (2014). Women’s empowerment and fertility: A review of the literature. Social Science & Medicine, 115, 111–120. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.06.014
  • Van Dierendonck, D., & Dijkstra, M. (2012). The role of the follower in the relationship between empowering leadership and empowerment: A longitudinal investigation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42, E1–E20. doi:10.1111/jasp.2012.42.issue-s1
  • Van Voorhis, R. M., & Hostetter, C. (2006). The impact of MSW education on social worker empowerment and commitment to client empowerment through social justice advocacy. Journal of Social Work Education, 42(1), 105–121.
  • Vandsburger, E. (2004). A critical thinking model for teaching human behavior and the social environment. The Journal of Baccalaureate Social Work, 10(1), 1–11. doi:10.18084/1084-7219.10.1.1
  • Wandersman, A., Snell-Johns, J., Lentz, B. E., Fetterman, D. M., Keener, D. C., & Livet, M. (2005). The principles of empowerment evaluation. In D. Fetterman & A. Wandersman (Eds.), Empowerment evaluation principles in practice (pp. 27–41). New York, NY: Guilford.
  • Weidenstedt, L. (2016). Empowerment gone bad: Communicative consequences of power transfers. Socius: Sociology Research for a Dynamic World, 2, 1–11.
  • Whitmore, E. (1988). Empowerment and the process of inquiry. A paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Association of Schools of Social Work, Windsor, Ontario.
  • Wilkinson, A. (1998). Empowerment: Theory and practice. Personnel Review, 27(1), 40–56. doi:10.1108/00483489810368549
  • Wilson, P. M., Kendall, S., & Brooks, F. (2007). The expert patients programme: A paradox of patient empowerment and medical dominance. Health & Social Care in the Community, 15(5), 426–438. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2524.2007.00701.x
  • Witkin, S. L., & Gottschalk, S. (1988). Alternative criteria for theory evaluation. Social Service Review, 62(2), 211–224. doi:10.1086/644543
  • Wong, C. A., & Laschinger, H. K. (2013). Authentic leadership, performance, and job satisfaction: The mediating role of empowerment. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 69(4), 947–959. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2012.06089.x
  • Worren, N., Moore, K., & Elliott, R. (2002). When theories become tools: Toward a framework for pragmatic validity. Human Relations, 55(10), 1227–1250. doi:10.1177/a028082
  • Worthington, C. (1999). Empowerment evaluation: Understanding the theory behind the framework. Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation, 14(1), 1–28.
  • Zimmerman, M. A. (1995). Psychological empowerment: Issues and illustrations. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), 581–599.
  • Zimmerman, M. A. (2000). Empowerment theory: Psychological, organizational, and community levels of analysis. In J. Rappaport & E. Seidman (Eds.), Handbook of community psychology (pp. 43–63). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Zimmerman, M. A., Israel, B. A., Schulz, A., & Checkoway, B. (1992). Further explorations in empowerment theory: An empirical analysis of psychological empowerment. American Journal of Community Psychology, 20(6), 707–727. doi:10.1007/BF01312604
  • Zurcher, L. A. (1970). The poverty board: Some consequences of “maximum feasible participation”. Journal of Social Issues, 26(3), 85–107. doi:10.1111/josi.1970.26.issue-3

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.