A gender-specific model of trauma and victimization in incarcerated women

References

• American Psychiatric Association [APA]. (2013). Diagnostic statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
•  Anderson, J. D. (2015). Vocational readiness: The effect of pre-prison and incarceration-based trauma on cognitive appraisals and self-perceptions of incarcerated women. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/3599
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. D., & Pitner, R. O. (2018). They are coming home: The effect of trauma-related cognitions on vocational readiness of incarcerated women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1–20. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518817776.
   Google Scholar
• Bahr, S. J., Armstrong, A. H., Gibbs, B. G., Harris, P. E., & Fisher, J. K. (2005). The reentry process: How parolees adjust to release from prison. Fathering, 3, 243. doi:10.3149/fth.0303.243
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1989). Human agency in social cognitive theory. American Psychologist, 449, 1175–1184. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.44.9.1175
   Google Scholar
• Beck, A. J., Rantala, R. R., & Rexroat, J. (2014). Sexual victimization reported by adult correctional authorities, 2009-11.  Washington DC, USA: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, K. D., Stuewig, J., & McCloskey, L. A. (2010). Traumatic stress symptoms of women exposed to forms of childhood victimization and intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25, 1699–1715. doi:10.1177/0886260509354578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belknap, J. (2014). The invisible woman: Gender, crime, and justice. Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Belknap, J., Lynch, S., & DeHart, D. (2015). Jail staff members’ views on jailed women’s mental health, trauma, offending, rehabilitation, and reentry. The Prison Journal, 96, 79–101.
   Google Scholar
• Benight, C. C., & Bandura, A. (2004). Social cognitive theory of posttraumatic recovery: The role of perceived self-efficacy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 1129–1148. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2003.08.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bill, L. (1998). The victimization … and … revictimization of women prisoners. Corrections Today, 60, 106–111.
   Google Scholar
• Bloom, B., Owen, B., & Covington, S. (2002, November). A theoretical basis for gender responsive strategies in criminal justice. American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL
   Google Scholar
• Bloom, B., Owen, B., & Covington, S. (2003). Gender responsive strategies: Research, practice and guiding principles for women offenders. U. S. Department of Justice: Available from the National Institute of Corrections Information Center. Retrieved from http://www.NICIC.org
   Google Scholar
• Bloom, B., Owen, B., & Covington, S. (2004). Women offenders and the gendered effects of public policy. Review of Policy Research, 21, 31–48. doi:10.1111/ropr.2004.21.issue-1
   Google Scholar
• Bloom, E. B., & Covington, S. S. (1998). Gender-specific programming for female offenders: What is it and why is it important? American society of criminology, Washington DC: The center for gender and justice. La Jolla, CA. Retrieved from http://www.stephaniecovington.com/pdfs/13.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Boudin, K. (1998). Lessons from a mother’s program in prison: A psychosocial approach supports women and their children. Women & Therapy, 21, 103–125. doi:10.1300/J015v21n01_01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boxer, P., Middlemass, K., & Delorenzo, T. (2009). Exposure to violent crime during incarceration: Effects on psychological adjustment following release. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36, 793–807. doi:10.1177/0093854809336453
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, R.G., & Davino, K.M. (2002). Women’s perceptions of the prison environment: When prison is “the safest place I’ve ever been.” Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26, 351–359.
   Google Scholar
• Brennan, T., Breitenbach, M., Dieterich, W., Salisbury, E., & VanVoorhis, P. (2012). Women’s pathways to serious and habitual crime: a person-centered analysis incorporating gender responsive factors. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39, 1481–1508.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briere, J., Agee, E., & Dietrich, A. (2016). Cumulative trauma and current posttraumatic stress disorder status in general population and inmate samples. Psychological Trauma, Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 8, 439–446. doi:10.1037/tra0000107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne, A., Miller, B., & Maguin, E. (1999). Prevalence and severity of lifetime physical and sexual victimization among incarcerated women. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 22, 301–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, C. F., & Trew, K. J. (2008). Pathways through crime: The development of crime and desistance in the accounts of men and women offenders. The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice, 47, 238–258. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2311.2008.00520.x
   Google Scholar
• Carson, E. A., &  Golinelli, D. (2012). Prisoners in 2012: Trends in admissions and releases. Retrieved from https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/p12tar9112.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Celinska, K., & Siegel, J. A. (2010). Mothers in trouble: Coping with actual or pending separation from children due to incarceration. The Prison Journal, 90, 447–474. doi:10.1177/0032885510382218.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse. (2010). Behind bars II: Substance abuse and America’s prison population (Source: CASA analysis of the Survey of Inmates in Federal Correctional Facilities [2004], Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities [2004], Survey of Inmates in Local Jails [2002] [Data files, and U.S. Bureau of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Chesney-Lind, M. (1997). The female offender: Girls, women, and crime. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, C. M. (2001). Incarcerated women and the construction of the self. Retrieved from http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED468445.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cloitre, M., Stolbach, B. C., Herman, J. L., van der Kolk, B., Pynoos, R., Wang, J., & Petkova, E. (2009). A developmental approach to complex PTSD: Childhood and adult cumulative trauma as predictors of symptom complexity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, 399–408. doi:10.1002/jts.20444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook, S. L., Smith, S. G., Tusher, C. P., & Raiford, J. (2005). Self-reports of traumatic events in a random sample of incarcerated women. Women & Criminal Justice, 16, 107–125. doi:10.1300/J012v16n01_05
   Google Scholar
• Covington, S. (1998). The relational theory of women’s psychological development: Implications for the criminal justice system. Female Offenders: Critical Perspectives and Effective Interventions, 2, 113–131.
   Google Scholar
• Covington, S. (2007). The relational theory of women’s psychological development. In R. Zaplin (Ed.), Female offenders: Clinical perspectives and effective interventions (2nd ed., pp. 135–164). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett.
   Google Scholar
• Covington, S. (2013). Beyond violence: A prevention program for criminal justice involved women. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Cowan, D. S., & Fionda, J. (1994). Meeting the need: The response of local authorities’ housing departments to the housing of ex-offenders. British Journal of Criminology, 34, 444–458. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a048446
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeHart, D. (2008). Pathways to prison: Impact of victimization in the lives of incarcerated women. Violence against Women, 14, 1362–1381. doi:10.1177/1077801208327018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeHart, D., Lynch, S., Belknap, J., Dass-Brailsford, P., & Green, B. (2014). Life history models of female offending the roles of serious mental illness and trauma in women’s pathways to jail. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 38, 138–151. doi:10.1177/0361684313494357
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeVeaux, M. (2013). The trauma of the incarceration experience. Harv. CR-CLL Rev., 48, 257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dirks, D. (2004). Sexual revictimization and retraumatization of women in prison. Women’s Studies Quarterly, 32, 102–115.
   Google Scholar
• Dodge, M., & Progrebin, M. R. (2001). Collateral costs of imprisonment for women: Complications of reintegration. The Prison Journal, 81, 41–54. doi:10.1177/0032885501081001004
   Google Scholar
• Draine, J., Salzer, M. S., Culhane, D. P., & Hadley, T. R. (2002). Role of social disadvantage in crime, joblessness, and homelessness among persons with serious mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 53, 565–573. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.53.5.565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duwe, G. (2017). The use and impact of correctional programming for inmates on pre-and post-release outcomes.
   Google Scholar
• Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of persistent posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 319–345. doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00123-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazel, S., Bains, P., & Doll, H. (2006). Substance abuse and dependence in prisoners: A systematic review. Addiction, 101, 181–191. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01316.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa, E. B., & Cahill, S. P. (2001). Psychological therapies: Emotional processing. In N. J. Smelser & P. B. Bates (Eds.), International encyclopedia of social and behavioral sciences (pp. 12963–12969). Oxford, UK: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective Information. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 20–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, L. H. (1995). Providing employment support for people with long-term mental illness: Choices, resources, and practical strategies. Baltimore, MD: Paul Brookes.
   Google Scholar
• Funk, P. (2004). On the effective use of stigma as a crime-deterrent. European Economic Review, 48, 715–728. doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2003.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garland, E. L., Roberts-Lewis, A., Tronnier, C. D., Graves, R., & Kelley, K. (2016). Mindfulness-oriented recovery enhancement versus CBT for co-occurring substance dependence, traumatic stress, and psychiatric disorders: Proximal outcomes from a pragmatic randomized trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 77, 7–16. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.11.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaze, L. E., & Kaeble, D. (2013). BJS statisticians. Correctional Populations in the United States.
   Google Scholar
• Green, B. L., Miranda, J., Daroowalla, A., & Siddique, J. (2005). Trauma exposure, mental health functioning and program needs of women in jail. Crime and Delinquency, 51, 133–151. doi:10.1177/0011128704267477
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenfeld, L. A., & Snell, T. L. (1999). Special report: Women offenders. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Grella, C. E., Lovinger, K., & Warda, U. (2013). Relationships among trauma exposure, familial characteristics, and PTSD: A case control study of women in prison and in the general population. Women & Criminal Justice, 23, 63–79. doi:10.1080/08974454.2013.743376
   Google Scholar
• Gunnison, E., & Helfgott, J. B. (2011). Factors that hinder offender reentry success: A view from community corrections officers. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 55, 287–304. doi:10.1177/0306624X09360661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackett, M. (2009). Commentary: Trauma and female inmates: Why is witnessing more traumatic? Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry Law, 37, 310–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, T. L., Wooten, N. R., & Lundgren, L. M. (2016). Post incarceration policies and prisoner reentry: Implications for policies and programs aimed at reducing recidivism and poverty. Journal of Poverty, 20, 56–72. doi:10.1080/10875549.2015.1094761
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haney, C. (2001). The psychological impact of incarceration: Implications for post- prison adjustment. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
   Google Scholar
• Haney, C. (2004). The psychological impact of incarceration: Implications for post-prison adjustment. Washington DC: The Urban Institute: From prison to home: The effect of incarceration and re-entry on children, families and communities. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, January. 30–31, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Haney, C. (2012). Prisons effects in the era of mass incarceration. The Prison Journal, 1–24.
   Google Scholar
• Haney, L. (2004). Introduction: Gender, welfare, and states of punishment. Social Politics, 11, 333–362. doi:10.1093/sp/jxh040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heidemann, G., Cederbaum, J. A., & Martinez, S. (2016). Beyond recidivism: How formerly incarcerated women define success. Affilia, 31, 24–40. doi:10.1177/0886109915581702
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriques, Z. W., & Jones-Brown, D. D. (2000). Prisons as “safe havens” for African American women. In M. W. Markowitz & D. D. Jones-Brown (Eds.), The system in black and white: Exploring the connections between race, crime, and justice (pp. 267–273). Westport, CT: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Herman, J. L. (1992). Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5, 377–391. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1573-6598
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holtfreter, K., & Wattanaporn, K. A. (2013). The transition from prison to community initiative an examination of gender responsiveness for female offender reentry. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 41, 1–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holzner, H. (1996). What employers want: Job prospects for less educated workers. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Iacoviello, B. M., & Charney, D. S. (2014). Psychosocial facets of resilience: Implications for preventing posttrauma psychopathology, treating trauma survivors, and enhancing community resilience. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5, 23970. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v5.23970
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irwin, J., & Cressey, D. (1962). Thieves, convicts, and the inmate subculture. Social Problems, 54, 590–603.
   Google Scholar
• Islam-Zwart, K. A., & Vik, P. W. (2004). Female adjustment to incarceration as influenced by sexual assault history. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 31, 521–541. doi:10.1177/0093854804267091
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janoff-Bulman, R., & Frieze, I. H. (1983). A theoretical perspective for understanding reactions to victimization. Journal of Social Issues, 39, 1–17. doi:10.1111/josi.1983.39.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kigerl, A., & Hamilton, Z. (2016). Triaging psychiatric care risk assessment construction and validation for Washington’s involuntary treatment and forensic commitment populations. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. 61(15), 1682–1700. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X16628237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, E. A. (2017). Outcomes of trauma-informed interventions for incarcerated women a review. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 61(6), 667–688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubiak, S. P. (2004). The effects of PTSD on treatment adherence, drug relapse, and criminal recidivism in a sample of incarcerated men and women. Research on Social Work Practice, 14, 424–433. doi:10.1177/1049731504265837
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubiak, S. P., Kim, W. J., Fedock, G., & Bybee, D. (2015). Testing a violence-prevention intervention for incarcerated women using a randomized control trial. Research on Social Work Practice, 25, 334–348. doi:10.1177/1049731514534300
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumpula, M. J., Pentel, K. Z., Foa, E. B., LeBlanc, N. J., Bui, E., McSweeney, L. B., … Rauch, S. A. (2017). Temporal sequencing of change in posttraumatic cognitions and PTSD symptom reduction during prolonged exposure therapy. Behavior Therapy, 48, 156–165. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.02.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeBel, T. P., Richie, M., & Maruna, S. (2015). Helping others as a response to reconcile a criminal past: The role of the wounded healer in prisoner reentry programs. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 42, 108–120. doi:10.1177/0093854814550029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levenson, J. S., Willis, G. M., & Prescott, D. S. (2015). Adverse childhood experiences in the lives of female sex offenders. Sexual Abuse, 27(3), 258–283. doi:10.1177/1079063214544332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liebman, R. E., Burnette, M. L., Raimondi, C., Nichols-Hadeed, C., Merle, P., & Cerulli, C. (2014). Piloting a psycho-social intervention for incarcerated women with trauma histories: Lessons learned and future recommendations. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 58, 894–913. doi:10.1177/0306624X13491073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch, S. M., Fritch, A., & Heath, N. M. (2012). Looking beneath the surface: The nature of incarcerated women’s experiences of interpersonal violence, treatment needs, and mental health. Feminist Criminology, 7, 381–400. doi:10.1177/1557085112439224
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch, S. M., Heath, N. M., Mathews, K. C., & Cepeda, G. J. (2012). Seeking safety: An intervention for trauma-exposed incarcerated women? Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 13, 88–101. doi:10.1080/15299732.2011.608780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makki, B. I., Salleh, R., Memon, M. A., & Harun, H. (2015). The relationship between work readiness skills, career self-efficacy and career exploration among engineering graduates: A proposed model. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 10, 1007–1011. doi:10.19026/rjaset.10.1867
   Google Scholar
• Mallik-Kane, K., & Visher, C. A. (2008). Health and prisoner reentry: How physical, mental, and substance abuse conditions shape the process of reintegration. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Manza, J., & Uggen, C. (2004). Punishment and democracy: Disenfranchisement of nonincarcerated felons in the United States. Perspectives on Politics, 2, 491–505. doi:10.1017/S1537592704040290
   Google Scholar
• Matthews, L. R., Harris, L. M., & Cumming, S. (2009). Trauma-related appraisals and coping styles of injured adults with and without symptoms of ptsd and their relationship to work potential. Disability & Rehabilitation, 31, 1577–1583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxfield, M. G., & Widom, C. S. (1996). The cycle of violence: revisited 6 years later. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 150(4), 390–395. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1996.02170290056009
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDaniels-Wilson, C., & Belknap, J. (2008). The extensive sexual violation and sexual abuse histories of incarcerated women. Violence against Women, 14(10), 1090–1127. doi:10.1177/1077801208323160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messerschmidt, J. W. (1993/2006). Masculinities and crime. In F. T. Cullen & R. Agnew (Eds.), Criminological theory (pp. 383–394). Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Messina, N., & Grella, C. (2006). Childhood trauma and women’s health outcomes in a California prison population. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 1842–1848. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2005.082016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, N. A., & Najavits, L. M. (2012). Creating trauma-informed correctional care: A balance of goals and environment. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 3, 1–8. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v3i0.17246
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moser, J. S., Hajcak, G., Simons, R. F., & Foa, E. B. (2007). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in trauma-exposed college students: The role of trauma-related cognitions, gender, and negative affect. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 1039–1049. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.10.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mumola, C. (2000). Incarcerated parents and their children (NCJ 182335). Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Norrholm, S. D., Jovanovic, T., Olin, I. W., Sands, L. A., Karapanou, I., Bradley, B., & Ressler, K. J. (2010). Fear extinction in traumatized civilians with posttraumatic stress disorder: Relation to symptom severity. Biological Psychiatry, 69, 556–563. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien, P. (2001). Making it in the “free world”: Women in transition from prison. Albany: State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• O’Brien, P., & Young, D. S. (2006). Challenges for formerly incarcerated women: A holistic approach to assessment. Families in Society, 87, 359–366. doi:10.1606/1044-3894.3540
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pager, D. (2003). The mark of a criminal record. American Journal of Sociology, 108, 937–975. doi:10.1086/374403
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersilia, J. (2003). When prisoners come home: Parole and prison reentry. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Phillips, A., & Daniluk, J. C. (2004). Beyond “Survivor”: How childhood sexual abuse informs the identity of adult women at the end of the therapeutic process. Journal of Counseling and Development, 82, 177–184. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2004.tb00299.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rafter, N. (1985). Partial justice: Women in state prisons 1800–1935. Boston: New England University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rauch, S., & Foa, E. (2006). Emotional processing theory (EPT) and exposure therapy for PTSD. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 36, 61–65. doi:10.1007/s10879-006-9008-y
   Google Scholar
• Reichert, J., Adams, S., & Bostwick, L. (2010). Victimization and help seeking behaviors among female prisoners in Illinois, Illinois criminal justice information authority. Retrieved from http://www.icjia.state.il.us/public/index.cfm
   Google Scholar
• Resick, P. A., Monson, C. M., & Chard, K. M. (2014). Cognitive processing therapy: Veteran/military version: Therapist’s manual. Washington, DC: Department of Veterans Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Richie, B. E. (2001). Challenges incarcerated women face as they return to their communities: Findings from life history interviews. Crime Delinquency, 47, 368–389. doi:10.1177/0011128701047003005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadeh, N., & McNiel, D. E. (2013). Facets of anger, childhood sexual victimization, and gender as predictors of suicide attempts by psychiatric patients after hospital discharge. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 879. doi:10.1037/a0032769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salisbury, E. J., & Van Voorhis, P. (2009). Gendered pathways: A quantitative investigation of women probationers’ paths to incarceration. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36, 541–566. doi:10.1177/0093854809334076
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxena, P., Grella, C. E., & Messina, N. P. (2016). Continuing care and trauma in women offenders' substance use, psychiatric status, and self-efficacy outcomes. Women & Criminal Justice, 26(2), 99–121. doi: 10.1080/08974454.2015.1067173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxena, P., Messina, N. P., & Grella, C. E. (2014). Who benefits from gender-responsive treatment? Accounting for abuse history on longitudinal outcomes for women in prison. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 41, 417–432. doi:10.1177/0093854813514405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scroggins, J. R., & Malley, S. (2010). Reentry and the (Unmet) needs of women. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 49(2), 146–163. doi: 10.1080/10509670903546864
   Google Scholar
• Segal, J. A. (2008). Judicial behavior. In Caldeira G.A., Kelemen R. D., and Whittington, K.E. (Eds.). The Oxford handbook of law and politics. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199208425.003.0002
   Google Scholar
• Silberman, M. (2010). Sexual abuse in childhood and the mentally disordered female offender. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 54, 783–802. doi:10.1177/0306624X09340011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauser, D. R., & Lustig, D. C. (2001). The implications of posttraumatic stress disorder on vocational behavior and rehabilitation planning. Journal of Rehabilitation, 67, 26–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2014). National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of Methodological Studies. CBHSQ Methodology Report. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD.
   Google Scholar
• Sykes, G. M. (1958). The society of captives. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, C. W., & Foster, S. C. (1973). The importation model perspective on inmate social roles: An empirical test. The Sociological Quarterly, 14, 226–234. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1973.tb00855.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripodi, S. J., & Pettus-Davis, C. (2013). Histories of childhood victimization and subsequent mental health problems, substance use, and sexual victimization for a sample of incarcerated women in the US. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 36, 30–40. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2012.11.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Voorhis, P., Wright, E. M., Salisbury, E., & Bauman, A. (2010). Women’s risk factors and their contributions to existing risk/needs assessment: The current role of a gender responsive supplement. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 37, 261–288. doi:10.1177/0093854809357442
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Wormer, K. (2010). Working with female offenders: A gender sensitive approach. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Ware, J., Cieplucha, C., & Matsuo, D. (2011). The violent offenders therapeutic programme (VOTP)-Rationale and effectiveness. Australasian Journal of Correctional Staff Development, 6, 1–12.
   Google Scholar
•  Watson-Armstrong, L. A., O ’Rourke, B., & Schatzlein, J. (1994). Sexual abuse andpersons with disabilities: A call for awareness. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 25, 36-42.
   Google Scholar
• Wolff, N., Blitz, C., Shi, J., Siegel, J., & Bachman, R. (2007). Physical violence inside prisons: Rates of victimization. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 588–599. doi:10.1177/0093854806296830
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, E. M., Salisbury, E. J., & Van Voorhis, P. (2007). Predicting the prison misconducts of women offenders: the importance of gender-responsive needs. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 23, 310-340.
   Google Scholar
• Zlotnick, C., Franklin, C. L., & Zimmerman, M. (2002). Does ‘subthreshold’ posttraumatic stress disorder have any clinical relevance? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 43, 413–419. doi:10.1053/comp.2002.35900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar